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尚书正义卷二 尧典第一在线阅读

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卷二 尧典第一

  
  ○《释文》:“凡(fan)十六(liu)篇(pian),十一(yi)篇(pian)亡,五篇(pian)见存。”

[疏]“古文尚书尧典第一”。
  ○正义曰(yue)(yue)(yue):检古本并石经,直言(yan)“《尧(yao)典(dian)(dian)(dian)》第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)”,无(wu)(wu)“古文(wen)(wen)尚书(shu)”。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong)君从隶古,仍号“古文(wen)(wen)”,故(gu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)人因(yin)而题(ti)於(wu)此,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)别(bie)伏生(sheng)所(suo)(suo)(suo)出(chu)、大(da)小夏侯及欧阳所(suo)(suo)(suo)传为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)今(jin)文(wen)(wen)故(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“尧(yao)典(dian)(dian)(dian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)”,篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名,当与众篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)相次。“第(di)(di)(di)(di)”训(xun)(xun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)次也(ye)(ye)(ye),於(wu)次第(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内而处一(yi)(yi)(yi),故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“尧(yao)典(dian)(dian)(dian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)”。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)者,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)五(wu)帝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)末(mo)接三(san)(san)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初,典(dian)(dian)(dian)策既备,因(yin)机成务,交代揖(yi)让,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)垂无(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),故(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。然(ran)《书(shu)》者理由(you)舜史,勒(le)成一(yi)(yi)(yi)家,可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)法,上(shang)取尧(yao)事(shi)(shi),下终禅(shan)禹(yu)(yu)(yu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)至舜终,皆为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)舜史所(suo)(suo)(suo)录(lu)。其(qi)(qi)尧(yao)、舜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)典(dian)(dian)(dian),多陈(chen)行事(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)状,其(qi)(qi)言(yan)寡矣(yi),《禹(yu)(yu)(yu)贡(gong)(gong)》即全非(fei)君言(yan),准之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代,不(bu)应(ying)入(ru)《书(shu)》,此其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)体(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)异,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此禹(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)身(shen)事(shi)(shi)於(wu)禅(shan)后(hou)(hou)(hou),无(wu)(wu)入(ru)《夏书(shu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理。自(zi)《甘誓(shi)(shi)》已(yi)下,皆多言(yan)辞(ci),则古史所(suo)(suo)(suo)书(shu)於(wu)是(shi)乎(hu)始。知(zhi)《五(wu)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌(ge)》亦(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)非(fei)上(shang)言(yan),典(dian)(dian)(dian)书(shu)草创,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)义而录(lu),但致言(yan)有(you)(you)本,名随其(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)。检其(qi)(qi)此体(ti),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)例(li)(li)有(you)(you)十(shi)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)典(dian)(dian)(dian),二曰(yue)(yue)(yue)谟,三(san)(san)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)贡(gong)(gong),四(si)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)歌(ge),五(wu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)誓(shi)(shi),六(liu)(liu)(liu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),七(qi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)训(xun)(xun),八(ba)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)命(ming)(ming),九(jiu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)征,十(shi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)范。《尧(yao)典(dian)(dian)(dian)》、《舜典(dian)(dian)(dian)》二篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),典(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《大(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)谟》、《皋陶(tao)谟》二篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),谟也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《禹(yu)(yu)(yu)贡(gong)(gong)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),贡(gong)(gong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《五(wu)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌(ge)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),歌(ge)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《甘誓(shi)(shi)》、《泰(tai)誓(shi)(shi)》三(san)(san)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)、《汤誓(shi)(shi)》、《牧誓(shi)(shi)》、《费(fei)誓(shi)(shi)》、《泰(tai)誓(shi)(shi)》八(ba)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),誓(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《仲(zhong)虺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)》、《汤诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)》、《大(da)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)》、《康(kang)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)》、《酒诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)》、《召(zhao)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)》、《洛诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)》、《康(kang)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)》八(ba)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《伊训(xun)(xun)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),训(xun)(xun)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《说命(ming)(ming)》三(san)(san)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),《微子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)(ming)》、《蔡(cai)仲(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)(ming)》、《顾命(ming)(ming)》、《毕命(ming)(ming)》、《冏(jiong)命(ming)(ming)》、《文(wen)(wen)侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)(ming)》九(jiu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),命(ming)(ming)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《胤征》一(yi)(yi)(yi)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),征也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《洪范》一(yi)(yi)(yi)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),范也(ye)(ye)(ye)。此各随事(shi)(shi)而言(yan)。《益稷(ji)》亦(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)谟也(ye)(ye)(ye),因(yin)其(qi)(qi)人称言(yan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)别(bie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其(qi)(qi)《太(tai)甲(jia)》、《咸有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)德》,伊尹训(xun)(xun)道王(wang),亦(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)训(xun)(xun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei)。《盘(pan)庚》亦(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)也(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)王(wang)肃云(yun)(yun):“不(bu)言(yan)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),何也(ye)(ye)(ye)?取其(qi)(qi)徒(tu)而立(li)功(gong),非(fei)但录(lu)其(qi)(qi)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)。”《高(gao)宗肜(rong)日(ri)》与训(xun)(xun)序连文(wen)(wen),亦(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)训(xun)(xun)辞(ci)可(ke)(ke)知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《西伯戡黎》云(yun)(yun),“祖伊恐,奔告(gao)于受(shou)”,亦(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《武成》云(yun)(yun),“识其(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)事(shi)(shi)”,亦(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《旅獒》戒王(wang),亦(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)训(xun)(xun)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《金縢》自(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)体(ti),祝(zhu)亦(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)辞(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《梓材(cai)》,《酒诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)》分出(chu),亦(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《多士》以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)王(wang)命(ming)(ming)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),自(zi)然(ran)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《无(wu)(wu)逸(yi)》戒王(wang),亦(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)训(xun)(xun)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《君奭》周公(gong)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)召(zhao)公(gong),亦(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《多方》、《周官(guan)》上(shang)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)於(wu)下,亦(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《君陈(chen)》、《君牙》与《毕命(ming)(ming)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类(lei),亦(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)命(ming)(ming)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《吕刑》陈(chen)刑告(gao)王(wang),亦(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。《书(shu)》篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名,因(yin)事(shi)(shi)而立(li),既无(wu)(wu)体(ti)例(li)(li),随便(bian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen)。其(qi)(qi)百篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)次第(di)(di)(di)(di),於(wu)序孔(kong)(kong)、郑(zheng)(zheng)不(bu)同(tong)。孔(kong)(kong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)《汤誓(shi)(shi)》在(zai)(zai)(zai)《夏社》前,於(wu)百篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)(di)二十(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu);郑(zheng)(zheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)《臣扈》后(hou)(hou)(hou),第(di)(di)(di)(di)二十(shi)九(jiu)。孔(kong)(kong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)《咸有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)德》次《太(tai)甲(jia)》后(hou)(hou)(hou),第(di)(di)(di)(di)四(si)十(shi);郑(zheng)(zheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)《汤诰(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)》后(hou)(hou)(hou),第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)十(shi)二。孔(kong)(kong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)《蔡(cai)仲(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)(ming)》次《君奭》后(hou)(hou)(hou),第(di)(di)(di)(di)八(ba)十(shi)三(san)(san);郑(zheng)(zheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)《费(fei)誓(shi)(shi)》前,第(di)(di)(di)(di)九(jiu)十(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)。孔(kong)(kong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)《周官(guan)》在(zai)(zai)(zai)《立(li)政(zheng)(zheng)》后(hou)(hou)(hou),第(di)(di)(di)(di)八(ba)十(shi)八(ba);郑(zheng)(zheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)《立(li)政(zheng)(zheng)》前,第(di)(di)(di)(di)八(ba)十(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)。孔(kong)(kong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)《费(fei)誓(shi)(shi)》在(zai)(zai)(zai)《文(wen)(wen)侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)(ming)》后(hou)(hou)(hou),第(di)(di)(di)(di)九(jiu)十(shi)九(jiu);郑(zheng)(zheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)《吕刑》前,第(di)(di)(di)(di)九(jiu)十(shi)七(qi)。不(bu)同(tong)者孔(kong)(kong)依(yi)壁内篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)次及序为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen),郑(zheng)(zheng)依(yi)贾氏所(suo)(suo)(suo)奏(zou)《别(bie)录(lu)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)次,孔(kong)(kong)未入(ru)学官(guan)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此不(bu)同(tong),考论(lun)次第(di)(di)(di)(di),孔(kong)(kong)义是(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。

