卷十三下·尽心章句上
孟子曰:“伯夷辟纣,居北海之滨,闻文王作兴,曰:‘盍归乎来?吾闻西伯善养老者。’太公辟纣,居东海之滨,闻文王作兴,曰:‘盍归乎来?吾闻西伯善养老者。’(已说于上篇。)
天下有善养老,则仁人以为己归矣。(天下有能若文王者,仁人呼复归之矣。)
五亩之宅,树墙下以桑匹妇蚕之,则老者足以衣帛矣。五母鸡,二母彘,无失其时,老者足以无失肉矣。百亩之田,匹夫耕之,八口之家足以无饥矣。(五鸡、二彘,八口之家畜之,足以为畜产之本也。)
所谓西伯善养老者,制其田里,教之树、畜,导其妻子,使养其老。五十非帛不暖,七十非肉不饱。不暖不饱,谓之冻馁。文王之民,无冻馁之老者,此之谓也。”(所谓无冻馁者,教导之使可以养老者,耳。非家赐而人益之也。)
[疏]“孟子”至“此之谓也”。
○正义曰:此(ci)章指言王政普大(da),教其常业,各养其老(lao),使不馁乏。二老(lao)闻之,归(gui)身自(zi)托,众(zhong)鸟不罗,翔(xiang)凤来(lai)集,亦斯类(lei)也(ye)。“孟子(zi)曰伯(bo)夷辟纣”至(zhi)“此(ci)之谓也(ye)”,已说(shuo)于上篇矣。此(ci)以(yi)大(da)同小(xiao)异,更不复说(shuo)焉。然(ran)其类(lei)亦孔子(zi)所云“刳胎杀(sha)夭,则麒麟(lin)不至(zhi),覆巢毁卵(luan),则凤凰不翔(xiang)”。此(ci)亦类(lei)也(ye)。
孟子曰:“易其田畴,薄其税敛,民可使富也。食之以时,用之以礼,财不可胜用也。(易,治也。畴,一井也。教民治其田畴,薄其税敛,不逾什一,则民富矣。食取其征赋以时,用之以常礼,不逾礼以费财也,故畜积有馀,财不可胜用也。)
民非水、火不生活,暮叩人之门户求水、火,无弗与者,至足矣。圣人治天下,使有菽粟如水、火。菽粟如水、火,而民焉有不仁者乎?(水、火能生,人有不爱者,至饶足故也。菽粟饶多若是,民皆轻施于人,而何有不仁者也。)
[疏]“孟子”至“者乎”。
○正义曰:此章指言教民之道,富而节用,蓄积有馀,焉有不仁,故曰仓廪实知礼节也。“孟子曰易其田畴”至“不可胜用也”,孟子言如使在下者易治其田畴而不难耕作,则地无遗其利;又在上者又薄其赋敛而无横赋,则民皆可令其赋足也;又食之以时而其用不屈,用之以礼而其欲不穷,则财用有馀而不可胜用也。“民非水火不生活”至“焉有不仁者乎”,孟子又言人民非得其水、火则不能生活,然而昏暮之时,有敲人之门户而求之水、火,无不与之者,以其水、火至多矣。圣人如能治其天下,使民有其菽粟亦如水、火之多,则民人孰不以有馀而补其不足,而为仁者乎?故曰:“菽粟如水、火,而民焉有不仁者乎?此所谓仓廪实而知礼节者也。
○注“畴,一井也”。
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue):《说(shuo)文》云(yun):“为耕(geng)治之田也。”不知一井何据(ju)。
孟子曰:“孔子登东山而小鲁,登太山而小天下,故观于海者难为水,游于圣人之门者难为言。(所览大者意大,观小者志小也。)
观水有术,必观其澜。(澜,水中大波也。)
日月有明,容光必照焉。(容光,小也。言大明照幽微也。)
流水之为物也,不盈科不行。君子之志于道也,不成章不达。(盈,满也。科,坎也。流水满坎乃行,以喻君子之学必至成章,乃仕进者也。)
[疏]“孟子(zi)(zi)”至(zhi)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)达”。正义曰:此章(zhang)指言(yan)弘大(da)(da)(da)明者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)无不(bu)(bu)(bu)照,包圣(sheng)道(dao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)成(cheng)其仁。是故(gu)贤者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)志大(da)(da)(da),宜(yi)为(wei)君子(zi)(zi)。“孟子(zi)(zi)曰孔子(zi)(zi)登东山(shan)”至(zhi)“难为(wei)言(yan)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孟子(zi)(zi)言(yan)孔子(zi)(zi)登鲁国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)东山(shan),而(er)(er)所(suo)(suo)(suo)览(lan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)大(da)(da)(da),故(gu)小(xiao)其鲁国,以(yi)鲁国莫大(da)(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)东山(shan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);登太山(shan)而(er)(er)能(neng)小(xiao)其天下(xia)(xia),亦所(suo)(suo)(suo)览(lan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)大(da)(da)(da),而(er)(er)天下(xia)(xia)亦莫大(da)(da)(da)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)(da)山(shan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。如(ru)(ru)此故(gu)观(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)海者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)难为(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),以(yi)其水(shui)(shui)(shui)所(suo)(suo)(suo)同(tong)(tong)归于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)海者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),是以(yi)海为(wei)百谷王;游圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)门者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)难为(wei)言(yan),以(yi)其道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)同(tong)(tong)出(chu)又同(tong)(tong)归于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)此者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。杨子(zi)(zi)云(yun)“视日(ri)月而(er)(er)知众星之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蔑如(ru)(ru),仰天庭(ting)而(er)(er)知天下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)居卑(bei)”,亦与此同(tong)(tong)意。“观(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)有术,必(bi)(bi)观(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)其澜(lan)(lan)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孟子(zi)(zi)又言(yan)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)观(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui),以(yi)其有术也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),有术者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),所(suo)(suo)(suo)谓(wei)观(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)必(bi)(bi)观(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)其波(bo)澜(lan)(lan),是为(wei)能(neng)观(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)此者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)其人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)观(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)书亦若是也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),言(yan)观(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)书亦当观(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)其五(wu)经(jing)而(er)(er)已矣(yi),五(wu)经(jing)所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)载圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)道(dao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“日(ri)月有明,容(rong)光必(bi)(bi)照焉”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),又言(yan)日(ri)月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有明,凡于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)几隙,但有容(rong)其光者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),则必(bi)(bi)照之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),亦若道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)天下(xia)(xia)无往而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“流(liu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)物也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),不(bu)(bu)(bu)盈科(ke)(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)”至(zhi)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)成(cheng)章(zhang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)达”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),又言(yan)流(liu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)为(wei)物,所(suo)(suo)(suo)流(liu)遇于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)科(ke)(ke)坎(kan),不(bu)(bu)(bu)盈满(man)其科(ke)(ke)坎(kan)则不(bu)(bu)(bu)流(liu)进(jin)而(er)(er)行(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。如(ru)(ru)君子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)学志在(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)道(dao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),不(bu)(bu)(bu)成(cheng)章(zhang)则不(bu)(bu)(bu)达而(er)(er)进(jin)仕。以(yi)其君子(zi)(zi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)道(dao),至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)成(cheng)章(zhang)则充实,美(mei)在(zai)其中,畅(chang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)四支,发于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)事业(ye),为(wei)美(mei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。此孟子(zi)(zi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)有水(shui)(shui)(shui)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)喻焉。
