卷六十一 冠义第四十三
陆曰:“冠(guan)音古乱(luan)反。郑(zheng)云:‘名《冠(guan)义》者(zhe),以其记冠(guan)礼成人之义。’”
[疏]冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)义曰:案郑《目(mu)录》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“名(ming)曰《冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)义》者,以(yi)其(qi)记冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)礼(li)成人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义。此於《别录》属《吉事》。”但冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)义起早(zao)晚(wan),书传(chuan)既(ji)无(wu)正文(wen)。案《略说(shuo)》称“周(zhou)公对成王(wang)(wang)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)‘古人(ren)冒(mao)(mao)而句领(ling)’”,注云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“古人(ren),谓三皇时,以(yi)冒(mao)(mao)覆头,句领(ling)绕颈。”至黄(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)时,则有冕也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)《世本(ben)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“黄(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)造火食旒冕”,是冕起於黄(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)也(ye)(ye)。但黄(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)以(yi)前,则以(yi)羽皮为之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan);黄(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)以(yi)后,乃用布帛。其(qi)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)年(nian),即天(tian)子(zi)(zi)、诸(zhu)侯(hou)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)而冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),故(gu)襄九年(nian)《左传(chuan)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“国君(jun)(jun)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)而生(sheng)子(zi)(zi),冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)而生(sheng)子(zi)(zi),礼(li)也(ye)(ye)。”又(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“一星终也(ye)(ye)”。是十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)年(nian)岁星一终。案文(wen)王(wang)(wang)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)而生(sheng)武王(wang)(wang),尚有兄伯邑考。《金(jin)縢》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“王(wang)(wang)与(yu)大(da)(da)夫尽弁(bian)。”时成王(wang)(wang)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)而著弁(bian),则成王(wang)(wang)已(yi)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)矣(yi)。是天(tian)子(zi)(zi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)而冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),与(yu)诸(zhu)侯(hou)同。又(you)《祭(ji)(ji)法(fa)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“王(wang)(wang)下(xia)祭(ji)(ji)殇五(wu)(wu)。”若不(bu)早(zao)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),何因下(xia)祭(ji)(ji)五(wu)(wu)等之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殇?大(da)(da)夫冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)年(nian)几无(wu)文(wen)。案《丧服》“大(da)(da)夫为昆弟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长殇”,大(da)(da)夫既(ji)为昆弟长殇,则不(bu)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)始冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)也(ye)(ye)。其(qi)士则二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)而冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)也(ye)(ye),《曲礼(li)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)曰弱冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)”是也(ye)(ye)。其(qi)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)亦早(zao)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),所以(yi)祭(ji)(ji)殇有五(wu)(wu)。其(qi)诸(zhu)侯(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)皆二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)也(ye)(ye),故(gu)下(xia)《檀弓》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)適(shi)长殇,及大(da)(da)夫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)適(shi)长殇”是也(ye)(ye)。
