卷十 说命中第十三
惟说命总百官,在冢宰之任。
○总音揔。
[疏]“惟说命总百官”
○正义(yi)曰:惟此傅说,受(shou)王命总百官之(zhi)职,谓在“冢宰之(zhi)任”也。说以(yi)官高(gao)任重,乃进言於王,故史特标(biao)此句为发(fa)言之(zhi)端也。
乃进于王曰:“呜呼!明王奉若天道,建邦设都,天有日月北斗五星二十八宿,皆有尊卑相正之法,言明王奉顺此道,以立国设都。
○宿音秀。
[疏]传“天有”至“设都”
○正义(yi)曰:《晋语(yu)》云:“大者天(tian)(tian)地,其次(ci)君(jun)臣(chen)。”《易(yi)·系辞》云:“天(tian)(tian)垂象(xiang),见吉(ji)凶(xiong),圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)象(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)。”皆言(yan)人(ren)(ren)君(jun)法天(tian)(tian)以(yi)设(she)官(guan),顺天(tian)(tian)以(yi)致(zhi)治也。天(tian)(tian)有(you)日月照临(lin)昼夜,犹(you)(you)王官(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)伯率领(ling)诸(zhu)侯也。北(bei)(bei)斗环(huan)绕(rao)北(bei)(bei)极(ji),犹(you)(you)卿士之(zhi)(zhi)周(zhou)卫天(tian)(tian)子也。五星行(xing)於列宿(su),犹(you)(you)州牧之(zhi)(zhi)省察诸(zhu)侯也。二十(shi)八宿(su)布於四方,犹(you)(you)诸(zhu)侯为天(tian)(tian)子守土(tu)也。天(tian)(tian)象(xiang)皆有(you)尊卑相正之(zhi)(zhi)法,言(yan)明王奉顺天(tian)(tian)道以(yi)立国(guo)设(she)都(dou)也。“立国(guo)”谓(wei)立王国(guo)及邦国(guo),“设(she)都(dou)”谓(wei)设(she)帝(di)都(dou)及诸(zhu)侯国(guo)都(dou),总言(yan)建国(guo)立家(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)事。
树后王君公,承以大夫师长,言立君臣上下,将陈为治之本,故先举其始。
○王(wang),于方反。长(zhang),丁丈(zhang)反。治,直吏(li)反,下同。
[疏]“树后”至“师长”
○正义曰:此(ci)又(you)总言(yan)设官(guan)(guan)(guan)分职(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)(ye)。“树”,立也(ye)(ye)。“后(hou)王”谓天子也(ye)(ye)。“君(jun)公(gong)”谓诸侯(hou)也(ye)(ye)。“承”者(zhe)奉(feng)上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)。“后(hou)王君(jun)公(gong)”,人(ren)主也(ye)(ye)。“大夫(fu)(fu)师长”,人(ren)臣也(ye)(ye)。臣当奉(feng)行君(jun)命(ming),故(gu)(gu)以“承”言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。《周礼》立官(guan)(guan)(guan)多以“师”为名(ming),“师”者(zhe)众所法,亦是(shi)长之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义也(ye)(ye)。大夫(fu)(fu)已下(xia),分职(zhi)不(bu)同,每官(guan)(guan)(guan)各(ge)有其(qi)长,故(gu)(gu)以“师长”言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。三公(gong)则“君(jun)公(gong)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内包之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),卿则“大夫(fu)(fu)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文兼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),“师长”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)亦通有士。将陈(chen)为治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben),故(gu)(gu)先举其(qi)始,略(lve)言(yan)设官(guan)(guan)(guan),故(gu)(gu)辞不(bu)详备。为治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben),“惟天聪明(ming)”已下(xia)皆是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。
不惟逸豫,惟以乱民。不使有位者逸豫民上,言立之主使治民。
○豫,羊虑反。惟天聪明,惟圣时宪,惟臣钦若,惟民从乂。宪,法也。言圣王法天以立教,臣敬顺而奉之,民以从上为治。
○从,才容反。
[疏]传“宪法”至“为治”
○正义(yi)曰:“宪,法(fa)(fa)”,《释诂(gu)》文。人之闻(wen)见于耳目,天(tian)无(wu)(wu)形体,假人事以(yi)言也。“聪(cong)”谓(wei)无(wu)(wu)所不闻(wen),“明”谓(wei)无(wu)(wu)所不见。惟(wei)圣人于是法(fa)(fa)天(tian),言法(fa)(fa)天(tian)以(yi)立教,于下无(wu)(wu)不闻(wen)见,除其所恶,纳之於(wu)善。虽复运(yun)有(you)推移,道有(you)升降,其所施为未尝不法(fa)(fa)天(tian)也。“臣(chen)敬顺(shun)而奉之”,“奉”即上文“承(cheng)”也,奉承(cheng)君命而布之於(wu)民。“民以(yi)从上为治”,不从上命则乱,故“从乂”也。