孟子曰:“鸡鸣而起,孳孳为善者,舜之徒也。鸡鸣而起,孳孳为利者,跖之徒也。欲知舜与跖之分,无他,利与善之间也。”(跖,盗跖也。跖,舜之分,故以此别之也。)
[疏]正义曰:此章指言好善从舜,好利从跖,明明求之,常若不足,君子、小人,各一趣也。“孟子曰”至“间也”者,孟子言人之鸡鸣而起,孳孳劝笃于为善者,乃为舜之徒党也;如鸡鸣而起,孳孳但勤笃于为利者,乃为盗跖之徒也。傥言欲知舜与盗跖为君子、小人之分别,无他事焉,特一趋于利、一趋于善之间而已。
○注“盗跖”。
○正义曰:案李奇《汉(han)书传》云(yun):“盗跖乃是(shi)秦(qin)之(zhi)大盗也。”
孟子曰:“杨子取为我,拔一毛而利天下,不为也。(杨子,杨朱也。为我,为己也。拔己一毛以利天下之民,不肯为也。)
墨子兼爱,摩顶放踵利天下,为之。(墨子,墨翟也。兼爱他人,摩突其顶下至于踵,以利天下,己乐为之也。)
子莫执中。(子莫,鲁之贤人也。其性中和专一者也。)
执中为近之。执中无权,犹执一也。(执中和,近圣人之道,然不权。圣人之重权。执中而不知权,犹执一介之人,不知时变也。)
所恶执一者,为其贼道也,举一而废百也。”(所以恶执一者,为其不知权,以一知而废百道也。)
[疏]“孟子”至“百也”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):此章(zhang)杨、墨(mo)放荡,子(zi)莫(mo)(mo)执(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一,圣人(ren)量(liang)时,不(bu)取(qu)此术,孔子(zi)行止,唯(wei)义所在(zai)。“孟子(zi)曰(yue):杨子(zi)取(qu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)我,拔一毛而(er)(er)(er)利天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia),不(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”至“为(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,孟子(zi)谓杨朱所取(qu)以为(wei)(wei)(wei)己,虽拔己之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一毛以利天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia),且不(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);墨(mo)翟兼爱他人(ren),虽摩突其(qi)顶而(er)(er)(er)至于踵而(er)(er)(er)利天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia),且以为(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。“子(zi)莫(mo)(mo)执(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一”,子(zi)莫(mo)(mo),鲁贤人(ren),言子(zi)莫(mo)(mo)执(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)和(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)专一者也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),以其(qi)无为(wei)(wei)(wei)己、兼爱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)过而(er)(er)(er)已,故曰(yue)“执(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)近之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,言子(zi)莫(mo)(mo)执(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)近圣人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)者也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。如执(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)知权变,但若(ruo)(ruo)执(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一介(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),不(bu)知时变者也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然而(er)(er)(er)所以恶疾其(qi)执(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一者,是为(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)有以贼害其(qi)道(dao)(dao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),是若(ruo)(ruo)知举(ju)一道(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)(er)废(fei)其(qi)百道(dao)(dao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故曰(yue):“执(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)无权,犹执(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。所恶执(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一者,为(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)贼道(dao)(dao),举(ju)一而(er)(er)(er)废(fei)其(qi)百也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”
孟子曰:“饥者甘食,渴者甘饮,是未得饮食之正也,饥渴害之也。(饥渴害其本所以知味之性,令人强甘之。)
岂惟口腹有饥渴之害?人心亦皆有害。(为利欲所害,亦犹饥渴得之。)
人能无以饥渴之害为心害,则不及人不为忧矣。”(人能守正,不为邪利所害,虽谓富贵之事不及逮人,犹为君子。不为善人所忧患也。)
[疏]“孟子”至“忧矣”。
○正(zheng)义曰:此章指言(yan)饥(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)妄食,忍情节欲,贱不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)失道,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)苟求。能无心(xin)害,夫将何忧。“孟子(zi)曰饥(ji)(ji)者甘(gan)食”至“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忧矣(yi)”,孟子(zi)言(yan)人之(zhi)(zhi)饥(ji)(ji)饿,则易为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)食,故以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)甘(gan)之(zhi)(zhi);渴者易为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)饮,故以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)甘(gan)之(zhi)(zhi):然而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)饮食味之(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)者也(ye),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)但为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)饥(ji)(ji)渴害其(qi)本性耳。岂独饮食于口(kou)腹为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有饥(ji)(ji)渴以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)害之(zhi)(zhi)?言(yan)人心(xin)亦皆有以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)害之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)利欲害之(zhi)(zhi)故也(ye)。人能无以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)饥(ji)(ji)渴之(zhi)(zhi)害为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)心(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)害,则所养不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及于人,亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)可忧矣(yi)。盖无以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)饥(ji)(ji)渴为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)心(xin)害,则孟子(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)饥(ji)(ji)渴之(zhi)(zhi)害亦犹利欲之(zhi)(zhi)害,故假托而(er)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。
孟子曰:“柳下惠不以三公易其介。”(介,大也。柳下惠执弘大之志,不耻污君,不以三公荣位易其大量也。)
[疏]正义曰:此章指言柳下惠不(bu)恭,用志大(da)也(ye),无(wu)可无(wu)否(fou),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)贱为贵(gui)也(ye)。孟子(zi)言柳下惠不(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)三公(gong)之(zhi)荣位而移易己(ji)之(zhi)大(da)志也(ye),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其所守之(zhi)介,在(zai)道而已(yi),是所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)羞小官者焉(yan)。今夫三公(gong)者,乃(nai)百僚之(zhi)师师也(ye),人(ren)臣(chen)之(zhi)位极者也(ye),衣则(ze)(ze)服兖,圭则(ze)(ze)执桓圭,而世之(zhi)所谓富贵(gui)崇显者,无(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)过也(ye)。
孟子曰:“有为者辟若掘井,掘井九轫而不及泉,犹为弃井也。(有为,为仁义也。轫,八尺也。虽深而不及泉,喻有为者能于中道而尽弃前行者也。)
[疏]正义曰:此章指言为仁由己,必在究之,九轫而辍,无益成功。《论》之一篑,义与此同。孟子曰今之有为之道者,譬如掘井者也,掘井至九轫之深,而不及泉则止之,是弃其前掘井之功者也,喻为仁义之道,而不及之,则止而不为,是亦弃其仁义之道者也。孔子曰:“为山未成一篑,止,吾止也。”与此同意。
○注“轫,八尺也”。
○正义曰:案释云:七尺曰轫。
孟子曰:“尧、舜,性之也。汤、武,身之也。五霸,假之也。(性之,性好仁,自然也。身之,体之行仁,视之若身也。假之,假仁以正诸侯也。)
久假而不归,恶知其非有也?”(五霸而能久假仁义,譬如假物久而不归,安知其不真有也。)
[疏]“孟子”至“非有也”。
○正(zheng)义曰:此章指言仁在(zai)性体,其(qi)次假(jia)借(jie),用而(er)(er)(er)不已(yi),实何以(yi)易(yi),在(zai)其(qi)勉之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。而(er)(er)(er)行仁,本(ben)性之(zhi)(zhi)自然(ran)者(zhe)也(ye)。汤、武利(li)而(er)(er)(er)行仁,视之(zhi)(zhi)若身也(ye)。五霸强(qiang)而(er)(er)(er)行仁,则力假(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)已(yi)。然(ran)而(er)(er)(er)久(jiu)假(jia)而(er)(er)(er)行之(zhi)(zhi),而(er)(er)(er)不归止,安知其(qi)非(fei)真(zhen)有也(ye)。杨子(zi)曰:“假(jia)儒(ru)衣书服而(er)(er)(er)读之(zhi)(zhi),三月不归,孰曰非(fei)儒(ru)也(ye)。”亦同其(qi)旨。
公孙丑曰:“伊尹曰:‘予不狎于不顺。’放太甲于桐,民大悦。太甲贤,又反之,民大悦。贤者之为人臣也,其君不贤,则固可放与?”(丑怪伊尹贤者而放其君,何也?)