凡人之所以为人者,礼义也。礼义之始,在於正容体,齐颜色,顺辞令。言人为礼,以此三者为始。容体正,颜色齐,辞令顺,而后礼义备。以正君臣,亲父子,和长幼。言三始既备乃,可求以三行也。
○长,丁丈反,下同。行,下孟反。君臣正,父子亲,长幼和,而后礼义立。立,犹成也。故冠而后服备,服备而后容体正,颜色齐,辞令顺。言服未备者,未可求以三始也。童子之服,采衣紒。
○冠,古乱反,除下文“玄冠”及注“缁布冠”、“玄冠”以外并同。紒音计。故曰“冠者,礼之始也”。是故古者圣王重冠。古者冠礼,筮日、筮宾,所以敬冠事。敬冠事所以重礼,重礼所以为国本也。国以礼为本。
○筮,布至反,蓍曰筮。重,直用反,后同。故冠於阼,以著代也。醮於客位,三加弥尊,加有成也。阼,谓主人之北也。適子冠於阼。若不醴,则醮用酒於客位,敬而成之也。户西为客位。庶子冠於房户外,又因醮焉,不代父也。冠者,初加缁布冠,次加皮弁,次加爵弁。每加益尊,所以益成也。
○阼,才故反。著,张虑反。醮,子笑反。弥音迷。適音嫡。醴音礼。已冠而字之,成人之道也。字,所以相尊也。见於母,母拜之,见於兄弟,兄弟拜之,成人而与为礼也。玄冠、玄端,奠挚於君,遂以挚见於乡大夫、乡先生,以成人见也。乡先生,同乡老而致仕者。服玄冠、玄端,异於朝也。
○见,贤遍反,下皆同。挚,本亦作贽,同音至。“乡大夫乡先生”,并音香,注同。朝,直遥反。成人之者,将责成人礼焉也。责成人礼焉者,将责为人子、为人弟、为人臣、为人少者之礼行焉。将责四者之行於人,其礼可不重与?言责人以大礼者,己接之不可以苟。
○少,诗照反。之行,下孟反,下同。与音馀。故孝弟忠顺之行立,而后可以为人,可以为人,而后可以治人也。故圣王重礼。故曰“冠者,礼之始也,嘉事之重者也”。是故古者重冠。重冠,故行之於庙。行之於庙者,所以尊重事。尊重事而不敢擅重事,不敢擅重事,所以自卑而尊先祖也。嘉事,嘉礼也。宗伯掌五礼:有吉礼,有凶礼,有宾礼,有军礼,有嘉礼。而冠属嘉礼,《周礼》曰“以玄冠之礼,亲成男女也”。
○弟音(yin)悌。治,直吏反。擅,市战反。
[疏]“凡人”至“祖也”。
○正义曰:此一节明人之所以相叙加冠之事,从始至终,各随文解之。
○“凡人之所以为人者,礼义也”者,言人之所以得异於禽兽者,以其行礼义也。礼义之事,终身行之。
○“礼义之始,在於正容体,齐颜色,顺辞令”者,言欲一世行礼之始,先须正容体,齐颜色,顺辞令为先也。然后可以正君臣,亲父子,和长幼。
○“古者冠礼”者,此明将冠之时。“筮日、筮宾”,重冠礼之事,又明冠礼三加其冠,以渐成人之礼。
○“故冠於阼,以著代也”者,言適子必加冠於阼。阼是主人接宾之处。今適子冠於阼阶,所以著明代父之义也。
○“醮於客位,三加弥尊,加有成也”者,若依《周礼》適子“醴於客位”,今云“醮”者,或因先代夏、殷之礼,醮之用酒於客位,室户外之西。必在宾客位者,尊以成人,若宾客待之。三加,初加缁布冠,次加皮弁冠,三加爵弁冠,弥渐而尊。故云“三加弥尊,加有成也”,谓加益有成人之事矣。
○注“阼位”至“成也”。
○正义曰:“阼,谓主人之北也”,知者,案《士冠礼》文也。云“若不醴,则醮用酒”者,亦《士冠礼》文。以《周礼》之法,適子则以醴礼之,庶子则以酒醮之。若先代之礼,虽適子皆以酒醮之。其於周时,或有旧俗行先代之礼,虽適子亦用酒醮,则因而行,不必改也。故郑注《士冠礼》云“若不醴,谓国有旧俗可行,圣人用焉不改”是也。醮者,醮尽之义,故郑注《士冠礼》云“酌而无酬酢曰醮”是也。云“庶子冠於房户外,又因醮焉”者,皆《士冠礼》文也。但此《记》之作,是记《仪礼·士冠礼》之事,士礼,故三加也。若大夫亦同。《士冠礼》云:“无大夫冠礼。”古者五十而后爵,何大夫冠礼之有?是大夫虽冠,用士礼。若诸侯则有冠礼,故《左传》云:“公冠,用祼享之礼行之,金石之乐节之。”其加则四加,而有玄冕也,故《大戴礼》公冠四加也。诸侯尚四加,则天子亦当五加衮冕也。
○“已冠而字之”者,此明冠毕加字、见母父兄弟,及见君之节,以其成人而见人也。未冠之前,以其名别之。既冠之后,又改以字。且人二十有为父之道,不可复言其名,故冠而加字之,成人之道也。
○“见於母,母拜之”,故不拜也。今唐礼,母见子,但起立不拜也。案《仪礼》,庙中冠子,以酒脯奠庙讫,子持所奠酒脯以见於母,母拜其酒脯,重从尊者处来,故拜之,非拜子也。
○“玄冠玄端,奠挚於君”者,此“玄冠玄端”,则异於朝服之衣。但玄端,上士则玄裳,中士则黄裳,下士则杂裳。以其初成人,故著玄端,异於朝服也。若朝服则素裳奠挚,奠之於君也。
○“遂以挚见於乡大夫、乡先生”者,以挚,谓以雉也。故《士相见礼》冬用雉,夏用腒。“见於乡大夫”,谓在朝之乡大夫也。“乡先生”,谓乡老而致仕也。
○“成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者”,此明加冠成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义。必“成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)”者,“将(jiang)责成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)礼焉”。冠责以成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),若成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)事(shi)立,可以治(zhi)人(ren)也。是冠者为(wei)治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben),故先(xian)(xian)王(wang)重之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)庙(miao),士行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)祢庙(miao),故《士冠礼》注(zhu)“庙(miao)谓祢庙(miao)”。既在“祢庙(miao)”,此云(yun)“尊(zun)先(xian)(xian)祖(zu)(zu)”者,尊(zun)祢即尊(zun)先(xian)(xian)祖(zu)(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义。且下士祖(zu)(zu)祢共庙(miao),其诸(zhu)侯(hou)则(ze)冠於(wu)太(tai)祖(zu)(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庙(miao),故《左传》云(yun)“先(xian)(xian)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祧(tiao)以处(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,《聘礼》“不腆先(xian)(xian)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祧(tiao)”,郑(zheng)注(zhu)以为(wei)始祖(zu)(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庙(miao),则(ze)天子当(dang)(dang)冠於(wu)始祖(zu)(zu)庙(miao)也。服虔注(zhu)《左传》“先(xian)(xian)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祧(tiao)处(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,以为(wei)曾(ceng)祖(zu)(zu)庙(miao)者,以《左传》鲁襄公(gong)(gong)冠於(wu)卫成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庙(miao)。卫成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)则(ze)当(dang)(dang)今卫君(jun)(jun)献公(gong)(gong)曾(ceng)祖(zu)(zu),服虔望(wang)时解之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故以“祧(tiao)”为(wei)“曾(ceng)祖(zu)(zu)”,非郑(zheng)义也。