虞书

[疏]正(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue):《尧典(dian)(dian)》虽(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)曰(yue)唐事(shi),本以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)虞(yu)史(shi)所(suo)(suo)录,末(mo)言舜登庸(yong)(yong)由尧,故(gu)追尧作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)典(dian)(dian),非唐史(shi)所(suo)(suo)录,故(gu)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《虞(yu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》也(ye)(ye)。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“舜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美事(shi),在於(wu)尧时(shi)(shi)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)。案(an)马(ma)(ma)融、郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄、王(wang)肃、《别(bie)录》题皆(jie)曰(yue)《虞(yu)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)虞(yu)、夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)同(tong)科,虽(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)虞(yu)事(shi)亦(yi)(yi)连夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)直言《虞(yu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》,本无(wu)(wu)《夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)题也(ye)(ye)。案(an)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)序以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《虞(yu)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),《商(shang)(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》四(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),《周(zhou)(zhou)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》四(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),《赞》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)科之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)条,五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)家(jia)(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)虞(yu)、夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)同(tong)科也(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)於(wu)《禹(yu)贡(gong)》注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“禹(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)王(wang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功,故(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)首”,则(ze)(ze)虞(yu)、夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)别(bie)题也(ye)(ye),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《虞(yu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》则(ze)(ze)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)。又(you)(you)《帝告》、《釐沃》、《汤(tang)征(zheng)(zheng)》、《汝鸠》、《汝方(fang)(fang)》於(wu)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《商(shang)(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》,而(er)(er)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)并(bing)(bing)於(wu)《胤征(zheng)(zheng)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下,或以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)事(shi),犹《西伯戡(kan)黎(li)》,则(ze)(ze)《夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),《商(shang)(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)与郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)异(yi)也(ye)(ye)。或孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)因(yin)《帝告》以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)亡(wang),并(bing)(bing)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)於(wu)《夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)废,犹《商(shang)(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》乎?别(bie)文(wen)(wen)所(suo)(suo)引(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)皆(jie)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“《虞(yu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》曰(yue)”、“《夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》曰(yue)”,无(wu)(wu)并(bing)(bing)言《虞(yu)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。又(you)(you)伏生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)虽(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)《虞(yu)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)外亦(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)《虞(yu)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》、《夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》,此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)宜别(bie)也(ye)(ye),此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)依虞(yu)、夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)各(ge)别(bie)而(er)(er)存(cun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。庄八(ba)(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)《左(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》引(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)“《夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》曰(yue)‘皋(gao)陶迈种德(de)’”,僖二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)《左(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》引(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)曰(yue)“地平天成(cheng)”,二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)引(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)《夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》“赋纳(na)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)言”,襄二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)引(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)《夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》曰(yue)“与其(qi)(qi)杀不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)辜,宁(ning)失不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)经(jing)(jing)”,皆(jie)在《大(da)(da)禹(yu)谟(mo)》、《皋(gao)陶谟(mo)》。当云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)《虞(yu)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》而(er)(er)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)《夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)事(shi)关禹(yu),故(gu)引(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》。若(ruo)《洪范》以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《周(zhou)(zhou)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)箕子(zi)(zi)至(zhi)(zhi)周(zhou)(zhou),商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)所(suo)(suo)陈而(er)(er)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)引(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),即(ji)曰(yue)《商(shang)(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》也(ye)(ye)。案(an)壁内(nei)所(suo)(suo)得(de)(de)(de),孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)凡五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)卷(juan)(juan)。三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)与郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)同(tong),二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)增(zeng)(zeng)多郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)也(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《大(da)(da)禹(yu)谟(mo)》一(yi)(yi)(yi),《五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌》二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),《胤征(zheng)(zheng)》三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san),《仲(zhong)虺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诰》四(si)(si)(si),《汤(tang)诰》五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),《伊(yi)训》六(liu)(liu)(liu),《太甲》三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),《咸(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)德(de)》十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),《说(shuo)命(ming)(ming)(ming)》三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san),《泰(tai)(tai)(tai)誓(shi)》三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu),《武(wu)成(cheng)》十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi),《旅獒(ao)》十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba),《微子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)(ming)(ming)》十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),《蔡仲(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)(ming)(ming)》二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),《周(zhou)(zhou)官》二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi),《君(jun)陈》二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),《毕(bi)命(ming)(ming)(ming)》二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san),《君(jun)牙》二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si),《冏命(ming)(ming)(ming)》二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。但孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)君(jun)所(suo)(suo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),值巫蛊不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)终(zhong)。前(qian)(qian)汉(han)诸儒知孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)本有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)见(jian)(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),遂有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)张(zhang)霸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒於(wu)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外伪造《尚书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》凡二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)足郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)。其(qi)(qi)数虽(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)与孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)同(tong),其(qi)(qi)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)异(yi)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)则(ze)(ze)於(wu)伏生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)所(suo)(suo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)内(nei)无(wu)(wu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)《泰(tai)(tai)(tai)誓(shi)》,除(chu)《序》尚二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),分出(chu)《舜典(dian)(dian)》、《益稷》、《盘庚》二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)、《康王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诰》为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san),增(zeng)(zeng)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄则(ze)(ze)於(wu)伏生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内(nei)分出(chu)《盘庚》二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),《康王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诰》、又(you)(you)《泰(tai)(tai)(tai)誓(shi)》三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)更增(zeng)(zeng)益伪书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)。所(suo)(suo)增(zeng)(zeng)益二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),则(ze)(ze)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)序》,《舜典(dian)(dian)》一(yi)(yi)(yi),《汩(gu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)》二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),《九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)共(gong)》九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi),《大(da)(da)禹(yu)谟(mo)》十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),《益稷》十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san),《五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌》十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si),《胤征(zheng)(zheng)》十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),《汤(tang)诰》十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu),《咸(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)德(de)》十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi),《典(dian)(dian)宝(bao)》十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba),《伊(yi)训》十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),《肆命(ming)(ming)(ming)》二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),《原命(ming)(ming)(ming)》二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi),《武(wu)成(cheng)》二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),《旅獒(ao)》二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san),《冏命(ming)(ming)(ming)》二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)卷(juan)(juan),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)《九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)共(gong)》九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)共(gong)卷(juan)(juan),除(chu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),故(gu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)。故(gu)《艺(yi)文(wen)(wen)志(zhi)》、刘(liu)(liu)向《别(bie)录》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)”。《艺(yi)文(wen)(wen)志(zhi)》又(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)安国(guo)(guo)(guo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)后也(ye)(ye)。悉得(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)古(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)又(you)(you)多十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)。”篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)即(ji)卷(juan)(juan)也(ye)(ye)。即(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)伪书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)也(ye)(ye)。刘(liu)(liu)向作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《别(bie)录》,班固(gu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《艺(yi)文(wen)(wen)志(zhi)》并(bing)(bing)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)言,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)见(jian)(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)也(ye)(ye)。刘(liu)(liu)歆作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)统历》,论(lun)武(wu)王(wang)伐纣,引(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)今文(wen)(wen)《泰(tai)(tai)(tai)誓(shi)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“丙午逮师”,又(you)(you)引(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)《武(wu)成(cheng)》“越若(ruo)来三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)月五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)日甲子(zi)(zi),咸(xian)(xian)刘(liu)(liu)商(shang)(shang)(shang)王(wang)受”,并(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)与孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)同(tong),亦(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)见(jian)(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)也(ye)(ye)。后汉(han)初(chu)贾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)逵(kui)(kui)《奏尚书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)疏》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“流为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乌”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)与孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)亦(yi)(yi)异(yi)也(ye)(ye)。马(ma)(ma)融《书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)序》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“经(jing)(jing)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)所(suo)(suo)引(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)《泰(tai)(tai)(tai)誓(shi)》,《泰(tai)(tai)(tai)誓(shi)》并(bing)(bing)无(wu)(wu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)文(wen)(wen)。”又(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“逸十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),绝无(wu)(wu)师说(shuo)。”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)融亦(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)见(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)。服虔、杜(du)预(yu)(yu)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《左(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》“乱(luan)其(qi)(qi)纪纲”,并(bing)(bing)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)桀时(shi)(shi),服虔、杜(du)预(yu)(yu)皆(jie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)见(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄亦(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)见(jian)(jian)(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)序》、《舜典(dian)(dian)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“入麓伐木”,注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“避乱(luan)於(wu)洛(luo)汭(rui)”,注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《胤征(zheng)(zheng)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“胤征(zheng)(zheng),臣名”,又(you)(you)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《禹(yu)贡(gong)》引(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)《胤征(zheng)(zheng)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“厥匪玄黄(huang),昭我周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)”,又(you)(you)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《咸(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)德(de)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“伊(yi)陟臣扈曰(yue)”,又(you)(you)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《典(dian)(dian)宝(bao)》引(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)《伊(yi)训》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“载孚在毫”,又(you)(you)曰(yue)“征(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)朡”,又(you)(you)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《旅獒(ao)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“獒(ao)读曰(yue)豪(hao),谓是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)遒(qiu)豪(hao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长”,又(you)(you)古(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)《仲(zhong)虺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诰》、《太甲》、《说(shuo)命(ming)(ming)(ming)》等(deng)见(jian)(jian)(jian)在而(er)(er)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)亡(wang),其(qi)(qi)《汩(gu)典(dian)(dian)》、《典(dian)(dian)宝(bao)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)见(jian)(jian)(jian)亡(wang)而(er)(er)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)已(yi),逸是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)见(jian)(jian)(jian)古(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)也(ye)(ye)。案(an)伏生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)所(suo)(suo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)今文(wen)(wen),则(ze)(ze)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)侯(hou)胜、夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)侯(hou)建、欧阳(yang)和伯等(deng)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)家(jia)(jia)所(suo)(suo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)及(ji)(ji)后汉(han)末(mo)蔡邕(yong)所(suo)(suo)勒(le)石经(jing)(jing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)所(suo)(suo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),胶东庸(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、刘(liu)(liu)歆、贾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)逵(kui)(kui)、马(ma)(ma)融等(deng)所(suo)(suo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)。郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)玄《书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)赞》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“我先师棘(ji)子(zi)(zi)下生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)安国(guo)(guo)(guo),亦(yi)(yi)好此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)学(xue),卫(wei)(wei)、贾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、马(ma)(ma)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)业,则(ze)(ze)雅才好博,既宣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣。”又(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“欧阳(yang)氏失其(qi)(qi)本义(yi),今疾(ji)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)蔽冒,犹复疑惑未悛。”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)意(yi)师祖孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)学(xue),传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)授(shou)(shou)胶东庸(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、刘(liu)(liu)歆、贾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)逵(kui)(kui)、马(ma)(ma)融等(deng)学(xue),而(er)(er)贱夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)侯(hou)、欧阳(yang)等(deng);何意(yi)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《尚书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》,亡(wang)逸并(bing)(bing)与孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)异(yi),篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)数并(bing)(bing)与三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)家(jia)(jia)同(tong)?又(you)(you)刘(liu)(liu)歆、贾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)逵(kui)(kui)、马(ma)(ma)融之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)并(bing)(bing)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)学(xue),云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)逸,与安国(guo)(guo)(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),良由孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,其(qi)(qi)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)散(san)逸,传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)庸(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、贾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、马(ma)(ma)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)惟传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)学(xue)经(jing)(jing)文(wen)(wen)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),故(gu)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)与三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)家(jia)(jia)同(tong),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)古(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)。而(er)(er)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)承其(qi)(qi)后,所(suo)(suo)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)皆(jie)同(tong)贾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)逵(kui)(kui)、马(ma)(ma)融之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)学(xue),题曰(yue)《古(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)尚书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》,篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)与夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)侯(hou)等(deng)同(tong),而(er)(er)经(jing)(jing)字多异(yi)。夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)侯(hou)等(deng)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)“宅(zhai)嵎(yu)夷”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“宅(zhai)嵎(yu)铁(tie)”,“昧谷”,曰(yue)“柳(liu)谷”,“心腹肾肠(chang)”曰(yue)“忧肾阳(yang)”,“劓刵劅剠(qing)(qing)”云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“膑宫劓割头(tou)(tou)庶剠(qing)(qing)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)也(ye)(ye)。三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)家(jia)(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)学(xue)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)业者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《汉(han)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·儒林传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun),安国(guo)(guo)(guo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)都尉(wei)朝子(zi)(zi)俊,俊传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)胶东庸(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)清(qing)河(he)胡常,常传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)徐(xu)敖,敖传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)王(wang)璜及(ji)(ji)涂惲,惲传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)河(he)南桑钦(qin)。至(zhi)(zhi)后汉(han)初(chu)卫(wei)(wei)、贾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、马(ma)(ma)亦(yi)(yi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)学(xue),故(gu)《书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)赞》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“自(zi)世祖兴(xing)后汉(han),卫(wei)(wei)、贾(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、马(ma)(ma)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)业是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye),所(suo)(suo)得(de)(de)(de)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)古(gu)(gu)(gu)经(jing)(jing),亦(yi)(yi)无(wu)(wu)其(qi)(qi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),及(ji)(ji)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)说(shuo)绝无(wu)(wu)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。”至(zhi)(zhi)晋(jin)世王(wang)肃注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》,始似窃见(jian)(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),故(gu)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)“乱(luan)其(qi)(qi)纪纲”为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)太康时(shi)(shi)。又(you)(you)《晋(jin)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)·皇(huang)甫谧传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“姑(gu)子(zi)(zi)外弟(di)梁柳(liu)边(bian)得(de)(de)(de)《古(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)尚书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》,故(gu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)《帝王(wang)世纪》,往往载孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。”《晋(jin)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》又(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“晋(jin)太保公郑(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)冲以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)古(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)授(shou)(shou)扶风苏愉,愉字休预(yu)(yu)。预(yu)(yu)授(shou)(shou)天水梁柳(liu),字洪季,即(ji)谧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外弟(di)也(ye)(ye)。季授(shou)(shou)城阳(yang)臧曹,字彦始。始授(shou)(shou)郡(jun)守子(zi)(zi)汝南梅(mei)赜,字仲(zhong)真(zhen),又(you)(you)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)豫章(zhang)内(nei)史(shi),遂於(wu)前(qian)(qian)晋(jin)奏上其(qi)(qi)书(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)而(er)(er)施(shi)行(xing)焉。”时(shi)(shi)已(yi)亡(wang)失《舜典(dian)(dian)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),晋(jin)末(mo)范甯为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)解时(shi)(shi)已(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)(de)焉。至(zhi)(zhi)齐(qi)萧(xiao)鸾建武(wu)四(si)(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)姚方(fang)(fang)兴(xing)於(wu)大(da)(da)航头(tou)(tou)得(de)(de)(de)而(er)(er)献之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),议者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)安国(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)也(ye)(ye)。值方(fang)(fang)兴(xing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)罪,事(shi)亦(yi)(yi)随寝。至(zhi)(zhi)隋(sui)开皇(huang)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)购(gou)慕遗典(dian)(dian),乃得(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)焉。然孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后历及(ji)(ji)后汉(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)末(mo),无(wu)(wu)人(ren)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)说(shuo)。至(zhi)(zhi)晋(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)犹得(de)(de)(de)存(cun)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),虽(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)列学(xue)官,散(san)在民间(jian),事(shi)虽(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)久远,故(gu)得(de)(de)(de)犹存(cun)。

孔氏(shi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)即注也,以(yi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)述为(wei)义,旧(jiu)说(shuo)汉(han)已前称(cheng)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。

[疏]正义曰:以(yi)注者多门(men),故云其氏以(yi)别众家。或当时自题孔氏,亦可(ke)以(yi)后人辨之。

昔在帝尧,聪明文思,光宅天下。言圣德之远著。
  ○昔,古也。尧,唐帝名。马融云:“谥也,翼善传圣曰尧。”聪,千公反。思,息嗣反,又如字,下同。著,张虑反。将逊于位,让于虞舜,逊,遁也。老使摄,遂禅之。
  ○遁本作遯,徒逊反(fan)(fan),退也(ye),避也(ye)。“遂禅”音时(shi)战(zhan)反(fan)(fan),让也(ye),授也(ye)。作《尧典》。

[疏]“昔在”至“尧典”。
  ○正义曰:此序郑玄、马融、王肃并云孔子所作,孔义或然。《诗》、《书》理不应异,夫子为《书》作序,不作《诗》序者,此自或作或否,无义例也。郑知孔子作者,依纬文而知也。安国既以同序为卷,检此百篇,凡有六十三序,序其九十六篇。《明居》、《咸有一德》、《立政》、《无逸》不序所由,直云“咎单作《明居》”、“伊尹作《咸有一德》”、“周公作《立政》”、“周公作《无逸》”。六十三序者,若《汩作》、《九共》九篇,《槁饫》,十一篇共序;其《咸乂》四篇同序;其《大禹谟》、《皋陶谟》、《益稷》、《夏社》、《疑至》、《臣扈》、《伊训》、《肆命》、《徂后》、《太甲》三篇、《盘庚》三篇、《说命》三篇、《泰誓》三篇、《康诰》、《酒诰》、《梓材》,二十四篇,皆三篇同序;其《帝告》、《釐沃》、《汝鸠》、《汝方》、《伊陟》、《原命》、《高宗肜日》、《高宗之训》八篇皆共卷,类同,故同序。同序而别篇者三十三篇,通《明居》、《无逸》等四篇为三十七篇,加六十三即百篇也。序者以序别行辞为形势。言昔日在於帝号尧之时也,此尧身智无不知聪也,神无不见明也。以此聪明之神智足可以经纬天地,即“文”也;又神智之运,深敏於机谋,即“思”也。“聪明文思”即其圣性行之於外,无不备知,故此德充满居止於天下而远著。德既如此,政化有成,天道冲盈,功成者退,以此故将逊遁避於帝位,以禅其有圣德之虞舜。史序其事,而作《尧典》之篇。言“昔在”者,郑玄云:“《书》以尧为始,独云“昔在”,使若无先之典然也。”《诗》云:“自古在昔。”言“在昔”者,自下本上之辞。言“昔在”者,从上自下为称,故曰“使若无先之”者。据代有先之,而书无所先,故云“昔”也。言“帝”者,天之一名,所以名“帝”。帝者,谛也。言天荡然无心,忘於物我,言公平通远,举事审谛,故谓之“帝”也。五帝道同於此,亦能审谛,故取其名。若然,圣人皆能同天,故曰“大人”。大人者与天地合其德,即三王亦大人。不得称帝者,以三王虽实圣人,内德同天,而外随时运,不得尽其圣,用逐迹为名,故谓之为王。《礼运》曰,“大道之行,天下为公”,即帝也。“大道既隐,各亲其亲”,即王也。则圣德无大於天,三皇优於帝,岂过乎天哉!然则三皇亦不能过天,但遂同天之名,以为优劣。五帝有为而同天,三皇无为而同天,立名以为优劣耳。但有为无为亦逐多少以为分,三王亦顺帝之则而不尽,故不得名帝。然天之与帝,义为一也。人主可得称帝,不可得称天者,以天随体而立名,人主不可同天之体也。无由称天者,以天德立号,王者可以同其德焉,所以可称於帝。故继天则谓之“天子”,其号谓之“帝”,不得云“帝子”也。言“尧”者,孔无明解。案下传云:“虞,氏。舜,名。”然尧、舜相配为义,既舜为名,则尧亦名也。以此而言,禹、汤亦名。於下都无所解,而放勋、重华、文命注随其事而解其文以为义,不为尧、舜及禹之名。据此,似尧、舜及禹与汤相类,名则俱名,不应殊异。案郑以下亦云:“虞,氏。舜,名。”与孔传不殊。及郑注《中侯》,云:“重华,舜名。”则舜不得有二名。郑注《礼记》云:“舜之言充。”是以舜为号谥之名,则下注云“舜,名,亦号谥之名”也。推此则孔君亦然。何以知之?既汤类尧、舜当为名,而孔注《论语》“曰予小子履”云,“履是殷汤名尧舜,是汤名履,而汤非名也。又此不云尧、舜是名,则尧及舜、禹非名,於是明矣。既非名,而放勋、重华、文命盖以为三王之名,同於郑玄矣。郑知名者,以《帝系》云“禹名文命”,以上类之亦名。若然,名本题情记意,必有义者,盖运命相符,名与运接,所以异於凡平。或说以其有义,皆以为字。古代尚质,若名之不显,何以著字?必不获已,以为非名非字可也。谯周以尧为号,皇甫谧以放勋、重华、文命为名。案《谥法》“翼善传圣曰尧,仁义盛明曰舜”,是尧、舜谥也。故马融亦云谥也。又曰“渊源流通曰禹,云行雨施曰汤”,则禹、汤亦是谥法。而马融云:“禹汤不在《谥法》。”故疑之。将由《谥法》或本不同,故有致异。亦可本无禹、汤为谥,后来所加,故或本曰“除虐去残曰汤”,是以异也。《檀弓》曰:“死谥,周道也。”《周书》谥法周公所作,而得有尧、舜、禹、汤者,以周法死后乃追,故谓之为谥。谥者,累也,累其行而号也。随其行以名之,则死谥犹生号。因上世之生号陈之为死谥,明上代生死同称。上世质,非至善至恶无号,故与周异。以此尧、舜或云号,或云谥也。若然,汤名履而王侯,《世本》“汤名天乙”者,安国意盖以汤受命之王,依殷法以乙日生,名天乙。至将为王,又改名为履,故二名也。亦可。安国不信《世本》,无天乙之名。皇甫谧巧欲傅会,云“以乙日生,故名履,字天乙”。又云祖乙,亦云“乙日生,复名乙”,引《易纬》“孔子所谓天之锡命,故可同名”。既以天乙为字,何云同名乎?斯又妄矣,号之曰尧者,《释名》以为“其尊高尧尧然,物莫之先,故谓之尧也”。《谥法》云:“翼善传圣曰尧。”尧者以天下之生善,因善欲禅之,故二八显升,所谓为翼。能传位於圣人,天下为公,此所以出众而高也。言“聪明者,据人近验,则听远为聪,见微为明,若离娄之视明也,师旷之听聪也;以耳目之闻见,喻圣人之智慧,兼知天下之事,故在於闻见而已,故以“聪明”言之。智之所用,用於天地,经纬天地谓之“文”,故以聪明之用为文。须当其理,故又云“思”而会理也。经云“钦明”,此为聪明者,彼方陈行事,故美其敬,此序其圣性,故称其“聪”,随事而变文。下《舜典》直云“尧闻之聪明”,不云“文思”者,此将言尧用,故云“文思”,彼要云舜德,故直云“聪明”,亦自此而可知也。言“光宅”者,经传云:“光,充也。”不训“宅”者,可知也。不於此训“光”者,从经为正也。下“将逊于位”传云“逊,遁”者,以经无“逊”字,故在序训之。
  ○传“言圣德之远著”。
  ○正义曰:“圣德”解“聪明文思”,“远著”解“光宅天下”。
  ○传“老使”至“禅之”。
  ○正(zheng)义(yi)曰“老使摄(she)(she)”者解“将逊于(yu)位(wei)(wei)”,云(yun)(yun)(yun)“遂(sui)禅之”者,解“让(rang)(rang)于(yu)虞舜(shun)”也(ye)(ye)。以己年老,故(gu)逊之。使摄(she)(she)之,后(hou)功(gong)成而禅。禅即(ji)让(rang)(rang)也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)“摄(she)(she)”者,“纳於(wu)大麓”是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。禅者,“汝陟(zhi)帝位(wei)(wei)”是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。虽舜(shun)受而摄(she)(she)之,而尧以为禅。或云(yun)(yun)(yun)“汝陟(zhi)帝位(wei)(wei)”为摄(she)(she),因即(ji)直言(yan)为让(rang)(rang),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“遂(sui)”也(ye)(ye)。郑玄云(yun)(yun)(yun):“尧尊如故(gu),舜(shun)摄(she)(she)其事”是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。