孟子曰:“有伊尹之志则可,无伊尹之志则篡也。”(人臣秉忠,志若伊尹,欲宁殷国,则可放恶而不即立君,宿留冀改而复之。如无伊尹之忠,见间乘利,篡心乃生,何可放也!)
[疏]“公孙”至“篡也”。
○正义曰:此章指(zhi)言(yan)忧国忘家(jia),意在出(chu)身,志(zhi)(zhi)在宁君(jun)(jun),放(fang)恶摄(she)政,伊(yi)周(zhou)有(you)(you)焉。凡人(ren)志(zhi)(zhi)异,则(ze)生篡(cuan)心(xin)也(ye)。公(gong)孙丑问孟(meng)子,谓伊(yi)尹有(you)(you)言(yan)我不(bu)(bu)迩于(yu)顺己者,故(gu)放(fang)太(tai)(tai)甲于(yu)桐(tong)宫(gong),而民心(xin)大悦;及太(tai)(tai)甲悔改其过(guo)而归贤,则(ze)伊(yi)尹又(you)迎而反之(zhi)以复君(jun)(jun)位,商民大悦:且(qie)贤者之(zhi)为人(ren)臣也(ye),其君(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)贤者,则(ze)固可(ke)以放(fang)之(zhi)与?孟(meng)子对曰:如贤者有(you)(you)伊(yi)尹爱君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)志(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)可(ke)以放(fang)君(jun)(jun);如无伊(yi)尹秉忠(zhong)心(xin)以爱君(jun)(jun),则(ze)放(fang)君(jun)(jun)而生篡(cuan)夺君(jun)(jun)位之(zhi)心(xin)者也(ye),以为不(bu)(bu)可(ke)矣。
公孙丑曰:“《诗》曰:‘不素餐兮。’君子之不耕而食,何也?”(《诗·魏国·伐檀》之篇也。无功而食,则谓之素餐,世之君子有不耕而食,何也?)
孟子曰:“君子居是国也,其君用之,则安富尊荣;其子弟从之,则孝悌忠信。不素餐兮,孰大于是?”(君子能使人化其道德,移其习俗,身安国富而保其尊荣,子弟孝悌而乐忠信,不素餐之功,谁大于是?何为不可以食禄!)
[疏]“公孙丑”至“于是”。
○正义曰:此章指言君子正己,以立于世,世美其道,君臣是贵,所过者化,又何素餐之谓也。公孙丑问孟子曰:魏国《伐檀》之诗有云“不素餐兮”,言无功而食谓之素餐,然而君子有不自耕而食禄者,是如之何?孟子对之曰:君子居处此国,其君任用之,则安富尊荣,言安国保其尊荣;子弟从之,则能孝悌忠信:是则不素餐兮,谁有大于此者?言何为而不可食禄。
○注“魏国《伐檀》之篇”。
○正义曰:此《诗(shi)》盖剌在位贪鄙(bi),无功而受禄(lu),君子不得(de)进(jin)仕尔。
王子垫问曰:“士何事?”(齐王子名垫也,问士当何事为事者耶。)
孟子曰:“尚志。”(尚,贵也。士当贵上于用志也。)
曰:“何谓尚志?”曰:“仁义而已矣。杀一无罪,非仁也。非其有而取之,非义也。居恶在?仁是也。路恶在?义是也。居仁由义,大人之事备矣。”(孟子言志之所尚,仁义而已矣。不杀无罪、不取非有者为仁义,欲知其所当居者仁为上,所由者义为贵,大人之事备矣。)
[疏]“王子”至“备矣”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):此章指(zhi)言人当(dang)尚(shang)(shang)志(zhi),志(zhi)于(yu)善也(ye)(ye),善之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)由,仁(ren)与义(yi)也(ye)(ye)。欲使(shi)(shi)王(wang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)无(wu)过差者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。“王(wang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)垫(dian)(dian)问曰(yue):士(shi)何(he)(he)事(shi)”者(zhe),王(wang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)垫(dian)(dian),齐王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)名垫(dian)(dian)也(ye)(ye)。问孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)为(wei)(wei)士(shi)者(zhe)当(dang)以(yi)(yi)何(he)(he)事(shi)为(wei)(wei)尚(shang)(shang)也(ye)(ye)。“孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)尚(shang)(shang)志(zhi)”,孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)答之(zhi)(zhi),曰(yue)为(wei)(wei)士(shi)者(zhe)当(dang)以(yi)(yi)志(zhi)为(wei)(wei)尚(shang)(shang)也(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue)何(he)(he)谓(wei)尚(shang)(shang)志(zhi)”,王(wang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)又问孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)何(he)(he)以(yi)(yi)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)尚(shang)(shang)志(zhi)。“曰(yue)仁(ren)义(yi)而(er)(er)已(yi)矣”至(zhi)“大人之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)备(bei)矣”,孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)又答之(zhi)(zhi)。曰(yue)尚(shang)(shang)志(zhi)则(ze)以(yi)(yi)仁(ren)义(yi)而(er)(er)已(yi)矣。言能以(yi)(yi)仁(ren)义(yi)为(wei)(wei)尚(shang)(shang),则(ze)为(wei)(wei)尚(shang)(shang)志(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。如(ru)杀一人之(zhi)(zhi)无(wu)罪,是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)非(fei)仁(ren)也(ye)(ye);非(fei)己之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)有(you)而(er)(er)取求(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)非(fei)义(yi)也(ye)(ye)。如(ru)此非(fei)仁(ren)非(fei)义(yi)者(zhe),亦以(yi)(yi)所(suo)居(ju)有(you)恶(e)(e)疾,在于(yu)仁(ren),所(suo)行有(you)恶(e)(e)疾,在于(yu)义(yi)是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)。如(ru)仁(ren)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)居(ju),义(yi)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)行,则(ze)大人之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)亦备(bei)矣。此孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)欲使(shi)(shi)王(wang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)垫(dian)(dian)于(yu)无(wu)过之(zhi)(zhi)地也(ye)(ye)。
孟子曰:“仲子,不义与之齐国而弗受,人皆信之,是舍箪食豆羹之义也。(仲子,陈仲子处于陵者,人以为廉,谓以不义而与之齐国,必不受之。孟子以为仲子之义,若上章所道箪食豆羹无礼则不受,万锺则不辨礼义而受之也。)
人莫大焉亡亲戚君臣上下。以其小者信其大者,奚可哉!”(人当以礼义为正,陈仲子避兄离母,不知仁义亲戚上下之叙,何可以其小廉信以为大哉?)