惟口起羞,惟甲胄起戎,甲,铠。胄,兜鍪也。言不可轻教令,易用兵。
○胄,直又反。铠,苦代反。兜,丁侯反。鍪,莫侯反。易,以豉反。惟衣裳在笥,惟干戈省厥躬。言服不可加非其人,兵不可任非其才。
○笥,息嗣反(fan)(fan)。省,息井(jing)反(fan)(fan),一(yi)本作眚。
[疏]“惟口”至“厥躬”
○正义曰:言王者法天施化,其举止不可不慎。惟口出令不善,以起羞辱;惟甲胄伐非其罪,以起戎兵;言不可轻教令,易用兵也。惟衣裳在箧笥,不可加非其人,观其能足称职,然后赐之。惟干戈在府库,不可任非其才,省其身堪将帅,然后授之。上二句事相类,下二句文不同者,衣裳言在箧笥,干戈不言所在,干戈云“省厥躬”,衣裳不言视其人,令其互相足也。
○传“甲铠”至“用兵”
○正义曰:经传之文无“铠”与“兜鍪”,盖秦汉已来始有此名,传以今晓古也。古之甲胄皆用犀兕,未有用铁者,而“鍪”、“铠”之字皆从金,盖后世始用铁耳。口之出言为教令,甲胄兴师乃用之,言不可轻教令,易用兵也。“易”亦轻也。安危在出令,令之不善,则人违背之,是“起羞”也。静乱在用兵,伐之无罪,则人叛违之,是“起戎”也。
○传“言服”至“其才”
○正义曰:“非其(qi)人”、“非其(qi)才”,义同(tong)而(er)互(hu)文也(ye)。《周礼·大(da)宗伯》:“以九仪之(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)正邦国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)位,一(yi)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)受(shou)(shou)(shou)职,再命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)受(shou)(shou)(shou)服(fu),三命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)受(shou)(shou)(shou)位,四(si)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)受(shou)(shou)(shou)器,五命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)赐则,六命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)赐官,七(qi)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)赐国(guo),八命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)作(zuo)牧(mu),九命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)作(zuo)伯。”郑(zheng)云:“一(yi)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)始见,命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)为正吏。受(shou)(shou)(shou)职,治职事也(ye)。列国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)士一(yi)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),王之(zhi)(zhi)下士亦(yi)一(yi)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。再命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)受(shou)(shou)(shou)服(fu),受(shou)(shou)(shou)玄冕之(zhi)(zhi)服(fu)。列国(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)大(da)夫再命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),王之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)士亦(yi)再命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。”然则“再命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)”已(yi)上始受(shou)(shou)(shou)衣服(fu),未(wei)赐之(zhi)(zhi)时在官之(zhi)(zhi)箧笥也(ye)。甲胄干戈俱是军器,上言(yan)不(bu)可轻用兵,此言(yan)不(bu)可妄委人,虽文重而(er)意异也(ye)。
王惟戒兹,允兹克明,乃罔不休。言王戒慎此四“惟”之事,信能明,政乃无不美。惟治乱在庶官。言所官得人则治,失人则乱。官不及私昵,惟其能。不加私昵,惟能是官。
○昵,女乙反。爵罔及恶德,惟其贤(xian)。言非贤(xian)不爵。
[疏]“官不”至“其贤”