尧(yao)典(dian)言尧(yao)可为(wei)百代(dai)常行(xing)之道。

[疏]“尧典”。
  ○正(zheng)义曰(yue):序(xu)(xu)已云“作(zuo)尧(yao)典(dian)(dian)”而重言此者(zhe),此是经(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)篇目(mu),不(bu)(bu)可因序(xu)(xu)有(you)名,略其旧题(ti),故(gu)诸篇皆(jie)重言本目(mu)而就目(mu)解之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。称“典(dian)(dian)”者(zhe),以道(dao)(dao)可百代(dai)常(chang)(chang)行(xing)。若尧(yao)、舜(shun)禅(shan)让圣贤(xian)(xian),禹(yu)、汤(tang)传授(shou)子(zi)孙,即是尧(yao)、舜(shun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)不(bu)(bu)可常(chang)(chang)行(xing),但(dan)惟德是与,非贤(xian)(xian)不(bu)(bu)授(shou)。授(shou)贤(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,道(dao)(dao)可常(chang)(chang)行(xing),但(dan)后(hou)王德劣不(bu)(bu)能及(ji)古耳。然(ran)经(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与典(dian)(dian)俱训为常(chang)(chang),名典(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)名经(jing)(jing)(jing)者(zhe),以经(jing)(jing)(jing)是总名,包殷(yin)、周(zhou)以上,皆(jie)可为后(hou)代(dai)常(chang)(chang)法,故(gu)以经(jing)(jing)(jing)为名。典(dian)(dian)者(zhe),经(jing)(jing)(jing)中之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)别,特指尧(yao)、舜(shun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德,於常(chang)(chang)行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内道(dao)(dao)最为优,故(gu)名典(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)名经(jing)(jing)(jing)也。其太宰六典(dian)(dian)及(ji)司寇三(san)典(dian)(dian)者(zhe),自由当代(dai)常(chang)(chang)行(xing),与此别矣(yi)。

曰若稽古,帝尧,若,顺。稽,考也。能顺考古道而行之者帝尧。曰放勋,钦明文思安安,勋,功。钦,敬也。言尧放上世之功,化而以敬明文思之四德,安天下之当安者。
  ○放,方往反,注同。徐云:“郑、王如字。”勋,许云反,功也。马云:“放勋,尧名。”皇甫谧同。一云:“放勋,尧字。”“钦明文思”,马云:“威仪表备之钦,照临四方谓之明,经纬天地谓之文,道德纯备谓之思。”允恭克让,光被四表,格于上下。允,信。克,能。光,充。格,至也。既有四德,又信恭能让,故其名闻充溢四外,至于天地。
  ○被(bei),皮寄反,徐扶义反。闻音(yin)问,本(ben)亦(yi)作问。溢音(yin)逸。

[疏]“曰若”至“上下”。
  ○正义曰:史将述尧之美,故为题目之辞曰,能顺考校古道而行之者,是帝尧也。又申其顺考古道之事曰,此帝尧能放效上世之功而施其教化,心意恒敬,智慧甚明,发举则有文谋,思虑则能通敏,以此四德安天下之当安者。在於己身则有此四德,其於外接物又能信实、恭勤、善能、谦让。恭则人不敢侮,让则人莫与争,由此为下所服,名誉著闻,圣德美名充满被溢於四方之外,又至于上天下地。言其日月所照,霜露所坠,莫不闻其声名,被其恩泽。此即稽古之事也。
  ○传“若顺”至“帝尧”。
  ○正义曰:“若、顺”,《释言》文。《诗》称“考卜惟王”,《洪范》考卜之事谓之“稽疑”,是“稽”为考,经传常训也。《尔雅》一训一也,孔所以约文,故数字俱训,其末以一“也”结之。又已经训者,后传多不重训。显见可知,则径言其义,皆务在省文故也。言“顺考古道”者,古人之道非无得失,施之当时又有可否,考其事之是非,知其宜於今世,乃顺而行之。言其行可否,顺是不顺非也。考“古”者自己之前,无远近之限,但事有可取,皆考而顺之。今古既异时,政必殊古,事虽不得尽行,又不可顿除古法,故《说命》曰:“事不师古,以克永世,匪说攸闻。”是后世为治当师古法,虽则圣人,必须顺古。若空欲追远,不知考择,居今行古,更致祸灾。若宋襄慕义,师败身伤,徐偃行仁,国亡家灭,斯乃不考之失。故美其能顺考也。郑玄信纬,训“稽”为同,训“古”为天,言“能顺天而行之,与之同功”。《论语》称惟尧则天,《诗》美文王“顺帝之则”,然则圣人之道莫不同天合德,岂待同天之语,然后得同之哉?《书》为世教,当因之人事,以人系天,於义无取,且“古”之为天,经无此训。高贵乡公皆以郑为长,非笃论也。
  ○传“勋功”至“安者”
  ○正义曰:“勋、功”、“钦、敬”,《释诂》文。此经述上稽古之事,放效上世之功,即是考於古道也。经言“放勋”,放其功而已。传兼言“化”者,据其勋业谓之功,指其教人则为化,功之与化所从言之异耳。郑玄云:“敬事节用谓之钦,照临四方谓之明,经纬天地谓之文,虑深通敏谓之思。”孔无明说,当与之同。四者皆在身之德,故谓之“四德”。凡是臣人王者皆须安之,故广言“安天下之当安者”。所安者则下文“九族、百姓、万邦”是也。其“敬明文思”为此次者,顾氏云:“随便而言,无义例也。”知者此先“聪”后“明”,《舜典》云“明四目,达四聪”,先明后“聪”,故知无例也。今考《舜典》云:“浚哲文明”,又先“文”后“明”,与此不类,知顾氏为得也。
  ○传“允信”至“天地”
  ○正义(yi)曰:“允、信”、“格、至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,《释(shi)诂》文(wen)。“克,能(neng)”、“光(guang),充(chong)”,《释(shi)言(yan)(yan)》文(wen)。在身为(wei)(wei)德(de)(de),施之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰行(xing)(xing)。郑玄云:“不懈於位曰恭(gong),推贤尚善曰让(rang)。”恭(gong)让(rang)是(shi)施行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名。上(shang)言(yan)(yan)尧德(de)(de),此言(yan)(yan)尧行(xing)(xing),故(gu)传以(yi)(yi)文(wen)次言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。言(yan)(yan)尧既(ji)有(you)敬明文(wen)思之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四(si)(si)(si)德(de)(de),又信实、恭(gong)勤、善能(neng)、推让(rang),下(xia)人(ren)(ren)爱其恭(gong)让(rang),传其德(de)(de)音(yin),故(gu)其名远(yuan)闻,旁行(xing)(xing)则充(chong)溢四(si)(si)(si)方(fang),上(shang)下(xia)则至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于天地(di)(di)。持身能(neng)恭(gong),与人(ren)(ren)能(neng)让(rang),自(zi)己及(ji)物(wu),故(gu)先(xian)(xian)恭(gong)后(hou)让(rang)。恭(gong)言(yan)(yan)信,让(rang)言(yan)(yan)克,交互其文(wen)耳。皆言(yan)(yan)信实能(neng)为(wei)(wei)也。传以(yi)(yi)“溢”解“被(bei)(bei)”,言(yan)(yan)其饶多盈(ying)溢,故(gu)被(bei)(bei)及(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也。表(biao)里内(nei)外相对之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan),故(gu)以(yi)(yi)表(biao)为(wei)(wei)外,向不向上(shang)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)所限(xian),旁行(xing)(xing)四(si)(si)(si)方(fang)无复限(xian)极(ji),故(gu)四(si)(si)(si)表(biao)言(yan)(yan)“被(bei)(bei)”,上(shang)下(xia)言(yan)(yan)“至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。“四(si)(si)(si)外”者,以(yi)(yi)其无限(xian),自(zi)内(nei)言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),言(yan)(yan)其至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於远(yuan)处,正谓四(si)(si)(si)方(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外畔者,当如《尔雅》所谓“四(si)(si)(si)海”、“四(si)(si)(si)荒”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)也。先(xian)(xian)“四(si)(si)(si)表(biao)”后(hou)“上(shang)下(xia)”者,人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)声名,宜先(xian)(xian)及(ji)於人(ren)(ren),后(hou)被(bei)(bei)四(si)(si)(si)表(biao),是(shi)人(ren)(ren)先(xian)(xian)知之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)先(xian)(xian)言(yan)(yan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)。后(hou)言(yan)(yan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于上(shang)下(xia),言(yan)(yan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於天地(di)(di),喻其声闻远(yuan)耳。《礼(li)运》称(cheng)圣人(ren)(ren)为(wei)(wei)政,能(neng)使“天降膏露,地(di)(di)出醴泉”,是(shi)名闻远(yuan)达,使天地(di)(di)效灵(ling),是(shi)亦(yi)格于上(shang)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)。

克明俊德,以亲九族。能明俊德之士任用之,以睦高祖玄孙之亲。
  ○九族,上自高祖,下至玄孙,凡九族。马、郑同。九族既睦,平章百姓。既,已也。百姓,百官。言化九族而平和章明。百姓昭明,协和万邦。黎民於变时雍。昭亦明也。协,合。黎,众。时,是。雍,和也。言天下众民皆变化化上,是以风俗大和。
  ○黎,力兮反。