[疏]“孟子曰”至“奚可哉”。
○正义曰:此章指言事有轻重,行有大小,以大包小可也,以小信大,未之闻者也。孟子言陈仲子以不义虽与之齐国之大而且不受,国人皆信之以为廉,是为舍箪食豆羹之小义也。人之所尚,当以莫大为尚焉者,是其知以亲戚君臣上下之叙者也。今陈仲子避兄离母,处于陵而不仕,是弃亲戚君臣上下之大分,尔徒取其辞受之小节而已。而信廉之大,又安可哉?以其非义之本耳,宜孟子以是闻之。
○注“陈仲子”至“受之也”。
○正义曰:此于前篇(pian)已说矣。
桃应问曰:“舜为天子,皋陶为士,瞽瞍杀人,则如之何?”(桃应,孟子弟子问皋陶为士官主执罪人,瞽瞍恶暴而杀人,则皋陶何如?)
孟子曰:“执之而已矣。”(孟子曰:皋陶执之耳。)
“然则舜不禁与?”(桃应以舜为天子,使有司执其父,不禁止之邪?)
曰:“夫舜恶得而禁之?夫有所受之也。”(夫,辞也。孟子曰:夫舜恶得禁之,夫天下乃受之于尧,当为天理民,王法不曲,岂得禁之也!)
“然则舜如之何?”(应问舜为之将如何。)
曰:“舜视弃天下犹弃敝徙也。窃负而逃,遵海滨而处,终身然,乐而忘天下。”(孟子曰:舜视弃天下如拾弃敝徙。徙,草履可徙者也。敝喻不惜。舜必负父而远逃,终身然,忽忘天下之为至贵也。)
[疏]“桃应”至“天下”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):此(ci)章指言奉(feng)法(fa)(fa)承天(tian)(tian)(tian),政不(bu)(bu)可枉,大孝荣父(fu)(fu),遗弃天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia),虞舜(shun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,趋将(jiang)(jiang)若此(ci)。孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言,揆圣意也(ye)(ye)。“桃(tao)应(ying)问(wen)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):舜(shun)为(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),皋陶为(wei)士,瞽(gu)瞍(sou)杀人(ren),则(ze)如(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何”,桃(tao)应(ying)问(wen)孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):舜(shun)为(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),命(ming)皋陶为(wei)士官以(yi)执(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)人(ren),舜(shun)父(fu)(fu)瞽(gu)瞍(sou)杀人(ren),则(ze)皋陶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士当如(ru)何也(ye)(ye)。“孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):执(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)已(yi)矣(yi)”,孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)答之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),但(dan)当执(zhi)(zhi)而(er)不(bu)(bu)纵也(ye)(ye)。“然则(ze)舜(shun)不(bu)(bu)禁与”,桃(tao)应(ying)问(wen)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):如(ru)是(shi)则(ze)舜(shun)为(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),使有司执(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)(qi)父(fu)(fu),而(er)不(bu)(bu)禁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耶?“曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):夫舜(shun)恶得而(er)禁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),夫有所(suo)受(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)”,孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)又答之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):夫舜(shun)岂得而(er)禁止(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)哉(zai)!夫以(yi)其(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa)有所(suo)受(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)已(yi)。“然则(ze)舜(shun)如(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何”,桃(tao)应(ying)问(wen)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):如(ru)是(shi),舜(shun)不(bu)(bu)敢禁止(zhi)皋陶无执(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)(qi)父(fu)(fu),则(ze)舜(shun)将(jiang)(jiang)如(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何?“曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)舜(shun)视(shi)弃天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)”至“忘天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)”,孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)又答之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):舜(shun)视(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)如(ru)捐弃敝徙而(er)不(bu)(bu)惜也(ye)(ye),必将(jiang)(jiang)窃负戴(dai)其(qi)(qi)父(fu)(fu)而(er)逃循海滨(bin)而(er)处(chu)以(yi)逃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),且(qie)终(zhong)身然,乐而(er)忘去天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)。是(shi)以(yi)舜(shun)得天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)解忧,惟(wei)顺父(fu)(fu)母可以(yi)解忧也(ye)(ye)。
孟子自范之齐,望见齐王之子,喟然叹曰:“居移气,养移体。大哉居乎!夫非尽人之子与?”(范,齐邑,王庶子所封食也。孟子之范,见王子之仪,声气高凉,不与人同。还至齐,谓诸弟子,喟然叹曰:居尊则气高,居卑则气下。居之移人气志使之高凉,若供养之移人形身使充盛也。“大哉居乎”者,言当慎所居,人必居仁也。凡人与王子岂非尽是人之子也,王子居尊势,故仪声如是也。)
[疏]正义曰:赵(zhao)云:此章指言人(ren)(ren)(ren)性皆同,居(ju)使(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)异,君(jun)子居(ju)仁,小人(ren)(ren)(ren)处利(li),譬犹(you)王(wang)(wang)子,殊于(yu)众品也(ye)。孟子尝自(zi)范(fan)邑见齐(qi)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子,仪体声(sheng)气高爽,不与人(ren)(ren)(ren)同,乃往归(gui)齐(qi),而于(yu)弟子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间喟(kui)然叹息之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰:夫居(ju)足以(yi)移(yi)(yi)易人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)气,所(suo)养足以(yi)移(yi)(yi)易人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体。以(yi)其王(wang)(wang)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仪体声(sheng)气如(ru)是(shi)者,亦以(yi)所(suo)居(ju)所(suo)养之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大移(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)然也(ye)。“大哉居(ju)乎”,言人(ren)(ren)(ren)当慎所(suo)居(ju),以(yi)仁为广居(ju)。众之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren),岂非尽人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子与?言齐(qi)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子亦人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子也(ye),凡人(ren)(ren)(ren)亦人(ren)(ren)(ren)子也(ye)。下文观宜合此章。