○正义(yi)曰:《王制》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“论定(ding)然(ran)后官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)之(zhi),任(ren)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)然(ran)后爵之(zhi)。”郑云(yun)(yun)(yun):“官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)之(zhi),使(shi)之(zhi)试守也(ye)(ye)。爵之(zhi),命(ming)之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。”然(ran)则治其事谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)“官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)”,受其位谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)“爵”,“官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)”、“爵”一(yi)也(ye)(ye),所从言之(zhi)异(yi)耳。“贤(xian)(xian)”谓(wei)(wei)德行(xing),“能”谓(wei)(wei)才用(yong);治事必用(yong)能,故“官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)”云(yun)(yun)(yun)“惟其能”;受位宜得贤(xian)(xian),故“爵”云(yun)(yun)(yun)“惟其贤(xian)(xian)”。《诗序》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“任(ren)贤(xian)(xian)使(shi)能。”《周礼·乡大(da)夫(fu)》:“三(san)年则大(da)比,考(kao)其德行(xing)道艺(yi),而(er)(er)与(yu)贤(xian)(xian)者能者。”郑云(yun)(yun)(yun):“贤(xian)(xian)者,有德行(xing)者。能者,有道艺(yi)者。”是“贤(xian)(xian)”、“能”为异(yi)耳。“私昵”谓(wei)(wei)知其不可而(er)(er)用(yong)之(zhi),“恶(e)德”谓(wei)(wei)不知其非而(er)(er)任(ren)之(zhi),戒王使(shi)审求人,绝(jue)私好也(ye)(ye)。
虑善以动,动惟厥时。非善非时不可动。有其善,丧厥善。矜其能,丧厥功。虽天子亦必让以得之。
○丧,息浪反。
[疏]“有其”至“厥功”
○正(zheng)义曰:人生尚(shang)谦(qian)让(rang)而(er)(er)憎自取(qu),自有(you)其(qi)善(shan),则(ze)人不(bu)(bu)以(yi)为善(shan),故(gu)实(shi)善(shan)而(er)(er)丧(sang)其(qi)善(shan)。自夸其(qi)能(neng),则(ze)人不(bu)(bu)以(yi)为能(neng),故(gu)实(shi)能(neng)而(er)(er)丧(sang)其(qi)能(neng)。由其(qi)自取(qu),故(gu)人不(bu)(bu)与(yu)(yu)之。“有(you)其(qi)善(shan)”则(ze)伐善(shan)也。舜美(mei)禹云:“汝(ru)惟不(bu)(bu)矜(jin),天下莫(mo)与(yu)(yu)汝(ru)争能(neng)。汝(ru)惟不(bu)(bu)伐,天下莫(mo)与(yu)(yu)汝(ru)争功。”是言推而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)有(you),故(gu)名反归之也。
惟事(shi)事(shi)乃其(qi)有(you)(you)备,有(you)(you)备无(wu)患。事(shi)事(shi),非(fei)一事(shi)。无(wu)启宠纳侮,开宠非(fei)其(qi)人,则纳侮之道。
[疏]“无启宠纳侮”
○正义(yi)曰:君子位高益恭,小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)得(de)宠(chong)(chong)则(ze)慢(man)。若宠(chong)(chong)小(xiao)人(ren)(ren),则(ze)必恃宠(chong)(chong)慢(man)主(zhu),无得(de)开小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)以宠(chong)(chong),自纳此轻侮(wu)也。“开”谓君出恩以宠(chong)(chong)臣,“纳”谓臣入慢(man)以轻王,据君而(er)言“开”、“纳”,以出、入为文也。
无耻过作非(fei)。耻过误而文(wen)之,遂成大(da)非(fei)。
[疏]传“耻过”至“大非”
○正义(yi)曰:仲虺之(zhi)(zhi)美成汤云(yun):“改过不吝。”明(ming)小人有过,皆惜而(er)不改。《论语(yu)》云(yun):“小人之(zhi)(zhi)过也必文(wen)。”耻有过误而(er)更以言辞文(wen)饰之(zhi)(zhi),望人不觉(jue),其(qi)非弥甚,故“遂(sui)成大非”也。
惟厥攸居,政事惟醇。其所居行,皆如所言,则王之政事醇粹。
○醇音纯。粹,虽遂反。黩于祭祀,时谓弗钦。礼烦则乱,事神则难。”祭不欲数,数则黩,黩则不敬。事神礼烦,则乱而难行。高宗之祀特丰数近庙,故说因以戒之。
○黩,徒木反。数,色(se)角反。
[疏]传“祭不”至“戒之”
○正义(yi)曰:“祭不欲数(shu)(shu),数(shu)(shu)则(ze)黩,黩则(ze)不敬”,《礼记(ji)·祭义(yi)》文(wen)也。此一经皆言(yan)祭祀之(zhi)事,“礼烦”亦谓祭祀之(zhi)烦,故(gu)传总(zong)云(yun):“事神礼烦,则(ze)乱而(er)难行。”孔以《高(gao)宗(zong)肜日》祖已(yi)训诸(zhu)王“祀无(wu)丰于昵”,谓傅说(shuo)此言(yan)为彼事而(er)发,故(gu)云(yun)高(gao)宗(zong)之(zhi)祀特丰数(shu)(shu)於近(jin)庙(miao),故(gu)说(shuo)因而(er)戒之(zhi)。
王曰:“旨哉!说乃言惟服。旨,美也。美其所言皆可服行。乃不良于言,予罔闻于行。”汝若不善於所言,则我无闻於所行之事。说拜稽首,曰:“非知之艰,行之惟艰。言知之易,行之难。以勉高宗。王忱不艰,允协于先王成德,王心诚不以行之为难,则信合於先王成德。
○忱,市林反。惟说(shuo)不言有厥咎。”王能行善,而说(shuo)不言,则有其咎罪。