[疏]“克明”至“时雍”
  ○正义曰:言尧能名闻广远,由其委任贤哲,故复陈之。言尧之为君也,能尊明俊德之士,使之助己施化。以此贤臣之化,先令亲其九族之亲。九族蒙化已亲睦矣,又使之和协显明於百官之族姓。百姓蒙化皆有礼仪,昭然而明显矣,又使之合会调和天下之万国。其万国之众人於是变化从上,是以风俗大和,能使九族敦睦,百姓显明,万邦和睦,是“安天下之当安”者也。
  ○传“能明”至“之亲”
  ○正义曰:郑玄云:“‘俊德’,贤才兼人者。”然则“俊德”谓有德。人能明俊德之士者,谓命为大官,赐之厚禄,用其才智,使之高显也。以其有德,故任用之。以此贤臣之化,亲睦高祖玄孙之亲。上至高祖,下及玄孙,是为九族。同出高曾,皆当亲之,故言之“亲”也。《礼记·丧服小记》云:“亲亲以三为五,以五为九。”又《异义》、夏侯、欧阳等以为九族者,父族四、母族三、妻族二,皆据“异姓有服”。郑玄驳云:“异姓之服不过緦麻,言不废昏。又《昏礼》请期云‘惟是三族之不虞’,恐其废昏,明非外族也。”是郑与孔同。“九族”谓帝之九族,“百姓”谓百官族姓,“万邦”谓天下众民,自内及外,从高至卑,以为远近之次也。知“九族”非民之九族者,以先亲九族,次及百姓,百姓是群臣弟子,不宜越百姓而先下民。若是民之九族,则“九族既睦”,民已和矣,下句不当复言“协和万邦”,以此知帝之九族也。尧不自亲九族,而待臣使之亲者,此言用臣法耳,岂有圣人在上,疏其骨肉者乎?若以尧自能亲,不待臣化,则化万邦百姓,尧岂不能化之,而待臣化之也?且言“亲九族”者,非徒使帝亲之,亦使臣亲之,帝亦令其自相亲爱,故须臣子之化也。
  ○传“既已”至“章明”。
  ○正义曰:“既”、“已”义同,故训“既”为已,经传之言。“百姓”或指天下百姓,此下句乃有“黎民”,故知“百姓”即百官也。百官谓之百姓者,隐八年《左传》云:“天子建德,因生以赐姓。”谓建立有德以为公卿,因其所生之地而赐之以为其姓,令其收敛族亲,自为宗主。明王者任贤不任亲,故以“百姓”言之。《周官》篇云:“唐、虞稽古,建官惟百。”《大禹谟》云:“率百官若帝之初。”是唐、虞之世经文皆称“百官”。而《礼记·明堂位》云“有虞氏之官五十”,后世所记不合经也。“平章”与“百姓”其文非九族之事,传以此经之事文势相因,先化九族,乃化百官,故云“化九族而平和章明”。谓九族与百官皆须导之以德义,平理之使之协和,教之以礼法,章显之使之明著。
  ○传“昭亦”至“大和”。
  ○正义曰:《释(shi)(shi)诂(gu)》以(yi)“昭”为(wei)(wei)光,光、明(ming)(ming)义同(tong),经(jing)已(yi)有“明(ming)(ming)”,故(gu)云“昭亦(yi)(yi)明(ming)(ming)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。《释(shi)(shi)诂(gu)》以(yi)“协(xie)(xie)”为(wei)(wei)和(he)(he),和(he)(he)、合(he)义同(tong),故(gu)训“协(xie)(xie)”为(wei)(wei)合(he)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“黎(li),众(zhong)”、“时(shi),是(shi)”,《释(shi)(shi)诂(gu)》文。“雍(yong),和(he)(he)”,《释(shi)(shi)训》文。尧(yao)民(min)之变(bian)(bian)(bian),明(ming)(ming)其变(bian)(bian)(bian)恶(e)从善,人(ren)(ren)之所和(he)(he),惟风俗耳。故(gu)知(zhi)谓“天下众(zhong)人(ren)(ren)皆变(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)化(hua)上(shang)(shang)(shang),是(shi)以(yi)风俗大(da)和(he)(he)”,人(ren)(ren)俗大(da)和(he)(he),即(ji)是(shi)太平之事也(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)上(shang)(shang)(shang)经(jing)三(san)事相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)类,古(gu)史交互立文。以(yi)“亲(qin)(qin)”言(yan)(yan)“既睦(mu)(mu)”,“平章(zhang)”言(yan)(yan)“昭明(ming)(ming)”,“协(xie)(xie)和(he)(he)”言(yan)(yan)“时(shi)雍(yong)”。“睦(mu)(mu)”即(ji)“亲(qin)(qin)”也(ye)(ye)(ye),“章(zhang)”即(ji)“明(ming)(ming)”也(ye)(ye)(ye),“雍(yong)”即(ji)“和(he)(he)”也(ye)(ye)(ye),各自(zi)变(bian)(bian)(bian)文以(yi)类相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)对。平九族使之亲(qin)(qin),平百(bai)(bai)姓使之明(ming)(ming),正谓使从顺礼义,恩情和(he)(he)合(he),故(gu)於(wu)万邦变(bian)(bian)(bian)言(yan)(yan)“协(xie)(xie)和(he)(he)”,明(ming)(ming)“以(yi)亲(qin)(qin)九族”、“平章(zhang)百(bai)(bai)姓”亦(yi)(yi)是(shi)协(xie)(xie)和(he)(he)之也(ye)(ye)(ye)。但九族宜(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)亲(qin)(qin)睦(mu)(mu),百(bai)(bai)姓宜(yi)明(ming)(ming)礼义,万邦宜(yi)尽和(he)(he)协(xie)(xie),各因所宜(yi)为(wei)(wei)文,其实相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)通(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。民(min)言(yan)(yan)“於(wu)变(bian)(bian)(bian)”,谓从上(shang)(shang)(shang)化(hua),则“九族既睦(mu)(mu)”、“百(bai)(bai)姓昭明(ming)(ming)”亦(yi)(yi)是(shi)变(bian)(bian)(bian)上(shang)(shang)(shang),故(gu)得睦(mu)(mu)得明(ming)(ming)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。

乃命羲和,钦若昊天,历象日月星辰,敬授人时。重黎之后羲氏、和氏世掌天地四时之官,故尧命之,使敬顺昊天。昊天言元气广大。星,四方中星。辰,日月所会。历象其分节。敬记天时以授人也。此举其目,下别序之。
  ○羲和,马云:“羲氏掌天官,和氏掌地官,四子掌四时。”昊,胡老反。重,直龙反,少昊之后。黎,高阳之后。“日月所会”谓日月交会於十二次也。寅曰析木,卯曰大火,辰曰寿星,巳曰鹑尾,午曰鹑火,未曰鹑首,申曰实沈,酉曰大梁,戌曰降娄,亥曰娵訾,子曰玄枵,丑曰星纪。分命羲仲,宅嵎夷,曰旸谷。宅,居也。东表之地称嵎夷。旸,明也。日出於谷而天下明,故称旸谷。旸谷、嵎夷一也。羲仲居治东方之官。
  ○嵎音隅,马曰:“嵎,海嵎也。”夷,莱夷也。《尚书、·考灵耀》及《史记》作“禺銕”。旸音阳。谷,工木反,又音欲,下同。马云:“旸谷,海嵎夷之地名。”“日出於谷”本或作“日出於阳谷”,“阳”衍字。寅宾出日,平秩东作。寅,敬。宾,导。秩,序也。岁起於东而始就耕,谓之东作。东方之官敬导出日,平均次序东作之事,以务农也。
  ○寅,徐以真反,又音夷,下同。宾如字,徐音殡,马云:“从也。”出,尺遂反,又如字,注同。平如字,马作苹,普庚反,云:“使也。”下皆放此。秩如字。日中,星鸟,以殷仲春。日中谓春分之日。鸟,南方朱鸟七宿。殷,正也。春分之昏,鸟星毕见,以正仲春之气节,转以推季孟则可知。
  ○中,贞仲反,又如字。殷,於勤反,马、郑云:“中也。”宿音秀,下同。见,贤遍反,下同。厥民析,鸟兽孳尾。冬寒无事,并入室处。春事既起,丁壮就功。厥,其也。言其民老壮分析。乳化曰孳,交接曰尾。
  ○析,星历反。孳音字。乳,儒付反。《说文》云:“人及鸟生子曰乳,兽曰产。”申命羲叔,宅南交。申,重也。南交言夏与春交。举一隅以见之。此居治南方之官。
  ○重,直用反。平秩南讹,敬致。讹,化也。掌夏之官平叙南方化育之事,敬行其教,以致其功。四时同之,亦举一隅。
  ○讹,五和反。日永,星火,以正仲夏。永,长也,谓夏至之日。火,苍龙之中星,举中则七星见可知。以正仲夏之气节,季孟亦可知。厥民因,鸟兽希革。因,谓老弱因就在田之丁壮以助农也。夏时鸟兽毛羽希少改易。革,改也。分命和仲,宅西,曰昧谷。昧,冥也。日入於谷而天下冥,故曰昧谷。昧谷曰西,则嵎夷东可知。此居治西方之官,掌秋天之政也。
  ○昧,武内反。冥,莫定反。寅饯纳日,平秩西成。饯,送也。日出言导,日入言送,因事之宜。秋,西方,万物成。平序其政,助成物。
  ○饯,贱衍反。马云:“灭也,灭犹没也。”宵中,星虚,以殷仲秋。宵,夜也。春言日,秋言夜,互相备。虚,玄武之中星,亦言七星皆以秋分日见,以正三秋。厥民夷,鸟兽毛毨。夷,平也,老壮在田与夏平也。毨,理也,毛更生整理。
  ○“毛毨”,下先典反。《说文》云:“仲秋鸟兽毛盛,可选取以为器用也。”申命和叔,宅朔方,曰幽都。平在朔易。北称朔,亦称方,言一方则三方见矣。北称幽都,南称明从可知也。都谓所聚也。易谓岁改易北方,平均在察其政,以顺天常。上总言羲和敬顺昊天,此分别仲叔,各有所掌。
  ○别音彼列反,下同。日短,星昴,以正仲冬。日短,冬至之日。昴,白虎之中星,亦以七星并见,以正冬之三节。厥民隩,鸟兽氄毛。隩,室也。民改岁入此室处,以辟风寒。鸟兽皆生而毳细毛以自温焉。
  ○隩,於六反,马云:“暖也。”氄,如勇反,徐又音而充反,马云:“温柔貌。”辟音避。耎,如兖反,本或作濡,音儒。毳,尺锐反。帝曰:“咨!汝羲暨和。期三百有六旬有六日,以闰月定四时,成岁。咨,嗟。暨,与也。匝四时曰期。一岁十二月,月三十日,正三百六十日;除小月六,为六日,是为一岁有馀十二日;未盈三岁足得一月,则置闰焉,以定四时之气节,成一岁之历象。
  ○暨,其器反。期,居其反,下同。旬,似遵反,十日为旬。匝,子合反。允釐百工,庶绩咸熙。”允,信。厘,治。工,官。绩,功。咸,皆。熙,广也。言定四时成岁历,以告时授事,则能信治百官,众功皆广,叹其善。
  ○厘,力(li)之反。熙,许其(qi)反,兴(xing)也。