孟子曰:“王子宫室、车马、衣服多与人同,而王子若彼者,其居使之然也。况居天下之广居者乎?(言王子宫室、乘服皆人之所用之耳,然而王子若彼高凉者,居势位故也,况居广居!谓行仁义,仁义在身,不言而喻也。)
鲁君之宋,呼于垤泽之门。守者曰:‘此非吾君也,何其声之似我君也?’此无他,居相似也。”(垤泽,宋城门名也。人君之声相似者,以其俱居尊势,故音气同也。以城门不自肯夜开,故君自发声耳。章指言舆服器用,人用不殊,尊贵居之,志气以舒。是以居仁由义,盎然内优,胸中正者,眸子不瞀也。)
[疏]正义(yi)曰:此章宜(yi)与上章合而(er)(er)为一,不当(dang)分而(er)(er)为二也。孟子(zi)言王(wang)子(zi)所(suo)居宫室与车马(ma)之(zhi)(zhi)乘、衣(yi)服之(zhi)(zhi)饰,是(shi)皆与人同所(suo)用之(zhi)(zhi)也,然而(er)(er)王(wang)子(zi)若彼仪体声气高凉者(zhe),必其居势(shi)位,使之(zhi)(zhi)如是(shi)与人不同耳。言王(wang)所(suo)居势(shi)位能(neng)如此,而(er)(er)况居天下之(zhi)(zhi)广居,以(yi)(yi)仁为居者(zhe)乎?且以(yi)(yi)鲁国之(zhi)(zhi)君往宋(song),乃(nai)呼于垤泽之(zhi)(zhi)门(men)(men),守者(zhe)曰此非吾君之(zhi)(zhi)身也,似(si)我(wo)君也。言大亦(yi)无(wu)他(ta)事异焉,亦(yi)以(yi)(yi)皆居尊(zun)势(shi),故其声之(zhi)(zhi)如是(shi)相似(si)也。垤泽,宋(song)城门(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)名。守者(zhe),监门(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)官也。是(shi)言能(neng)以(yi)(yi)大人之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)居者(zhe)处己,而(er)(er)与大人相似(si)者(zhe)也。
孟子曰:“食而弗爱,豕交之也。爱而不敬,兽畜之也。恭敬者,币之未将者也。恭敬而无实,君子不可虚拘。”(人之交接,但食之而不爱,若养豕也。爱而不敬,若人畜禽兽,但爱而不能敬也。且恭敬者如有币帛,当以行礼,而未以命将行之也。恭敬贵实,如其无实,何可虚拘致君子之心也。)
[疏]正义(yi)曰:此(ci)章(zhang)指(zhi)言取人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),必(bi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)恭(gong)(gong)敬(jing)(jing)(jing),恭(gong)(gong)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)贵(gui)实(shi),虚则不应(ying)。实(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)谓敬(jing)(jing)(jing)爱(ai)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。孟子(zi)(zi)言人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)交接,但(dan)饮食为(wei)(wei)备,而(er)(er)欢意弗加(jia)(jia)者(zhe)(zhe),非以(yi)(yi)(yi)爱(ai)相(xiang)接者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye),是(shi)为(wei)(wei)豕交之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。犬马者(zhe)(zhe),人所爱(ai)而(er)(er)畜(chu)养者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye),如(ru)爱(ai)诚虽至,而(er)(er)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)心弗加(jia)(jia)者(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)谓爱(ai)而(er)(er)弗敬(jing)(jing)(jing),以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)兽(shou)畜(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。然而(er)(er)恭(gong)(gong)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)者(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)币(bi)帛(bo)(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼未(wei)行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。盖以(yi)(yi)(yi)恭(gong)(gong)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)为(wei)(wei)先(xian),而(er)(er)币(bi)帛(bo)(bo)从之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye),如(ru)恭(gong)(gong)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)而(er)(er)无币(bi)帛(bo)(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)实(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)将之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)又君(jun)子(zi)(zi)不可以(yi)(yi)(yi)虚拘矣(yi)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)其礼不可以(yi)(yi)(yi)徒(tu)虚而(er)(er)行,何必(bi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)恭(gong)(gong)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)修于内(nei)而(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben),币(bi)帛(bo)(bo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)将之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)末,则君(jun)子(zi)(zi)交接之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)毕(bi)矣(yi)。
孟子曰:“形、色,天性也。惟圣人然后可以践形。”(形谓君子体貌尊严也,《尚书·洪范》“一曰貌”。色谓妇人妖丽之容,《诗》云“颜如舜华”。此皆天假施于人也。践,履居之也。《易》曰:“黄中通理。”圣人内外文明,然后能以正道履居此美形,不言居色主名,尊阳抑阴之义也。)
[疏]正义曰:此章指言体德正容,大人所履,有表无里,谓之柚梓,是以圣人乃堪践形也。孟子言人之形与色,皆天所赋,性所有也。惟独圣人能尽其天性,然后可以践形而履之,不为形之所累矣。盖形有道之象,色为道之容,人之生也,性出于天命,道又出于率性,是以形之与色皆为天性也。惟圣人能因形以求其性,体性以践其形,故体性以践目之形,而得于性之明;践耳之形,而得于性之聪;以至践肝之形以为仁,践肺之形以为义,践心之形以通于神明。凡于百骸、九窍、五脏之形,各有所践也,故能以七尺之躯,方寸之微,六通四辟,其运无乎不在,兹其所以为圣人与!然而形与色皆天性,何独践形而不践色,何耶?盖形则一定而不易者也,色则有喜怒哀乐之变,以其无常者也,不可以践之矣。亦以圣人吉凶与人同,何践之以为异哉!是又孟子之深意然也。
○注“形谓君子”至“抑阴之义也”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):云“《洪(hong)范》一曰(yue)貌(mao)”者,盖(gai)以五事之(zhi)一者也。孔(kong)安国云:“貌(mao),容仪也,谓妇人妖丽之(zhi)容。”“《诗》云:颜如(ru)舜华(hua)”者,此盖(gai)《有女(nv)同(tong)车》之(zhi)篇文(wen)也,注(zhu)云:“舜,木(mu)槿(jin)也。”“《易》曰(yue):君子黄(huang)中通理(li)”者,盖(gai)《坤》之(zhi)卦(gua)文(wen)也,谓君子黄(huang)中通理(li),正(zheng)位(wei)居体(ti),美(mei)(mei)在其中,而畅于(yu)(yu)四支,发于(yu)(yu)事业,美(mei)(mei)之(zhi)至也。是亦以正(zheng)道履居此美(mei)(mei)形(xing),不言居而言践,尊阳而抑阴(yin)也。
齐宣王欲短丧。公孙丑曰:“为期之丧,犹愈于已乎。”(齐宣王以三年之丧为太长久,欲减而短之,因公孙丑使自以其意问孟子:既不能三年丧,以期年差愈于止而不行丧者也。)
孟子曰:“是犹或纟其兄之臂,子谓之姑徐徐云尔,亦教之孝悌而已矣。”(纟,戾也。孟子言有人戾其兄之臂,为不顺也,而子谓之曰:且徐徐云尔。是岂以徐徐之为差者乎?不若教之以孝悌,勿复戾其兄之臂也。令欲行其期丧,亦犹曰徐徐之类也。)
王子有其母死者,其傅为之请数月之丧。公孙丑曰:“若此者,何如也?”(丑曰:王之庶夫人死,迫于夫人,不得行其丧亲之数,其傅为请之于君,欲使得行数月丧,如之何?)
曰:“是欲终之而不可得也,虽加一日愈于已。谓夫莫之禁而弗为者也。”(孟子曰:如是王子欲终服其子礼而不能者也,加益一日则愈于止,况数月乎?所谓不当者,谓无禁自欲短之,故讥之也。)
[疏]“齐宣”至“者也”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):此章指言礼断三(san)年,孝者(zhe)(zhe)欲益,富贵(gui)怠厌,思减其(qi)(qi)(qi)日(ri),君子(zi)(zi)正言,不(bu)可(ke)(ke)阿情。丑(chou)欲期(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故譬以(yi)(yi)(yi)纟兄(xiong)徐(xu)徐(xu)也(ye)(ye)。“齐(qi)宣王(wang)(wang)(wang)欲短(duan)(duan)丧(sang)。公(gong)(gong)孙(sun)丑(chou)曰(yue):为(wei)(wei)期(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang),犹(you)愈(yu)于(yu)己乎(hu)”,齐(qi)宣王(wang)(wang)(wang)欲短(duan)(duan)三(san)年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang),公(gong)(gong)孙(sun)丑(chou)劝(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)期(qi)年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang),犹(you)胜于(yu)止而(er)(er)不(bu)为(wei)(wei)者(zhe)(zhe)矣(yi)。期(qi)年,十二(er)月也(ye)(ye)。“孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)”至“而(er)(er)已矣(yi)者(zhe)(zhe),孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)言如此,是(shi)(shi)若(ruo)或有(you)纟戾其(qi)(qi)(qi)兄(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臂者(zhe)(zhe),子(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姑且(qie)徐(xu)徐(xu)然纟其(qi)(qi)(qi)兄(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臂云尔。但(dan)当教之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)孝悌,不(bu)复戾兄(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臂也(ye)(ye)。今子(zi)(zi)欲劝(quan)齐(qi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)短(duan)(duan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)三(san)年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang),而(er)(er)且(qie)谓(wei)为(wei)(wei)期(qi)年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang),亦若(ruo)徐(xu)徐(xu)然之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)也(ye)(ye)。“王(wang)(wang)(wang)子(zi)(zi)有(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)母死(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)傅为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)请(qing)数月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang)。公(gong)(gong)孙(sun)丑(chou)曰(yue):若(ruo)此何如也(ye)(ye)”,公(gong)(gong)孙(sun)丑(chou)又(you)复问孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi),曰(yue)王(wang)(wang)(wang)子(zi)(zi)有(you)母死(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)傅相(xiang)者(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)请(qing)行(xing)数月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang),如此者(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)(shi)如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何也(ye)(ye)?以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)子(zi)(zi)庶生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)母死(si)(si),迫于(yu)嫡母,而(er)(er)不(bu)敢(gan)终丧(sang)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue)是(shi)(shi)欲终之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)得也(ye)(ye)”至“弗为(wei)(wei)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)”,孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)答之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。曰(yue)是(shi)(shi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)子(zi)(zi)欲终之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang),有(you)所(suo)御而(er)(er)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)得而(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye),虽加益一日(ri),亦足胜于(yu)止而(er)(er)不(bu)为(wei)(wei)者(zhe)(zhe)矣(yi)。今齐(qi)宣王(wang)(wang)(wang)欲短(duan)(duan)三(san)年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang),以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)礼所(suo)当终之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而(er)(er)且(qie)谓(wei)期(qi)年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang)犹(you)愈(yu)于(yu)已以(yi)(yi)(yi)劝(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)(shi)谓(wei)夫莫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禁止而(er)(er)自弗为(wei)(wei)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。此孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。《论语》“宰(zai)我问三(san)年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang),期(qi)已久矣(yi)”,孔子(zi)(zi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)责(ze)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue):“予之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)仁也(ye)(ye),汝安之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乎(hu)。”是(shi)(shi)亦孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)于(yu)此不(bu)取公(gong)(gong)孙(sun)丑(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意也(ye)(ye)。
孟子曰:“君子之所以教者五。(教民之道有五品。)
有如时雨化之者,(教之渐渍而浃洽也。)
有成德者,有达财者,有答问者,有私淑艾者。(私,独。淑,善。艾,治也。君子独善其身,人法其仁,此亦与教法之道无差也。)
此五者,君子之所以教也。”(申言之,孟子贵重此教之道也。)
[疏]“孟子”至“教也”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):此章指(zhi)言教(jiao)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)术(shu),莫善五(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),养(yang)育英才(cai),君子(zi)所(suo)珍,圣所(suo)不(bu)(bu)倦,其(qi)惟诲人者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“孟子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):君子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)教(jiao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)五(wu)”至“所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)教(jiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孟子(zi)言君子(zi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)教(jiao)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道有(you)(you)(you)五(wu)品也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),有(you)(you)(you)如时雨(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)教(jiao)人渐(jian)渍,恰如时雨(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)泽也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),是(shi)其(qi)润之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)德(de)(de),渐(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)仁,善有(you)(you)(you)萌芽(ya),则(ze)诱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使敷秀;性有(you)(you)(you)其(qi)材,则(ze)养(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使长茂:凡(fan)(fan)此因其(qi)大以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)大,小(xiao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)小(xiao),是(shi)为(wei)有(you)(you)(you)若时雨(yu)而(er)(er)教(jiao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。有(you)(you)(you)成(cheng)德(de)(de)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)因固(gu)有(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德(de)(de),但教(jiao)而(er)(er)成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),是(shi)其(qi)能仁不(bu)(bu)能反者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),则(ze)教(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)克己复礼;能勇不(bu)(bu)能怯者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),则(ze)教(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)临事而(er)(er)惧:是(shi)为(wei)有(you)(you)(you)成(cheng)德(de)(de)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。有(you)(you)(you)达财者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)有(you)(you)(you)财之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)能用者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),则(ze)教(jiao)而(er)(er)达之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),“子(zi)贡问曰(yue)(yue):赐也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)何如?子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):女,器(qi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。曰(yue)(yue):何器(qi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)?