[疏]“乃命”至“咸熙”
  ○正义曰:上言能明俊德,又述能明之事,尧之圣德美政如上所陈。但圣不必独理,必须贤辅。尧以须臣之故,乃命有俊明之人羲氏、和氏敬顺昊天之命,历此法象。其日之甲乙,月之大小,昏明递中之星,日月所会之辰,定其所行之数,以为一岁之历。乃依此历,敬授下人以天时之早晚。其总为一岁之历,其分有四时之异,既举总目,更别序之。尧於羲和之内,乃分别命其羲氏而字仲者,令居治东方嵎夷之地也。日所出处名曰旸明之谷,於此处所主之职,使羲仲主治之。既主东方之事,而日出於东方,令此羲仲恭敬导引将出之日,平均次序东方耕作之事,使彼下民务勤种植。於日昼夜中分,刻漏正等,天星朱鸟南方七宿合昏毕见,以此天之时候调正仲春之气节。此时农事已起,不居室内,其时之民宜分析適野。老弱居室,丁壮就功。於时鸟兽皆孕胎卵,孳尾匹合。又就所分羲氏之内,重命其羲氏而字叔者,使之居治南方之职,又於天分南方与东交,立夏以至立秋时之事,皆主之。均平次序南方化育之事,敬行其教,以致其功,於日正长,昼漏最多,天星大火东方七宿合昏毕见,以此天时之候调正仲夏之气节。於时苗稼已殖,农事尤烦,其时之民,老弱因一丁壮就在田野。於时鸟兽羽毛希少,变改寒时。又分命和氏而字仲者,居治西方日所入处,名曰昧冥之谷。於此处所主之职,使和仲主治之。既主西方之事,而日入在於西方,令此和仲恭敬从送既入之日,平均次序西方成物之事,使彼下民务勤收敛。於昼夜中分,漏刻正等,天星之虚北方七宿合昏毕见,以此天时之候调正仲秋之气节。於时禾苗秀实,农事未闲,其时之民与夏齐平,尽在田野。於时鸟兽毛羽更生,已稍整治。又重命和氏而字叔者,令居治北方名曰幽都之地,於此处所主之职,使和叔主治之。平均视察北方岁改之事。於日正短,昼漏最少,天星之昴西方七宿合昏毕见,以此天时之候调正仲冬之气节。於时禾稼已入,农事闲暇,其时之人皆处深隩之室,鸟兽皆生耎毳细毛以自温暖。此是羲和敬天授人之实事也。羲和所掌如是,故帝尧乃述而叹之曰:“咨嗟!汝羲仲、羲叔与和仲、和叔。一期之间三百有六旬有六日,分为十二月,则馀日不尽,令气朔参差,若以闰月补阙,令气朔得正定四时之气节,成一岁之历象,是汝之美可叹也。又以此岁历告时授事,信能和治百官,使之众功皆广也。”叹美羲和能敬天之节,众功皆广,则是风俗大和。
  ○传“重黎”至“序之”
  ○正义曰:《楚语》云:“少昊氏之衰,九黎乱德,人神杂扰,不可方物。颛顼受之,乃命南正重司天以属神,火正黎司地以属民,使复旧常,无相侵渎。其后三苗复九黎之恶,尧复育重黎之后,不忘旧者,使复典之。以至于夏商。”据此文则自尧及商无他姓也。尧育重黎之后,是此羲和可知。是羲和为重黎之后,世掌天地之官文所出也。《吕刑》先“重”后“黎”,此文先“羲”后“和”,杨子《法言》云:“羲近重,和近黎。”是“羲”承“重”而“和”承“黎”矣。《吕刑》称“乃命重黎”与此“命羲和”为一事也。故《吕刑》传云:“重即羲也,黎即和也。”羲和虽别为氏族而出自重黎,故《吕刑》以“重黎”言之。《郑语》云:“为高辛氏火正。”则高辛亦命重黎。故郑玄於此注云:“高辛氏世,命重为南正司天,黎为火正司地。”据“世掌”之文,用《楚语》为说也。《楚世家》云:“重黎为帝喾火正,能光融天下,啻喾命曰祝融。共工氏作乱,帝喾使重黎诛之而不尽。帝乃以庚寅日诛重黎,而以其弟吴回为重黎,复居火正,为祝融。”案昭二十九年《左传》称少昊氏有子曰重,颛顼氏有子曰黎。则重黎二人,各出一帝。而《史记》并以重黎为楚国之祖,吴回为重黎,以重黎为官号,此乃《史记》之谬。故束晳讥马迁并两人以为一,谓此是也。《左传》称重为句芒,黎为祝融,不言何帝使为此官。但黎是颛顼之子,其为祝融,必在颛顼之世。重虽少昊之胤,而与黎同命,明使重为句芒亦是颛顼时也。祝融火官可得称为火正,句芒木官不应号为南正,且木不主天,火不主地,而《外传》称颛顼命南正司天,火正司地者,盖使木官兼掌天,火官兼掌地。南为阳位,故掌天谓之南正。黎称本官,故掌地犹为火正。郑答赵商云:“先师以来,皆云火掌为地,当云黎为北正。”孔无明说,未必然也。昭十七年《左传》郯子称少昊氏以鸟名官,自颛顼已来乃命以民事。句芒、祝融皆以人事名官,明此当颛顼之时也。传言少昊氏有四叔,当为后代子孙,非亲子也。何则?传称共工氏有子曰句龙,共工氏在颛顼之前多历年代,岂复共工氏亲子至颛顼时乎?明知少昊四叔亦非亲子,高辛所命重黎或是重黎子孙,未必一人能历二代。又高辛前命后诛,当是异人。何有罪而诛,不容列在祀典。明是重黎之后,世以重黎为号,所诛重黎是有功重黎之子孙也。《吕刑》说羲和之事,犹尚谓之重黎,况彼尚近重黎,何故不得称之?以此知异世重黎号同人别。颛顼命重司天,黎司地,羲氏掌天,和氏掌地,其实重、黎、羲、和通掌之也。此云“乃命羲和,钦若昊天”,是羲和二氏共掌天地之事。以乾坤相配,天地相成,运立施化者天,资生成物者地,天之功成其见在地,故下言“日中,星鸟”之类是天事也,“平秩东作”之类是地事也,各分掌其时,非别职矣。案《楚语》云,重司天以属神,黎言地以属人。天地既别,人神又殊,而云通掌之者,外传之文说《吕刑》之义,以为少昊之衰,天地相通,人神杂扰,颛顼乃命重黎分而异之,以解绝地天通之言,故云各有所掌。天地相通,人神杂扰,见其能离绝天地,变异人神耳,非即别掌之。下文别序所掌,则羲主春夏,和主秋冬,俱掌天时,明其共职。彼又言:“至于夏商,世掌天地。”《胤征》云:“羲和湎淫,废时乱日。”不知日食,羲和同罪,明其世掌天地共职。可知颛顼命掌天地,惟重黎二人,尧命羲和则仲叔四人者,以羲和二氏贤者既多,且后代稍文,故分掌其职事,四人各职一时,兼职方岳,以有四岳,故用四人。颛顼之命重黎,惟司天地,主岳以否不可得知。设令亦主方岳,盖重黎二人分主东西也。马融、郑玄皆以此“命羲和”者,命为天地之官。下云“分命”,申命为四时之职。天地之与四时於周则冢宰司徒之属,六卿是也。孔言“此举其目,下别序之”,则惟命四人,无六官也。下传云四岳即羲和四子,《舜典》传称禹、益六人新命有职,与四岳十二牧凡为二十二人。然新命之六人,禹命为百揆,契作司徒,伯夷为秩宗,皋陶为士,垂作共工,亦禹、契之辈即是卿官。卿官之外别有四岳,四岳非卿官也。孔意以羲和非是卿官,别掌天地,但天地行於四时,四时位在四方,平秩四时之人因主方岳之事,犹自别有卿官分掌诸职。《左传》称少昊氏以鸟名官,五鸠氏即周世之卿官也。五鸠之外别有凤鸟氏,历正也,班在五鸠之上。是上代以来皆重历数,故知尧於卿官之外别命羲和掌天地也。於时羲和似尊於诸卿,后世以来稍益卑贱。《周礼》“太史掌正岁年以序事”,即古羲和之任也。桓十七年《左传》云“日官居卿以底日”,犹尚尊其所掌。周之卿官明是尧时重之,故特言“乃命羲和”。此“乃命羲和”重述“克明俊德”之事,得致雍和所由。已上论尧圣性,此说尧之任贤,据尧身而言用臣,故云“乃命”,非“时雍”之后方始命之。“使敬顺昊天”,昊天者混元之气,昊然广大,故谓之“昊天”也。《释天》云:“春为苍天,夏为昊天,秋为旻天,冬为上天。”《毛诗》传云:“尊而君之则称皇天,元气广大则称昊天,仁覆闵下则称旻天,自上降监则称上天,据远视之苍苍然则称苍天。”《尔雅》四时异名,《诗》传即随事立称。郑玄读《尔雅》云“春为昊天,夏为苍天”,故驳《异义》云:“春气博施,故以广大言之。夏气高明,故以远言之。秋气或生或杀,故以闵下言之。冬气闭藏而清察,故以监下言之。皇天者尊而号之也。”六籍之中,诸称天者以情所求言之耳,非必於其时称之。然此言尧敬大四天,故以“广大”言之。“星,四方中星”者,二十八宿,布在四方,随天转运,更互在南方,每月各有中者。《月令》每月昏旦,惟举一星之中,若使每日视之,即诸宿每日昏旦莫不常中,中则人皆见之,故以中星表宿,“四方中星”总谓二十八宿也。或以《书传》云“主春者张,昏中,可以种穀。主夏者火,昏中,可以种黍。主秋者虚,昏中,可以种麦。主冬者昴,昏中,可以收敛。皆云上告天子,下赋臣人。天子南面而视四方星之中,知人缓急,故曰敬授人时”,谓此“四方中星”如《书》传之说。孔於虚昴诸星本无取中之事,用《书传》为孔说非其旨矣。“辰,日月所会”者,昭七年《左传》士文伯对晋侯之辞也。日行迟,月行疾,每月之朔月行及日而与之会,其必在宿。分二十八宿,是日月所会之处。辰,时也,集会有时,故谓之辰。“日月所会”与“四方中星”俱是二十八宿。举其人目所见,以星言之。论其日月所会,以辰言之,其实一物,故星、辰共文。《益稷》称古人之象,日月星辰共为一象,由其实同故也。日月与星,天之三光。四时变化,以此为政。故命羲和,令以算术推步,累历其所行,法象其所在,具有分数节候,参差不等,敬记此天时以为历而授人。此言星辰共为一物。《周礼·大宗伯》云:“实柴祀日月星辰。”郑玄云“星谓五纬,辰谓日月所会十二次”者,以星、辰为二者。五纬与二十八宿俱是天星,天之神祇,礼无不祭,故郑玄随事而分之。以此“敬授人时”无取五纬之义,故郑玄於此注亦以星、辰为一,观文为说也。然则五星与日月皆别行,不与二十八宿同为不动也。
  ○传“宅居”至“之官”。
  ○正义曰:“宅,居”,《释言》文。《禹贡》青州云:“嵎夷既略。”青州在东界外之畔为表,故云“东表之地称嵎夷”也。阴阳相对,阴闇而阳明也,故以“旸”为明。谷无阴阳之异,以日出於谷而天下皆明,故谓日出之处为“旸谷”。冬南夏北不常厥处,但日由空道,似行自谷,故以“谷”言之,非实有深谷而日从谷之出也。据日所出谓之“旸谷”,指其地名即称“嵎夷”,故云“旸谷、嵎夷一也”。又解“居”者,居其官不居其地,故云“羲仲居治东方之官”。此言“分命”者,上云“乃命羲和”,总举其目,就“乃命”之内分其职掌,使羲主春夏,和主秋冬,分一岁而别掌之,故言“分命”。就羲和之内又重分之,故於夏变言“申命”。既命仲而复命叔,是其重命之也。所命无伯、季者,盖时无伯、季,或有而不贤,则《外传》称“尧育重黎之后,不忘旧者,使复典之”,明仲叔能守旧业,故命之也。此羲和掌序天地,兼知人事,因主四时而分主四方,故举东表之地,以明所举之域。地东举嵎夷之名,明分三方皆宜有地名,此为其始,故特详举其文。羲仲居治东方之官,居在帝都而遥统领之。王肃云“皆居京师而统之,亦有时述职”,是其事也。以春位在东,因治於东方,其实本主四方春政,故於和仲之下云:“此居治西方之官,掌秋天之政。”明此,掌春天之政,孔以经事详,故就下文而互发之。
  ○传“寅敬”至“务农”
  ○正义曰:“寅,敬”,《释诂》文。宾者主行导引,故“宾”为导也。《释诂》以“秩”为常,常即次第有序,故“秩”为序也。一岁之事,在东则耕作,在南则化育,在西则成熟,在北则改易,故以方名配岁事为文,言顺天时气以劝课人务也。春则生物,秋则成物。日之出也,物始生长,人当顺其生长,致力耕耘。日之入也,物皆成熟,人当顺其成熟,致力收敛。东方之官当恭敬导引日出,平秩东作之事,使人耕耘。西方之官当恭敬从送日入,平秩西成之事,使人收敛。日之出入,自是其常,但由日出入,故物有生成。虽气能生物,而非人不就。勤於耕稼,是导引之。勤於收藏,是从送之。冬夏之文无此类者,南北二方非日所出入,“平秩南讹”亦是导日之事,“平在朔易”亦是送日之事。依此春秋而共为宾饯,故冬夏二时无此一句。劝课下民,皆使致力,是敬导之。平均次序,即是授人,田里各有疆埸,是平均之也。耕种收敛使不失其次序,王者以农为重,经主於农事。“寅宾出日”为“平秩”设文,故并解之也。言“敬导出日”者,正谓平秩次序东作之事以务农也。郑以“作”为生,计秋言西成,春宜言东生。但四时之功皆须作力,不可不言力作,直说生成,明此以岁事初起,时言“东作”,以见四时亦当力作,故孔以耕作解之。郑玄云:“寅宾出日,谓春分朝日。”又以“寅饯纳日,谓秋分夕日”也。
  ○传“日中”至“可知”
  ○正义曰:其仲春、仲秋、冬至、夏至,马融云:“古制刻漏昼夜百刻。昼长六十刻,夜短四十刻。昼短四十刻,夜长六十刻。昼中五十刻,夜亦五十刻。”融之此言据日出见为说。天之昼夜以日出入为分,人之昼夜以昏明为限。日未出前二刻半为明,日入后二刻半为昏,损夜五刻以裨於昼,则昼多於夜,复校五刻。古今历术与太史所候皆云,夏至之昼六十五刻,夜三十五刻。冬至之昼四十五刻,夜五十五刻。春分秋分之昼五十五刻,夜四十五刻。此其不易之法也。然今太史细候之法,则校常法半刻也。从春分至于夏至,昼暂长,增九刻半。夏至至于秋分,所减亦如之。从秋分至于冬至,昼暂短,减十刻半。从冬至至于春分,其增亦如之。又於每气之间增减刻数,有多有少,不可通而为率。汉初未能审知,率九日增减一刻,和帝时待诏霍融始请改之。郑注《书纬·考灵曜》仍云“九日增减一刻”,犹尚未觉悟也。郑注此云:“日长者日见之漏五十五刻,日短者日见之漏四十五刻。”与历不同。故王肃难云:“知日见之漏减昼漏五刻,不意马融为传已减之矣。因马融所减而又减之,故日长为五十五刻,因以冬至反之,取其夏至夜刻,以为冬至昼短,此其所以误耳。”“鸟,南方朱鸟七宿”者,在天成象,星作鸟形。《曲礼》说军陈象天之行,“前朱雀,后玄武,左青龙,右白虎”。“雀”即鸟也。“武”谓龟甲捍御,故变文“玄武”焉。是天星有龙虎鸟龟之形也。四方皆有七宿,各成一形。东方成龙形,西方成虎形,皆南首而北尾。南方成鸟形,北方成龟形,皆西首而东尾。以南方之宿象鸟,故言鸟谓朱鸟七宿也。此经举宿,为文不类。春言“星鸟”,总举七宿。夏言“星火”,独指房、心。虚、昴惟举一宿。文不同者,互相通也。《释言》以“殷”为中,中、正义同,故“殷”为正也。此经冬夏言“正”,春秋言“殷”者,其义同。春分之昏,观鸟星毕见,以正仲春之气节,计仲春日在奎、娄而入於酉地,则初昏之时井、鬼在午,柳、星、张在巳,轸、翼在辰,是朱鸟七宿皆得见也。春有三月,此经直云“仲春”,故传辨之云,既正仲春,转以推季孟之月,则事亦可知也。天道左旋,日体右行,故星见之方与四时相逆。春则南方见,夏则东方见,秋则北方见,冬则西方见,此则势自当然。而《书纬》为文生说,言“春夏相与交,秋冬相与互,谓之母成子,子助母”,斯假妄之谈耳。马融、郑玄以为“星鸟、星火谓正在南方。春分之昏七星中,仲夏之昏心星中,秋分之昏虚星中,冬至之昏昴星中,皆举正中之星,不为一方尽”,见此其与孔异也。至于举仲月以统一时,亦与孔同。王肃亦以星鸟之属为昏中之星,其要异者以所宅为孟月,日中、日永为仲月,星鸟、星火为季月,“以殷”、“以正”皆总三时之月,读“仲”为中,言各正三月之中气也。以马融、郑玄之言,不合天象,星火之属仲月未中,故为每时皆历陈三月,言日以正仲春,以正春之三月中气。若正春之三月中,当言“以正春中”,不应言“以正仲春”。王氏之说非文势也。孔氏直取“毕见”,稍为迂阔,比诸王、马,於理最优。
  ○传“冬寒”至“曰尾”。
  ○正义曰:“厥,其”,《释言》文。其人老弱在室,丁壮適野,是老壮分析也。孳、字,古今同耳。字训爱也,产生为乳,胎孕为化,孕产必爱之,故乳化曰“孳”。鸟兽皆以尾交接,故交接曰“尾”。计当先尾后孳,随便言之。
  ○传“申重”至“之官”。
  ○正义曰:“申、重”,《释诂》文。此官既主四时,亦主方面,经言“南交”,谓南方与东方交,传言“夏与春交”,见其时、方皆掌之。春尽之日与立夏之初,时相交也,东方之南,南方之东,位相交也,言羲叔所掌与羲仲相交际也。四时皆举仲月之候,嫌其不统季孟,於此言“交”,明四时皆然,故传言“举一隅以见之”。春上无冬,不得见其交接,至是夏与春交,故此言之。
  ○传“讹化”至“一隅”
  ○正义曰:“讹,化”,《释言》文。禾苗秀穗,化成子实,亦胎生乳化之类,故“掌夏之官平序南方化育之事”,谓劝课民耘耨,使苗得秀实。“敬行其教,以致其功”,谓敬行平秩之教,以致化育之功。农功岁终乃毕,敬行四时皆同,於此言之,见四时皆然,故云“亦举一隅”也。夏日农功尤急,故就此言之。
  ○传“永长”至“可知”
  ○正义曰:“永,长”,《释诂》文。夏至之日日最长,故知谓夏至之日。计七宿房在其中,但房、心连体,心统其名。《左传》言“火中”、“火见”,《诗》称“七月流火”,皆指房、心为火,故曰“火,苍龙之中星”。特举一星,与鸟不类,故云“举中则七星见可知”。计仲夏日在东井而入於酉地,即初昏之时角、亢在午,氐、房、心在巳,尾、箕在辰,是东方七宿皆得见也。
  ○传“因谓”至“革改”
  ○正义曰:春既分析在外,今日因往就之,故言“因,谓老弱因就在田之丁壮以务农”也。鸟兽冬毛最多,春犹未脱,故至夏始毛羽希少,改易往前。“革”谓变革,故为改也。传之训字,或先或后,无义例也。
  ○传“昧冥”至“之政”
  ○正义曰:《释言》云:“晦,冥也。”冥是暗,故“昧”为冥也。“谷”者日所行之道,日入於谷而天下皆冥,故谓日入之处为“昧谷”,非实有谷而日入也。此经春秋相对,春不言“东”,但举昧谷曰“西”,则嵎夷东可知。然则东言“嵎夷”,则西亦有地明矣,阙其文所以互见之。传於春言“东方之官”,不言“掌春”,夏言“掌夏之官”,不言“南方”,此言“居治西方之官,掌秋天之政”,互文明四时皆同。
  ○传“饯送”至“成物也”
  ○正义曰:送行饮酒谓之饯,故“饯”为送也。导者引前之言,送者从后之称,因其欲出,导而引之,因其欲入,从而送之,是其因事之宜而立此文也。秋位在西,於时万物成熟,平序其秋天之政,未成则耘耨,既熟则收敛,助天成物,以此而从送入日也。纳、入义同,故传以入解“纳”。
  ○传“宵夜”至“三秋”
  ○正义曰:“宵,夜”,《释言》文。舍人曰:“宵,阳气消也”。三时皆言日,惟秋言夜,故传辨之云:“春言日,秋言夜,互相备”也,互著明也。明日中宵亦中,宵中日亦中,因此而推之,足知日永则宵短,日短则宵长,皆以此而备知也。正於此时变文者,以春之与秋日夜皆等,春言“出日”即以“日”言之,秋云“纳日”即以“夜”言之,亦事之宜也。北方七宿则虚为中,故虚为玄武之中星。计仲秋日在角、亢而入于酉地,初昏之时斗、牛在午,女、虚、危在巳,室、壁在辰,举虚中星言之,亦言七星皆以秋分之日昏时并见,以正秋之三月。
  ○传“夷平”至“整理”
  ○正义曰:《释诂》云:“夷、平,易也。”俱训为易,是“夷”得为平。秋禾未熟,农事犹烦,故“老壮在田与夏平”也。“毨”者,毛羽美悦之状,故为理也。夏时毛羽希少,今则毛羽复生,夏改而少,秋更生多,故言“更生整理”。
  ○传“北称”至“所掌”
  ○正义曰:《释训》云:“朔,北方也。”舍人曰:“朔,尽也。北方万物尽,故言朔也。”李巡曰:“万物尽於北方,苏而复生,故言北方。”是“北称朔”也。羲和主四方之官,四时皆应言“方”,於此言“方”者,即三方皆见矣。春为岁首,故举地名;夏与春交,故言“南交”;秋言“西”以见嵎夷当为东,冬言“方”以见三时皆有方。古史要约,其文互相发见也。“幽”之与“明”文恒相对,北既称“幽”,则南当称“明”,从此可知,故於夏无文。经冬言“幽都”,夏当云“明都”,传不言“都”者,从可知也。郑云:“夏不言‘曰明都’三字,摩灭也。”伏生所诵与壁中旧本并无此字,非摩灭也。王肃以“夏无‘明都’,避‘敬致’,然即‘幽’足见‘明’,阙文相避”,如肃之言,义可通矣。“都谓所聚”者,总言此方是万物所聚之处,非指都邑聚居也。“易谓岁改易於北方”者,人则三时在野,冬入隩室,物则三时生长,冬入囷仓,是人之与物皆改易也。王肃云:“改易者,谨约盖藏,循行积聚。”引《诗》“嗟我妇子,曰为改岁,入此室处”。王肃言人物皆易,孔意亦当然也。《释诂》云:“在,察也。舍人曰:“在,见物之察。”是“在”为察义,故言“平均在察其政,以顺天常”。以“在察”须与“平均”连言,不复训“在”为察,故《舜典》之传别更训之。三时皆言“平秩”,此独言“平在”者,以三时乃役力田野,当次序之,冬则物皆藏入,须省察之,故异其文。秋日物成就,故传言“助成物”,冬日盖藏,天之常道,故言“顺天常”,因明“东作”、“南讹”亦是助生物,类常道也。上总言羲和敬顺昊天,此分别仲叔各有所掌,明此四时之节,即顺天之政,实恐人以“敬顺昊天”直是历象日月,嫌仲叔所掌非顺天之事,故重明之。
  ○传“隩室”至“温焉”。
  ○正义曰:《释宫》云:“西南隅谓之隩。”孙炎云:“室中隐隩之处也。”隩是室内之名,故以“隩”为室也。物生皆尽,野功咸毕,是岁改矣。以天气改岁,故入此室处,以避风寒。天气既至,故鸟兽皆生耎毳细毛以自温焉。经言“氄毛”,谓附肉细毛,故以“耎毳”解之。
  ○传“咨嗟”至“历象”
  ○正义曰:“咨,嗟”、“暨,与”,皆《释诂》文也。“迎四时曰期”,“期”即“迎”也。故王肃云:“期,四时是也。”然古时真历遭战国及秦而亡,汉存六历虽详於五纪之论,皆秦汉之际假讬为之,实不得正要有梗概之言。周天三百六十五度四分度之一。而日日行一度,则一期三百六十五日四分日之一。今《考灵曜》、《乾凿度》诸纬皆然。此言三百六十六日者,王肃云:“四分日之一又入六日之内,举全数以言之,故云三百六十六日也。”传又解所以须置闰之意,皆据大率以言之,云:“一岁十二月,月三十日,正三百六十日也;除小月六,又为六日。”今经云三百六十六日,故云“馀十二日”,不成期。以一月不整三十日,今一年馀十二日,故未至盈满三岁足得一月,则置闰也。以时分於岁,故云“气节”,谓二十四气,时月之节。岁总於时,故云“历象日月星辰,敬授人时”,以相配成也。六历、诸纬与《周髀》皆云,日行一度,月行十三度十九分度之七,为每月二十九日过半。日之於法,分为日九百四十分日之四百九十九,即月有二十九日半强。为十二月,六大之外有日分三百四十八,是除小月无六日,又大岁三百六十六日,小岁三百五十五日,则一岁所馀无十二日。今言“十二日”者,皆以大率据整而计之,其实一岁所馀正十一日弱也。以为十九年七闰,十九年年十一日则二百九日,其七月四大三小犹二百七日,况无四大乎?为每年十一日弱分明矣。所以弱者,以四分日之一於九百四十分,则一分为二百三十五分,少於小月馀分三百四十八。以二百三十五减三百四十八,不尽一百一十三,是四分日之一馀矣。皆以五日为率,其小月虽为岁日残分所减,犹馀一百一十三,则实馀尚无六日。就六日抽一日为九百四十分减其一百一十三分,不尽八百二十七分。以不抽者五日并三百六十日外之五日为十日,其馀九百四十分日之八百二十七,为每岁之实馀。今十九年年,十日得整日一百九十。又以十九乘八百二十七分,得一万五千七百一十三。以日法九百四十除之,得十六日。以并一百九十日为二百六日,不尽六百七十三分为日馀。今为闰月得七,每月二十九日,七月为二百三日。又每四百九十九分以七乘之得三千四百九十三,以日法九百四十分除之得三日。以二百三日亦为二百六日,不尽亦六百七十三为日馀,亦相当矣。所以无闰时不定,岁不成者,若以闰无,三年差一月,则以正月为二月,每月皆差;九年差三月,即以春为夏;若十七年差六月,即四时相反;时何由定,岁何得成乎?故须置闰以定四时。故《左传》云“履端於始,序则不愆;举正於中,民则不惑;归馀於终,事则不悖”是也,先王以重闰焉。王肃云:“斗之所建,是为中气,日月所在。斗指两辰之间,无中气,故以为闰也。”
  ○传“允信”至“其善”
  ○正义(yi)曰:《释训(xun)(xun)》云:“鬼(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)为言(yan)归(gui)也(ye)。”《乡饮酒义(yi)》云:“春(chun)之(zhi)(zhi)为言(yan)蠢(chun)也(ye)。”然则(ze)《释训(xun)(xun)》之(zhi)(zhi)例有以声相(xiang)近而训(xun)(xun)其(qi)义(yi)者,“厘,治”,“工,官(guan)”,皆(jie)以声近为训(xun)(xun),他皆(jie)放此类也(ye)。“绩,功(gong)”、“咸(xian)、皆(jie)”,《释诂》文(wen)(wen)。“熙、广”,《周(zhou)语》文(wen)(wen)。此经文(wen)(wen)义(yi)承“成岁”之(zhi)(zhi)下,传以文(wen)(wen)势次之(zhi)(zhi),言(yan)定历授事能使(shi)众功(gong)皆(jie)广。“叹其(qi)善”谓(wei)帝叹羲和之(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)也(ye)。

帝曰:“畴咨若时?登庸。”畴,谁。庸,用也。谁能咸熙庶绩,顺是事者,将登用之。
  ○畴,直由反。放齐曰:“胤子朱启明。”帝曰:“吁!嚚讼,可乎?”放齐,臣名。胤,国。子,爵。朱,名。启,开也。吁,疑怪之辞。言不忠信为嚚,又好争讼,可乎!言不可。
  ○放,方往反,注同。胤,引信反,马云:“嗣也。”吁,况于反,徐往付反,一音于。嚚,鱼巾反。讼,才用反,马本作庸。好,呼报反,下注同。争,斗也。帝曰:“畴咨若予采?”采,事也。复求谁能顺我事者。
  ○予音馀,又羊汝反。采,七在反,马云:“官也。”复,扶又反。驩兜曰:“都!共工方鸠僝功。”驩兜,臣名。都,於,叹美之辞。共工,官称。鸠,聚。僝,见也。叹共工能方方聚见其功。
  ○驩,呼端反。兜,丁侯反。共音恭,注同。僝,仕简反,徐音撰,马云:“具也。”於音乌。称,尺证反。帝曰:“吁!静言庸违,象恭滔天。”静,谋。滔,漫也。言共工自为谋言,起用行事而违背之,貌象恭敬而心傲很,若漫天。言不可用。
  ○滔,吐刀反。漫,末旦反,下同,又末寒反。背音佩。傲,五报反,下同。很,恨恳反。帝曰:“咨!四岳,四岳,即上羲和之四子,分掌四岳之诸侯,故称焉。汤汤洪水方割,汤汤,流貌。洪,大。割,害也。言大水方方为害。
  ○汤音伤。洪音户工反。荡荡怀山襄陵,浩浩滔天。荡荡,言之奔突有所涤除。怀,包。襄,上也。包山上陵,浩浩盛大,若漫天。
  ○浩,胡老反。涤,大历反。上,时掌反。下民其咨,有能俾乂?”俾,使。乂,治也。言民咨嗟忧愁,病水困苦,故问四岳,有能治者将使之。
  ○俾,必尔反。佥曰:“於,鲧哉!”佥,皆也。鲧,崇伯之名。朝臣举之。
  ○佥,七廉反,又七剑反。於音乌。鲧,故本反,马云:“禹父也。朝,直遥反。帝曰:“吁,咈哉!方命圮族。”凡言“吁”者皆非帝意。咈,戾。圮,毁。族,类也。言鲧性很戾,好比方名,命而行事,辄毁败善类。
  ○咈,扶弗反,忿戾也。方如字,马云:“方,放也。”徐云:“郑、王音放。”圮音皮美反。戾音力计反。岳曰:“异哉!试可乃已。”异,已也。已,退也。言馀人尽已,唯鲧可试,无成乃退。
  ○异,徐(xu)云(yun):“郑音异,孔、王音怡。”帝曰:“往(wang),钦哉!”敕鲧往(wang)治水,命使(shi)敬其事。尧知其性很(hen)戾圮族,未明其所(suo)能,而据(ju)总言可试(shi),故遂(sui)用之。九载,绩(ji)用弗成。载,年(nian)也。三考(kao)九年(nian),功用不成,则(ze)放退之。