曰(yue)(yue):瑚琏也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”,子(zi)谓子(zi)夏(xia)曰(yue)(yue)“女为(wei)君子(zi)儒(ru),无(wu)为(wei)小(xiao)人儒(ru)”:是(shi)为(wei)有(you)(you)(you)达财之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。有(you)(you)(you)答(da)问者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)在于答(da)问之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),不(bu)(bu)愤(fen)不(bu)(bu)启,不(bu)(bu)悱不(bu)(bu)发,举一隅不(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)三隅反则(ze)不(bu)(bu)复也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),是(shi)为(wei)有(you)(you)(you)答(da)问之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。有(you)(you)(you)私(si)(si)淑艾(ai)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)独善其(qi)身,使彼法之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),“子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):我非生而(er)(er)知之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),好(hao)古敏以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)求之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”,“子(zi)不(bu)(bu)语怪力乱(luan)神”,凡(fan)(fan)此之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类,是(shi)有(you)(you)(you)私(si)(si)淑艾(ai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。故(gu)重言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)此五(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao),乃君子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)教(jiao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《论语》云(yun)“有(you)(you)(you)教(jiao)无(wu)类”,同。
公孙丑曰:“道则高矣美矣,宜若登天然,似不可及也。何不使彼为可几及而日孳孳也。”(丑以为圣人之道大高远,将若登天,人不能及也,何不少近人情,令彼凡人可庶几,使日孳孳自勉也。)
孟子曰:“大匠不为拙工改废绳墨,羿不为拙射变其彀率。君子引而不发,跃如也。中道而立,能者从之。”(大匠不为新学拙工故为之改凿废绳墨必正也,羿不为新学拙射者变其彀率之法也。彀弩张向,表率之正体,望之极思,用巧之时,不可变也。君子谓于射则引弓彀弩而不发,以待彀偶也。于道则中,道德之中,不以学者不能故卑下其道,将以须于能者往取之也。)
[疏]“公孙丑”至“从之”。
○正义曰:此章指言曲高(gao)和(he)寡(gua),道大难追,然而(er)(er)(er)履(lv)正者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)枉,执德者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)回,故(gu)曰人(ren)能(neng)弘道。丑欲下之(zhi)(zhi),非也(ye)。“公(gong)(gong)孙丑曰”至(zhi)(zhi)“孳(zi)孳(zi)也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),公(gong)(gong)孙丑问孟子(zi),谓圣人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)道则至(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)至(zhi)(zhi)美矣,学(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)慕之(zhi)(zhi),宜如登天之(zhi)(zhi)难,似(si)其不(bu)(bu)可得(de)而(er)(er)(er)及也(ye),何不(bu)(bu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)彼之(zhi)(zhi)道几近(jin),令人(ren)可庶(shu)几能(neng)及,而(er)(er)(er)使(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)日孳(zi)孳(zi)自勉而(er)(er)(er)至(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。“孟子(zi)曰:大匠(jiang)(jiang)不(bu)(bu)为(wei)拙工(gong)改(gai)变绳墨”至(zhi)(zhi)“能(neng)者(zhe)(zhe)从之(zhi)(zhi)”,孟子(zi)答之(zhi)(zhi),曰大匠(jiang)(jiang)之(zhi)(zhi)师不(bu)(bu)为(wei)新(xin)学(xue)拙工(gong)改(gai)去其绳墨之(zhi)(zhi)正,羿(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)善(shan)射不(bu)(bu)为(wei)新(xin)学(xue)拙射更变其彀率之(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)。彀率张弓向的,正体极思(si),用巧之(zhi)(zhi)时也(ye)。君(jun)子(zi)循(xun)循(xun)善(shan)诱(you)而(er)(er)(er)引人(ren)于(yu)道,不(bu)(bu)以开发者(zhe)(zhe)又且跃如,使(shi)(shi)(shi)进而(er)(er)(er)无(wu)退也(ye)。是其不(bu)(bu)高(gao)不(bu)(bu)卑,但于(yu)中道而(er)(er)(er)立(li)教(jiao),使(shi)(shi)(shi)贤愚智者(zhe)(zhe)皆能(neng)从而(er)(er)(er)学(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。此孟子(zi)所(suo)以讥于(yu)公(gong)(gong)孙丑也(ye)。
孟子曰:“天下有道,以道殉身。天下无道,以身殉道。未闻以道殉乎人者也。”(殉,从也。天下有道,得行王政,道从身施功实也。天下无道,道不得行,以身从道,守道而隐。不闻以正道从俗人也。)
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:此(ci)章指言穷达(da)卷(juan)舒,屈(qu)伸(shen)异变,变流(liu)从顾,守(shou)(shou)者所慎,故(gu)曰金(jin)石独止,不徇人也(ye)者也(ye)。孟子言天下(xia)有治(zhi)道(dao)之时,则(ze)(ze)当以(yi)(yi)道(dao)从身(shen),以(yi)(yi)施其(qi)(qi)功(gong)实也(ye)。以(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)身(shen)显(xian)而(er)道(dao)彰也(ye)。天下(xia)无(wu)治(zhi)道(dao)之时,则(ze)(ze)当以(yi)(yi)身(shen)从道(dao),而(er)卷(juan)藏守(shou)(shou)伏也(ye)。以(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)道(dao)藏则(ze)(ze)身(shen)伏也(ye)。未闻(wen)于此(ci)无(wu)道(dao)之时,以(yi)(yi)道(dao)从人,而(er)饕富贵也(ye)。《论语(yu)》云:“天下(xia)有道(dao)则(ze)(ze)见,无(wu)道(dao)则(ze)(ze)隐。”同意。
公都子曰:“滕更之在门也,若在所礼。而不答,何也?”(滕更,滕君之弟,来学于孟子也。言国君之弟而乐在门人中,宜答见礼,而夫子不答,何也?)
孟子曰:“挟贵而问,挟贤而问,挟长而问,挟有勋劳而问,挟故而问,皆所不答也。滕更有二焉。”(挟,接也。接己之贵势,接己之有贤才,接己长老,接己尝有功劳之恩,接己与师有故旧之好,凡恃此五者而以学问,望师之待以异意而教之,皆所不当答。滕更有二焉,接贵接贤,故不答矣。)
[疏]“公都(dou)(dou)”至“二焉”。正义曰:此(ci)章指言学尚虚己(ji)(ji)(ji),师诲贵(gui)(gui)平,是(shi)以(yi)滕(teng)(teng)(teng)更(geng)恃(shi)二,孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)弗应。“公都(dou)(dou)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰”至“何也(ye)”,公都(dou)(dou)子(zi)(zi)(zi)问(wen)(wen)孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi),谓(wei)滕(teng)(teng)(teng)君之弟滕(teng)(teng)(teng)更(geng)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),乐在门人中(zhong),宜若在所礼敬(jing)之,然而(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)所问(wen)(wen)而(er)夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)答,是(shi)如之何也(ye)。“孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰挟(xie)(xie)贵(gui)(gui)而(er)问(wen)(wen)”至“滕(teng)(teng)(teng)更(geng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)二焉”,孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)答之,曰有(you)(you)(you)(you)挟(xie)(xie)己(ji)(ji)(ji)之贵(gui)(gui)势而(er)问(wen)(wen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)(you)挟(xie)(xie)己(ji)(ji)(ji)之贤(xian)(xian)才而(er)问(wen)(wen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)(you)挟(xie)(xie)己(ji)(ji)(ji)之长老而(er)问(wen)(wen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)(you)挟(xie)(xie)己(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)功劳(lao)之恩而(er)问(wen)(wen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)(you)(you)挟(xie)(xie)己(ji)(ji)(ji)与师友(you)故旧(jiu)之好而(er)问(wen)(wen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),凡恃(shi)此(ci)五者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)而(er)问(wen)(wen),我皆所不(bu)答也(ye)。今滕(teng)(teng)(teng)更(geng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)二于(yu)此(ci)五者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之中(zhong),以(yi)恃(shi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)之贵(gui)(gui)势与恃(shi)贤(xian)(xian)才,我所以(yi)不(bu)答之也(ye)。挟(xie)(xie),接(jie)也(ye)。此(ci)孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)于(yu)滕(teng)(teng)(teng)更(geng)所以(yi)不(bu)答者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)亦不(bu)屑(xie)教(jiao)之道也(ye)。奈(nai)何公都(dou)(dou)子(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)知以(yi)此(ci),故有(you)(you)(you)(you)复而(er)问(wen)(wen)焉。
孟子曰:“于不可已而已者,无所不已。于所厚者薄,无所不薄也。其进锐者,其退速。”(已,弃也。于义所不当弃而弃之,则不可,所以不可而弃之,使无罪者咸恐惧也。于义当厚而反薄之,何不薄也。不忧见薄者,亦皆自安矣。不审察人而过进,不肖越其伦,悔而退之必速矣。当翔而后集,慎如之何。)
[疏]“孟子曰”至“退速”。