[疏]“帝曰畴咨若予”至“九载绩用弗成”
  ○正义曰:史又序尧事。尧任羲和,众功已广,及其末年,群官有阙,复求贤人,欲任用之。帝曰:“谁乎?咨嗟。”嗟人之难得也。“有人能顺此咸熙庶绩之事者,我将登而用之”。有臣放齐者对帝:“有胤国子爵之君,其名曰朱,其人心志开达,性识明悟。”言此人可登用也。帝疑怪叹之曰:“吁!此人既顽且嚚,又好争讼,岂可用乎?”总言不可也。史又记尧复求人。帝曰:“谁乎?咨嗟。”嗟人之难得也。“今有人能顺我事者否乎?”言有即欲用之也。有臣驩兜者对帝曰:“呜乎!”叹有人之大贤也。“帝臣共工之官者,此人於所在之方能立事业,聚见其功”。言此人可用也。帝亦疑怪之曰:“吁!此人自作谋计之言,及起用行事而背违之,貌象恭敬而心傲很,若漫天。”言此人不可用也。频频求人,无当帝意。於是洪水为灾,求人治之。帝曰:“咨嗟!”嗟水灾之大也,呼掌岳之官而告以须人之意。“汝四岳等,今汤汤流行之水,所在方方为害。又其势奔突荡荡然,涤除在地之物,包裹高山,乘上丘陵,浩浩盛大,势若漫天。在下之人其皆咨嗟,困病其水矣。有能治者将使治之”。群臣皆曰:“呜呼!”叹其有人之能。“惟鲧堪能治之”。帝又疑怪之曰:“吁!其人心很戾哉!好此方直之名,命而行事,辄毁败善类。”言其不可使也。朝臣已共荐举,四岳又复然之。岳曰:“帝若谓鲧为不可,馀人悉皆已哉。”言不及鲧也。“惟鲧一人试之可也。试若无功,乃黜退之”。言洪水必须速治,馀人不复及鲧,故劝帝用之。帝以群臣固请,不得已而用之。乃告敕鲧曰:“汝往治水,当敬其事哉!”鲧治水九载,已经三考而功用不成。言帝实知人,而朝无贤臣,致使水害未除,待舜乃治。此经三言求人,未必一时之事,但历言朝臣不贤,为求舜张本故也。
  ○传“畴谁”至“用之”
  ○正义曰:“畴,谁”,《释诂》文。“庸”声近“用”,故为用也。马融以“羲和为卿官尧之末年,皆以老死,庶绩多阙。故求贤顺四时之职,欲用以代羲和”。孔於下传云:“四岳,即上羲和之四子。”帝就羲和求贤,则所求者别代他官,不代羲氏、和氏。孔以羲和掌天地之官,正在敬顺昊天,告时授事而已,其施政者乃是百官之事,非复羲和之职。但羲和告时授事,流行百官,使百官庶绩咸熙,今云“咸熙庶绩,顺是事者”,指谓求代百官之阙,非求代羲和也。此经文承“庶绩”之下而言“顺是事者”,故孔以文势次之,此言“谁能咸熙庶绩,顺是事者,将登用之”,盖求卿士用任也。计尧即位至洪水之时六十馀年,百官有阙,皆应求代。求得贤者,则史亦不录。不当帝意,乃始录之,为求舜张本。故惟帝求一人,放齐以一人对之,非六十馀年止求一人也。尧以圣德在位,庶绩咸熙,盖应久矣。此继“咸熙”之下,非知早晚求之,史自历序其事,不必与治水同时也。计四岳职掌天地,当是朝臣之首。下文求治水者,帝“咨四岳”,此不言“咨四岳”者,帝求贤者固当博访朝臣,但史以有岳对者言“咨!四岳”,此不言“咨”者,但此无岳对,故不言耳。
  ○传“放齐”至“不可”
  ○正义曰:以放齐举人对帝,故知臣名,为名为字,不可得知。传言“名”者,辩此是为臣之名号耳,未必是臣之名也。夏王仲康之时,胤侯命掌六师,《顾命》陈宝有胤之舞衣,故知古有胤国。“胤”既是国,自然“子”为爵,“朱”为名也。马融、郑玄以为“帝之胤子曰朱也”。求官而荐太子,太子下愚以为启明,揆之人情,必不然矣。“启”之为开,书传通训,言此人心志开解而明达。“吁”者必有所嫌而为此声,故以为“疑怪之辞”。僖二十四年《左传》曰:“口不道忠信之言为嚚。”是“言不忠信为嚚”也。其人心既顽嚚,又好争讼,此实不可,而帝云“可乎”,故吁声而反之。“可乎”,言不可也。唐尧圣明之主,应任贤哲,放齐圣朝之臣,当非庸品,人有善恶,无容不知,称“嚚讼”以为“启明”,举愚臣以对圣帝,何哉?将以知人不易,人不易知,密意深心,固难照察。胤子矫饰容貌,但以惑人,放齐内少鉴明,未能圆备,谓其实可任用,故承意举之。以帝尧之圣,乃知其嚚讼之事,放齐所不知也。驩兜荐举共工,以为比周之恶,谓之四凶,投之远裔。放齐举胤子,不为凶人者,胤子虽有嚚讼之失,不至滔天之罪,放齐谓之实贤,非是苟为阿比。驩兜则志不在公,私相朋党,共工行背其言,心反於貌,其罪并深,俱被流放,其意异於放齐举胤子故也。
  ○传“采事”至“事者”
  ○正义曰:“采,事”,《释诂》文。上已求顺时,不得其人,故复求顺我事者。顺时顺事其义一也。史以上承“庶绩”之下,故言顺时,谓顺是庶绩之事,此不可复同前文,故变言顺我帝事,其意亦如前经,当求卿士之任也。顺我事之下亦宜有“登用”之言,上文已具,故於此略之。
  ○传“驩兜”至“其功”
  ○正义曰:驩兜亦举人对帝,故知臣名。“都,於”,《释诂》文。“於”即“呜”字,叹之辞也。将言共工之善,故先叹美之。《舜典》命垂作共工,知共工是官称。郑以为“其人名氏未闻。先祖居此官。故以官氏也”。计称人对帝。不应举先世官名.孔直云“官称”,则其人於时居此官也。时见居官,则是已被任用,复举之者,帝求顺事之人,欲置之上位,以为大臣,所欲尊於共工,故举之也。“鸠,聚”,《释诂》文。僝然,见之状,故为见。“叹共工能方方聚见其功”,谓每於所在之方,皆能聚集善事,以见其功,言可用也。若能共工实有见功,则是可任用之人,帝言其庸违滔天不可任者,共工言是行非,貌恭心很,取人之功以为己功,其人非无见功,但功非己有。《左传》说驩兜云“丑类恶物”,是与比周;“天下之人谓之浑敦”,言驩兜以共工比周,妄相荐举,知所言见功非其实功也。
  ○传“静谋”至“可用”
  ○正义曰:“静,谋”,《释诂》文。滔者,漫浸之名,浸必漫其上,故“滔”为漫也。共工险伪之人,自为谋虑之言皆合於道,及起用行事而背违之,言其语是而行非也。貌象恭敬而心傲很,其侮上陵下,若水漫天,言貌恭而心很也。行与言违,貌恭心反,乃是大佞之人,不可任用也。明君圣主莫先於尧,求贤审官王政所急,乃有放齐之不识是非,驩兜之朋党恶物,共工之巧言令色,崇伯之败善乱常,圣人之朝不才总萃,虽曰难之,何其甚也!此等诸人,才实中品,亦虽行有不善,未为大恶,故能仕於圣代,致位大官。以帝尧之末,洪水为灾,欲责非常之功,非复常人所及,自非圣舜登庸,大禹致力,则滔天之害未或可平。以舜禹之成功,见此徒之多罪。勋业既谢,愆衅自生,为圣所诛,其咎益大。且虞史欲盛彰舜德,归过前人,《春秋》史克以宣公比尧,辞颇增甚,知此等并非下愚,未有大恶。其为不善,惟帝所知,将言求舜,以见帝之知人耳。
  ○传“四岳”至“称焉”
  ○正义曰:上列羲和所掌云宅嵎夷、朔方,言四子居治四方,主於外事。岳者,四方之大山。今王朝大臣皆号称“四岳”,是与羲和所掌其事为一,以此知“四岳,即上羲和之四子”也。又解谓之岳者,以其“分掌四岳之诸侯,故称焉”。《舜典》称“巡守至于岱宗,肆觐东后”,《周官》说巡守之礼云,诸侯各朝於方岳之下,是四方诸侯分属四岳也。计尧在位六十馀年,乃命羲和盖应早矣。若使成人见命,至此近将百岁,故马、郑以为羲和皆死。孔以为四岳即是羲和至今仍得在者。以羲和世掌天地,自当父子相承,不必仲叔之身皆悉在也。《书传》虽出自伏生,其常闻诸先达,虞传虽说《舜典》之四岳尚有羲伯、和伯,是仲叔子孙世掌岳事也。
  ○传“汤汤”至“为害”
  ○正义曰:汤汤,波动之状,故为“流貌”。“洪,大”,《释诂》文。刀害为割,故“割”为害也。“言大水方方为害”谓其遍害四方也。
  ○传“荡荡”至“漫天”
  ○正义曰:荡荡,广平之貌,“言水势奔突有所涤除”,谓平地之水,除地上之物,为水漂流,无所复见,荡然惟有水耳。怀,藏,包裹之义,故“怀”为包也。《释言》以“襄”为驾,驾乘牛马皆车在其上,故“襄”为上也。“包山”谓绕其傍,“上陵”谓乘其上,平地已皆荡荡,又复绕山上陵,故为盛大之势,总言浩浩盛大若漫天然也。天者无上之物,漫者加陵之辞,甚其盛大,故云“若漫天”也。
  ○传“俾,使”、“乂,治也”
  ○正义曰:“俾,使”、“乂,治”,《释诂》文。
  ○传“佥皆”至“举之”
  ○正义曰:“佥,皆”,《释诂》文。《周语》云“有崇伯鲧”,即鲧是崇君;伯,爵;故云“鲧,崇伯之名”。帝以岳为朝臣之首,故特言四岳,其实求能治者,普问朝臣,不言岳对而云皆曰,乃众人举之,非独四岳,故言“朝臣举之”。
  ○传“凡言”至“善类”
  ○正义曰:自上以来三经求人,所举者帝言其恶,而辞皆称“吁”,故知凡言“吁”者皆非帝之所当意也。“咈”者相乖诡之意,故为戾也。“圮,毁”,《释诂》文。《左氏》称“非我族类,其心必异”,族、类义同,故“族”为类也。言鲧性很戾,多乖异众人,好此方直之名,内有奸回之志,命而行事辄毁败善类。何则?心性很戾,违众用己,知善不从,故云“毁败善类”。《诗》称“贪人败类”,与此同。郑、王以“方为放,谓放弃教命”。《易·坤卦》六二“直、方、大”,是直方之事为人之美名。此经云“方”,故依经为说。
  ○传“异,已。已,退也”
  ○正义曰:“异”声近已,故为已也。已训为止,是停住之意,故为退也。
  ○传“敕鲧”至“用之”
  ○正义曰:传解鲧非帝所意而命使之者,尧知其性很戾圮族,未明其所能。夫管氏之好奢尚僣,翼赞霸图;陈平之盗嫂受金,弼谐帝业,然则人有性虽不善,才堪立功者。而众皆据之言鲧可试,冀或有益,故遂用之。孔之此说,据迹立言,必其尽理而论,未是圣人之实。何则?禹称“帝德广运,乃圣乃神”,夫以圣神之资,聪明之鉴,既知鲧性很戾,何故使之治水者?马融云:“尧以大圣,知时运当然,人力所不能治,下民其咨,亦当忧劳。屈己之是,从人之非,遂用於鲧。”李颙云:“尧虽独明於上,众多不达於下,故不得不副倒悬之望,以供一切之求耳。”
  ○传“载年”至“退之”
  ○正义曰(yue):《释天》云(yun):“载(zai)(zai),岁(sui)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。夏曰(yue)岁(sui),商曰(yue)祀(si),周曰(yue)年(nian)(nian),唐(tang)虞(yu)曰(yue)载(zai)(zai)。”李巡云(yun):“各自纪事,示不(bu)相袭(xi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”孙炎曰(yue):“岁(sui),取(qu)岁(sui)星行一(yi)次也(ye)(ye)(ye)。祀(si),取(qu)四时(shi)祭(ji)祀(si)一(yi)讫也(ye)(ye)(ye)。年(nian)(nian),取(qu)禾穀一(yi)熟也(ye)(ye)(ye)。载(zai)(zai),取(qu)万物终(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)而(er)更始(shi);是载(zai)(zai)者年(nian)(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)别名,故(gu)以(yi)载(zai)(zai)为年(nian)(nian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”《舜(shun)典》云(yun):“三(san)(san)载(zai)(zai)考(kao)绩,三(san)(san)考(kao),黜陟幽明。”是“三(san)(san)考(kao),九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。功(gong)用(yong)不(bu)成(cheng),水(shui)(shui)害不(bu)息(xi),故(gu)放退之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),谓(wei)退使不(bu)复治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)。至(zhi)明年(nian)(nian)得舜(shun),乃殛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)羽山。《周礼·太宰职(zhi)》云(yun):“岁(sui)终(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)则令百(bai)官(guan)各正其(qi)治(zhi)(zhi),而(er)诏王废置。三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)则大(da)计群吏(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治(zhi)(zhi)而(er)诛(zhu)赏。”然则考(kao)课功(gong)绩必在岁(sui)终(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),此(ci)(ci)言(yan)“功(gong)用(yong)不(bu)成(cheng)”,是九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)岁(sui)终(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)三(san)(san)考(kao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。下(xia)云(yun)“朕在位(wei)七(qi)十载(zai)(zai)”,而(er)求得虞(yu)舜(shun)历试三(san)(san)载(zai)(zai),即(ji)数(shu)登用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)年(nian)(nian),至(zhi)七(qi)十二年(nian)(nian)为三(san)(san)载(zai)(zai),即(ji)知(zhi)“七(qi)十载(zai)(zai)”者与此(ci)(ci)异年(nian)(nian),此(ci)(ci)时(shi)尧在位(wei)六(liu)十九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)。鲧(gun)(gun)初治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),尧在位(wei)六(liu)十一(yi)年(nian)(nian)。若(ruo)(ruo)然,鲧(gun)(gun)既(ji)无功(gong),早(zao)应(ying)黜废。而(er)待(dai)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)无成(cheng)始(shi)退之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者,水(shui)(shui)为大(da)灾,天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)常运(yun)(yun);而(er)百(bai)官(guan)不(bu)悟,谓(wei)鲧(gun)(gun)能(neng)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui),及遣(qian)往治(zhi)(zhi),非(fei)无小(xiao)益,下(xia)人(ren)(ren)见其(qi)有益,谓(wei)鲧(gun)(gun)实能(neng)治(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。日(ri)复一(yi)日(ri),以(yi)终(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)三(san)(san)考(kao),三(san)(san)考(kao)无成(cheng),众人(ren)(ren)乃服(fu),然后退之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)至(zhi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)。《祭(ji)法》云(yun):“鲧(gun)(gun)障洪水(shui)(shui)而(er)殛死,禹能(neng)脩(xiu)鲧(gun)(gun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)。”然则禹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)功(gong),顾亦因鲧(gun)(gun),是治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)有益之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)验(yan)。但不(bu)能(neng)成(cheng)功(gong),故(gu)诛(zhu)殛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耳。若(ruo)(ruo)然,灾以(yi)运(yun)(yun)来,时(shi)不(bu)可距,假使兴(xing)禹,未(wei)必能(neng)治(zhi)(zhi)。何以(yi)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)不(bu)成(cheng)而(er)便殛鲧(gun)(gun)者?以(yi)鲧(gun)(gun)性傲很(hen),帝所素(su)知(zhi),又(you)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)无功(gong),法须贬黜,先有很(hen)戾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恶,复加无功(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪,所以(yi)殛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)羽山,以(yi)示其(qi)罪。若(ruo)(ruo)然,禹既(ji)圣人(ren)(ren),当知(zhi)洪水(shui)(shui)时(shi)未(wei)可治(zhi)(zhi),何以(yi)不(bu)谏父者?梁主以(yi)为“舜(shun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)怨慕,由己之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)私;鲧(gun)(gun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui),乃为国事。上令必行,非(fei)禹能(neng)止。时(shi)又(you)年(nian)(nian)小(xiao),不(bu)可干政也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。

帝曰:“咨!四岳,朕在位七十载,尧年十六以唐侯升为天子,在位七十年,则时年八十六,老将求代。
  ○朕,直锦反,马云:“我也。”汝能庸命,巽朕位?”巽,顺也。言四岳能用帝命,故欲使顺行帝位之事。
  ○巽音逊,马云:“让也。”岳曰:“否德忝帝位。”否,不。忝,辱也。辞不堪。
  ○否,方久反,又音鄙。忝音他簟反。曰:“明明扬侧陋。”尧知子不肖,有禅位之志,故明举明人在侧陋者。广求贤也。
  ○肖音笑,《说文》云:“肖,骨肉相似也,不似其先,故曰不肖。”师锡帝曰:“有鳏在下,曰虞舜。”师,众。锡,与也。无妻曰鳏。虞,氏。舜,名。在下民之中。众臣知舜圣贤,耻己不若,故不举。乃不获已而言之。
  ○锡,星历反。鳏,故顽反。虞舜,虞,氏;舜,名也。马云:“舜,谥也。舜死后贤臣录之,臣子为讳,故变名言谥。”帝曰:“俞,予闻,如何?”俞,然也。然其所举,言我亦闻之,其德行如何?
  ○俞,羊朱反。行,不孟反,下“其行”同。岳曰:“瞽子,父顽,母嚚,象傲,无目曰瞽。舜父有目,不能分别好恶,故时人谓之瞽,配字曰瞍。瞍无目之称。心不则德义之经为顽。象,舜弟之字,傲慢不友。言并恶。
  ○瞽音古。傲,五报反。瞍,素后反。称,尺证反,又如字。克谐以孝,烝烝乂,不格奸。”谐,和。烝,进也。言能以至孝和谐顽嚚昏傲,使进进以善自治,不至於奸恶。
  ○谐,户皆反。烝,之承反。奸,古颜反。帝曰:“我其试哉!言欲试舜,观其行迹。女于时,观厥刑于二女。”女,妻。刑,法也。尧於是以二女妻舜,观其法度接二女,以治家观治国。
  ○女音而据反。妻音千计反。厘降二女于妫汭,嫔于虞。降,下。嫔,妇也。舜为匹夫,能以义理下帝女之心於所居妫水之汭,使行妇道於虞氏。
  ○妫音居危反。汭音如锐反,水之内也。杜预注《左传》云:“水之隈曲曰汭。”嫔音毗(pi)人反。帝曰:“钦(qin)哉!”叹舜能脩己行(xing)敬(jing)以安人,则(ze)其所(suo)能者大矣。

[疏]“帝曰咨四”至“钦哉”
  ○正义曰:帝以鲧功不成,又已年老,求得授位明圣,代御天灾,故咨嗟:“汝四岳等,我在天子之位七十载矣。”言己年老,不堪在位。“汝等四岳之内,有能用我之命,使之顺我帝位之事。”言欲让位与之也。四岳对帝曰:“我等四岳皆不有用命之德,若使顺行帝事,即辱於帝位。”言己不堪也。帝又言曰:“汝当明白举其明德之人於僻隐鄙陋之处,何必在位之臣乃举之也。”於是朝廷众臣乃与帝之明人曰:“有无妻之鳏夫,在下民之内,其名曰虞舜。”言侧陋之处有此贤人。帝曰:“然,我亦闻之,其德行如何?”四岳又对帝曰:“其人愚瞽之子,其父顽,母嚚,其弟字象,性又傲慢。家有三恶,其人能谐和以至孝之行,使此顽嚚傲慢者皆进进於善以自治,不至於奸恶。”言能调和恶人,是为贤也。帝曰:“其行如此,当可任用,我其召而试之哉!欲配女与试之也。”即以女妻舜,於是欲观其居家治否也。舜能以义理下二女之心於妫水之汭,使行妇道於虞氏。帝叹曰:“此舜能敬其事哉!”叹其善治家,知其可以治国,故下篇言其授以官位而历试诸难。
  ○传“尧年”至“求代”
  ○正义曰:遍检今之书传,无尧即位之年。孔氏博考群书,作为此传,言“尧年十六以唐侯升为天子”,必当有所案据,未知出何书。计十六为天子,其岁称元年,在位七十载,应年八十五。孔云“八十六”者,《史记》诸书皆言,尧帝喾之子,帝挚之弟。喾崩,挚立。挚崩,乃传位於尧。然则尧以弟代兄,盖逾年改元,据其改元年则七十载,数其立年故八十六。下句求人巽位是“老将求代”也。此经文承“绩用不成”之下,计治水之事於时最急,不求治水之人而先求代己者,尧以身既年老,臣无可任治水之事,非己所能,故求人代己,令代者自治。是虞史盛美舜功,言尧不能治水,以大事付舜,美舜能消大灾,成尧美也。
  ○传“巽顺”至“之事”
  ○正义曰:“巽,顺”,《易·说卦》文。帝呼四岳,言“汝能庸命”,四岳自谦,言“己否德”,故知“汝”,四岳。言四岳能用帝命,故帝欲使之顺行帝位之事,将使摄也。在位之臣,四岳为长,故让位於四岳也。
  ○传“否不”至“不堪”
  ○正义曰:否,古今不字。“忝,辱”,《释言》文。己身不德,恐辱帝位,自辞不堪。岳为群臣之首,自度既不堪,意以为在位之臣皆亦不堪,由是自辞而已,不荐馀人。故帝使之明举侧陋之处。
  ○传“尧知”至“求贤”
  ○正义曰:此经“曰”上无“帝”,以可知而省文也。传解四岳既辞,而复言此者,尧知子不肖,不堪为主,有禅位与人之志,故令四岳明举明人令其在侧陋者,欲使广求贤也。郑注《杂记》云:“肖,似也,言不如人也。”《史记·五帝本纪》云:“尧知子丹朱之不肖,不足授天下,於是权授舜。授舜则天下得其利而丹朱病,授丹朱则天下病而丹朱得其利。尧曰‘终不以天下之病而利一人’,而卒授舜以天下。”是尧知子不肖而禅舜之意也。《文王世子》论举贤之法云:“或以事举,或以言扬。”扬亦举也,故以举解“扬”。经之“扬”字在於二“明”之下,传进“举”字於两“明”之中,经於“明”中宜有“扬”字,言明举明人於侧陋之处。“明”下有“扬”,故上阙“扬”文。传进“举”於“明”上,互文以足之也。“侧陋”者,僻侧浅陋之处。意言不问贵贱,有人则举,是令朝臣广求贤人也。尧知有舜而朝臣不举,故令广求贤以启之。臣亦以尧知侧陋有人,故不得不举舜耳。此言尧知子不肖,有志禅位,然则自有贤子,必不禅人。授贤爰自上代,尧舜而已。非尧舜独可,彼皆不然。将以子不肖,时无圣者,乃运值污隆,非圣有优劣。而《纬侯》之书附会其事,乃云:“河洛之符,名字之录。”何其妄且俗也!
  ○传“师众”至“言之”
  ○正义曰:“师,众”、“锡,与”,《释诂》文。“无妻曰鳏”,《释名》云:“愁悒不寐,目恒鳏鳏然,故鳏字从鱼,鱼目恒不闭。”《王制》云:“老而无妻曰鳏。”舜於时年未三十而谓之“鳏”者,《书传》称孔子对子张曰:“舜父顽,母嚚,无室家之端,故谓之鳏。”“鳏”者无妻之名,不拘老少。少者无妻可以更娶,老者即不复更娶,谓之天民之穷,故《礼》举老者耳。《诗》云:“何草不玄,何人不鳏。”暂离室家尚谓之鳏,不独老而无妻始称鳏矣。《书传》以舜年尚少为之说耳。“虞,氏。舜,名”者,舜之为虞,犹禹之为夏,外传称禹氏曰“有夏”,则此舜氏曰“有虞”。颛顼已来,地为国号,而舜有天下,号曰“有虞氏”,是地名也。王肃云:“虞,地名也。”皇甫谧云:“尧以二女妻舜,封之於虞,今河东太阳山西虞地是也。”然则舜居虞地,以虞为氏,尧封之虞为诸侯,及王天下,遂为天子之号,故从微至著,常称虞氏。舜为生号之名,前已具释。传又解众人以舜与帝,则众人尽知有舜。但舜在下人之中,未有官位,众臣德不及之,而位居其上,虽知舜实圣贤,而耻己不若,故不举之。以帝令举及侧陋,意谓帝知有舜,乃不获己而言之耳。知然者,正以初不荐举,至此始言,明是耻己不若,故不早举。舜实圣人,而连言“贤”者,对则事有优劣,散即语亦相通。舜谓禹曰“惟汝贤”,是言圣德称“贤”也。传以“师”为众臣,为朝臣之众,或亦通及吏人。王肃云:“古者将举大事,讯群吏,讯万人。尧将让位,咨四岳,使问群臣。众举侧陋,众皆愿与舜。尧计事之大者莫过禅让,必应博询吏人,非独在位。”王氏之言得其实矣。郑以“师为诸侯之师”,帝咨四岳,遍访群臣,安得诸侯之师独对帝也。
  ○传“俞然”至“如何”
  ○正义曰:“俞,然”,《释言》文。“然其所举,言我亦闻也,其德行如何?”恐所闻不审,故详问之。尧知有舜,不召取禅之而访四岳,令众举荐者,以舜在卑贱,未有名闻,率暴禅之,则下人不服。故郑玄《六艺论》云:“若尧知命在舜,舜知命在禹,犹求於群臣,举於侧陋,上下交让,务在服人。孔子曰:‘人可使由之,不可使知之。’此之谓也。”是解尧使人举舜之意也。
  ○传“无目”至“并恶”
  ○正义曰:《周礼》乐官有瞽矇之职,以其无目使了相之,是“无目曰瞽”。又解称瞽之意,舜父有目但不能识别好恶,与无目者同,“故时人谓之瞽”。“配字曰瞍”,“瞍”亦无目之称,故或谓之为“瞽瞍”。《诗》云“矇瞍奏公”,是“瞍”为瞽类。《大禹谟》云“祗载见瞽瞍”,是相配之文。《史纪》云:“舜父瞽瞍盲。”以为“瞽瞍”是名,身实无目也。孔不然者,以经说舜德行,美其能养恶人,父自名瞍,何须言之?若实无目,即是身有固疾,非善恶之事,辄言舜是盲人之子,意欲何所见乎?《论语》云:“未见颜色而言谓之瞽。”则言瞽者非谓无目。《史记》又说瞽瞍使舜上廪,从下纵火焚廪;使舜穿井,下土实井。若其身自能然,不得谓之无目,明以不识善恶故称瞽耳。“心不则德义之经为顽”,僖二十四年《左传》文。“象,舜弟之字”,以字表象是人之名号,其为名字未可详也。《释训》云:“善兄弟为友。”《孟子》说象与父母共谋杀舜,是“傲慢不友”。言舜父母与弟并皆恶也。此经先指舜身,因言瞽子,又称父顽者,欲极其恶,故文重也。。
  ○传“谐和”至“奸恶”
  ○正义曰:“谐,和”、“烝,进”,《释诂》文。上历言三恶,此美舜能养之,言舜能和之以至孝之行,和顽嚚昏傲,使皆进进於善道,以善自治,不至于奸恶。以下愚难变化,令慕善是舜之美行,故以此对尧。案《孟子》及《史纪》称瞽瞍纵火焚廪,舜以两笠自扞而下;以土实井,舜从旁空井出;象与父母其分财物。舜之大孝升闻天朝,尧妻之二女,三恶尚谋杀舜,为奸之大莫甚於此。而言“不至奸”者,此三人性实下愚,动罹刑网,非舜养之,久被刑戮,犹尚有心杀舜,馀事何所不为?舜以权谋自免厄难,使瞽无杀子之愆,象无害兄之罪,“不至於奸恶於此益验。终令瞽亦允若,象封有鼻,是“不至於奸恶”也。
  ○传“言欲”至“行迹”
  ○正义曰:下言妻舜以女,观其治家,是试舜观其行迹也。马、郑、王本说“此经皆无‘帝曰’”,当时庸生之徒漏之也。郑玄云:“试以为臣之事。”王肃云:“试之以官。”郑、王皆以《舜典》合於此篇,故指历试之事充此“试哉”之言。孔据古今别卷,此言“试哉”正谓以女试之,既善於治家,别更试以难事,与此异也。
  ○传“女妻”至“治国”
  ○正义曰:《左传》称“宋雍氏女於郑庄公”,“晋伐骊戎,骊戎男女以骊姬”,以女妻人谓之女,故云“女,妻”也。“刑,法”,《释诂》文。此已下皆史述尧事,非复尧语。言“女于时”,谓妻舜於是,故传倒文以晓,民“尧於是以二女妻舜”。必妻之者,舜家有三恶,身为匹夫,忽纳帝女,难以和协,观其施法度於二女,以法治家观治国。将使治国,故先使治家。敌夫曰妻,不得有二女,言“女于时”者,总言之耳。二女之中当有贵贱长幼,刘向《列女传》云:“二女长曰娥皇,次曰女英。舜既升为天子,娥皇为后,女英为妃。”然则初適舜时,即娥皇为妻。郑“不言妻者,不告其父,不序其正”。又注《礼记》云:“舜不告而娶,不立正妃。”此则郑自所说,未有书传云然。案《世本》“尧是黄帝玄孙,舜是黄帝八代之孙”,计尧女於舜之曾祖为四从姊妹,以之为妻,於义不可。《世本》之言未可据信,或者古道质故也。
  ○传“降下”至“虞氏”
  ○正义曰:“降,下”,《释诂》文。《周礼》九嫔之职“掌妇学之法”,嫔是妇之别名,故以“嫔”为妇。“厘降”,未能以义理下之,则女意初时不下,故传解之,言舜为匹夫,帝女下嫁,以贵適贱,必自骄矜,故美舜能以义理下帝女尊亢之心於所居妫水之汭,使之服行妇道於虞氏。“虞”与“妫汭”为一地,见其心下,乃行妇道,故分为二文。言“匹夫”者,士大夫已上则有妾媵,庶人无妾媵,惟夫妻相匹,其名既定,虽单亦通,谓之匹夫匹妇。妫水在河东虞乡县历山西,西流至蒲坂县,南入於河,舜居其旁。周武王赐陈胡公之姓为妫,为舜居妫水故也。舜仕尧朝,不家在於京师,而令二女归虞者,盖舜以大孝示法,使妻归事於其亲,以帝之贤女事顽嚚舅姑,美其能行妇道,故云“嫔於虞”。
  ○传“叹舜”至“大矣”
  ○正义曰:二(er)女行妇道(dao),乃由舜(shun)之敬,故帝言“钦哉(zai)”。叹能(neng)脩(xiu)(xiu)己(ji)行敬以安民也。能(neng)脩(xiu)(xiu)己(ji)及(ji)安人,则是所能(neng)者大,故叹之。《论语(yu)》云:“脩(xiu)(xiu)己(ji)以安百姓,尧舜(shun)其犹病(bing)诸。”传意出於彼也。

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