○正义曰:此章指言赏(shang)僭(jian)及淫(yin),刑滥(lan)伤善,不(bu)(bu)(bu)僭(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)滥(lan),诗人所(suo)(suo)(suo)纪。是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)季文三思,而(er)后之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)。孟子言人君于(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可弃(qi)(qi)(qi)去(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)而(er)反弃(qi)(qi)(qi)去(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)其(qi)馀(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类无所(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)弃(qi)(qi)(qi)也(ye)(ye)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)可弃(qi)(qi)(qi)者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)无罪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人也(ye)(ye)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)弃(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)罪者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye),故(gu)弃(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)人有(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)惧也(ye)(ye)。如(ru)尧去(qu)四凶(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪,是(shi)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)弃(qi)(qi)(qi)而(er)弃(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。其(qi)于(yu)赏(shang),当(dang)所(suo)(suo)(suo)厚者(zhe)(zhe)反而(er)薄(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)其(qi)馀(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类亦(yi)无所(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)薄(bo)也(ye)(ye)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厚赏(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)功,故(gu)厚赏(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)人有(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)励也(ye)(ye)。如(ru)舜举(ju)八元、八凯(kai),是(shi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)厚而(er)厚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。其(qi)于(yu)无所(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)弃(qi)(qi)(qi)、无所(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)薄(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君,得锐进而(er)为(wei)仕,则其(qi)被(bei)退黜亦(yi)必急速矣。无他,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)君不(bu)(bu)(bu)能鉴其(qi)贤否,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能信(xin)任,所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)如(ru)是(shi)矣。故(gu)《诗》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《商颂(song)》,所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)于(yu)《殷武》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)篇有(you)(you)(you)(you)云“不(bu)(bu)(bu)僭(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)滥(lan)”,《论语(yu)》“翔而(er)后集”、“季文子三思而(er)后行也(ye)(ye)”。
孟子曰:“君子之于物也,爱之而弗仁。(物,谓凡物可以养人者也,当爱育之,而不加之仁,若牺牲不得不杀也。)
于民也,仁之而弗亲。(临民以非己族类,故不得与亲同也。)
亲亲而仁民,仁民而爱物。”(先亲其亲戚,然后仁民,仁民然后爱物,用恩之次者也。)
[疏(shu)]正义(yi)(yi)曰:此(ci)章指(zhi)言君子(zi)布德,各(ge)有(you)所施,事(shi)得(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)宜,故谓之(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi)者也。孟子(zi)言君子(zi)于凡物(wu)也,但当(dang)(dang)爱(ai)(ai)(ai)育(yu)之(zhi)(zhi),而(er)弗(fu)当(dang)(dang)以(yi)(yi)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)加之(zhi)(zhi)也,若牺牲不得(de)(de)不杀也。于民(min)也,当(dang)(dang)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)爱(ai)(ai)(ai)之(zhi)(zhi),而(er)弗(fu)当(dang)(dang)亲(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)也,以(yi)(yi)爱(ai)(ai)(ai)有(you)差等也。是(shi)则先亲(qin)其(qi)(qi)亲(qin)而(er)后(hou)(hou)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)爱(ai)(ai)(ai)其(qi)(qi)民(min),先仁(ren)(ren)(ren)爱(ai)(ai)(ai)其(qi)(qi)民(min)然(ran)后(hou)(hou)爱(ai)(ai)(ai)育(yu)其(qi)(qi)物(wu)耳(er),是(shi)又见君子(zi)用恩有(you)其(qi)(qi)伦序也,故杨子(zi)所以(yi)(yi)事(shi)得(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)宜之(zhi)(zhi)谓义(yi)(yi)也。
孟子曰:“知者无不知也,当务之为急。仁者不爱也,急亲贤之为务。(知者,知所务善也。仁者,务爱其贤也。)
尧、舜之知而不遍物,急先务也。尧、舜之仁不遍爱人,急亲贤也。(物,事也。尧、舜不遍知百工之事,不遍爱众人。先爱贤使治民,不一一自往亲加恩惠也。)
不能三年之丧,而缌、小功之察;放饭流ヱ,而问无齿决:是之谓不知务。”(尚不能行三年之丧,而复察缌麻、小功之礼。放饭,大饭也。流ヱ,长ヱ也。齿决,断肉置其馀也。于尊者前赐食,大饭长ヱ,不敬之大者,齿决,小过耳。言世之先务,舍大讥小,有若大饭长ヱ而问无齿决类也。)
[疏]“孟子”至“不知务”。
○正义曰:此章(zhang)指言振裘持领,正罗(luo)维纲(gang)(gang),君子(zi)百(bai)行,先务(wu)(wu)(wu)其(qi)(qi)崇,是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)尧(yao)、舜(shun)亲(qin)(qin)贤,大(da)(da)化(hua)以(yi)(yi)(yi)隆道(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)要(yao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。“孟子(zi)曰:—者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)无(wu)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)也(ye)(ye),当务(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)急”至“是(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)务(wu)(wu)(wu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孟子(zi)言为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)智(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)多知(zhi),故无(wu)所有而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye),然而(er)(er)但(dan)当知(zhi)要(yao)务(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)急耳;为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仁(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)泛爱,故无(wu)所有而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)爱者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye),然而(er)(er)但(dan)当急亲(qin)(qin)其(qi)(qi)贤为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)务(wu)(wu)(wu)。是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)尧(yao)、舜(shun)二帝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)智(zhi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)遍(bian)知(zhi)百(bai)工之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,但(dan)急于知(zhi)贤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)先务(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye);为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)仁(ren)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)遍(bian)爱于众(zhong)人,但(dan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)急亲(qin)(qin)任其(qi)(qi)贤能(neng)(neng)(neng),使之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)治民(min)也(ye)(ye)。今夫(fu)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)三(san)年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧,为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)孝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye);而(er)(er)察缌、小(xiao)功(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼,是(shi)孝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。放饭流ヱ,不(bu)(bu)敬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye);问(wen)无(wu)齿决,责其(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)敬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。如(ru)(ru)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)知(zhi)贤为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)先务(wu)(wu)(wu),而(er)(er)务(wu)(wu)(wu)遍(bian)知(zhi)百(bai)工之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先,不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)亲(qin)(qin)贤为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)急务(wu)(wu)(wu),而(er)(er)务(wu)(wu)(wu)遍(bian)爱众(zhong)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)急,是(shi)若执亲(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丧不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)去不(bu)(bu)孝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),而(er)(er)乃(nai)反察孝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe);食于尊者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前,不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)去不(bu)(bu)敬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),而(er)(er)乃(nai)反责问(wen)不(bu)(bu)敬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。如(ru)(ru)此,又安知(zhi)先、后之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)务(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)缓急乎?盖缌麻,三(san)月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)服(fu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe);小(xiao)功(gong),五月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)服(fu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。《荀子(zi)》云(yun):“若挈(qie)裘领,屈三(san)指而(er)(er)顿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),顺者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)可胜数。”史(shi)云(yun):“纲(gang)(gang)举(ju)而(er)(er)纲(gang)(gang)疏。提其(qi)(qi)纲(gang)(gang)则众(zhong)目张。”与(yu)此同(tong)意。
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