卷十五 月令第六
仲春之月,日在奎,昏孤中,旦建星中。仲,中也。仲春者,日月会於降娄,而斗建卯之辰也。弧在舆鬼南,建星在斗上。
○奎(kui),苦圭反。弧音胡。降,户江反。
[疏]“仲春”至“星中”。
○正义曰:按《茸艹历》云:“二月节,日在奎五度,昏,井二十二度中,去日九十七度;旦,斗五度中。春分日在娄四度,昏,柳五度中,去日一百二度;旦,斗十六度中。按《元嘉历》:“二月节,日在壁一度,昏,井十度中;旦,箕四度中。春分日在奎七度,昏,东井三十度中;旦,斗四度中。馀月昏旦中星,皆举二十八宿。”此昏云弧中,旦云建星中,独非二十八宿者,以弧星近井星,建星近斗,以井斗度多,其星体广,不可的指昏旦之中,故举弧建,定其昏旦之中也。
○注“日月”至“之辰”。
○正义曰(yue):从(cong)(cong)奎五(wu)(wu)度(du)(du)至胃(wei)六度(du)(du)在(zai)戌(xu),总曰(yue)降(jiang)娄。降(jiang),降(jiang)也(ye)(ye)。娄,敛也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)万物降(jiang)落而收敛。“而斗(dou)(dou)(dou)建(jian)郊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辰”者,斗(dou)(dou)(dou)星(xing)(xing)(xing)随天而转(zhuan)(zhuan),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)日(ri)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)夜,过转(zhuan)(zhuan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)周而行一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)度(du)(du),故正月(yue)(yue)建(jian)寅,二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)建(jian)卯也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“弧在(zai)舆鬼(gui)南(nan)(nan),建(jian)星(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)上”者,熊氏说云(yun)《石氏星(xing)(xing)(xing)经(jing)》文(wen)。弧与(yu)(yu)建(jian)星(xing)(xing)(xing),非二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八宿(su),而昏(hun)(hun)明(ming)举之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者,由弧星(xing)(xing)(xing)近井(jing),建(jian)星(xing)(xing)(xing)近斗(dou)(dou)(dou)井(jing)。有(you)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)度(du)(du)斗(dou)(dou)(dou),有(you)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六度(du)(du),其(qi)度(du)(du)既宽,若举井(jing)斗(dou)(dou)(dou),不(bu)知何日(ri)的(de)至井(jing)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),故举弧星(xing)(xing)(xing)建(jian)星(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)。然春分之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时日(ri)夜中(zhong)(zhong),计春分昏(hun)(hun)中(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)星(xing)(xing)(xing),去(qu)日(ri)九十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)度(du)(du)。今日(ri)在(zai)奎五(wu)(wu)度(du)(du),奎与(yu)(yu)鬼(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)乃(nai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百九度(du)(du)。所以不(bu)同(tong)者,郑(zheng)虽云(yun)弧在(zai)鬼(gui)南(nan)(nan),其(qi)实仍当(dang)井(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分域,故皇氏云(yun)从(cong)(cong)奎第五(wu)(wu)度(du)(du)为二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)节(jie),数至井(jing)第十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)度(du)(du),得九十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)度(du)(du),是(shi)弧星(xing)(xing)(xing)当(dang)井(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六度(du)(du)也(ye)(ye)。若从(cong)(cong)井(jing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六度(du)(du),至斗(dou)(dou)(dou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)度(du)(du),计昏(hun)(hun)中(zhong)(zhong)星(xing)(xing)(xing)与(yu)(yu)明(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)星(xing)(xing)(xing),春秋(qiu)(qiu)分时相去(qu)分天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)半(ban)(ban),应一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)度(du)(du)馀(yu)。但日(ri)入(ru)以后二(er)(er)刻半(ban)(ban)始昏(hun)(hun),不(bu)尽二(er)(er)刻半(ban)(ban)为明(ming),昏(hun)(hun)明(ming)相去(qu),少昼五(wu)(wu)刻,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)刻有(you)三(san)(san)度(du)(du)半(ban)(ban)强,五(wu)(wu)刻有(you)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)度(du)(du)馀(yu),则(ze)(ze)昏(hun)(hun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)星(xing)(xing)(xing)去(qu)明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)星(xing)(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百六十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)度(du)(du)馀(yu),则(ze)(ze)建(jian)星(xing)(xing)(xing)不(bu)得在(zai)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)初(chu),在(zai)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)也(ye)(ye)。此仲春之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)(yue)昏(hun)(hun)弧中(zhong)(zhong),按(an)(an)《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)》云(yun)“日(ri)中(zhong)(zhong)星(xing)(xing)(xing)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)”,不(bu)同(tong)者,如(ru)郑(zheng)康成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,南(nan)(nan)方七(qi)宿(su)总为鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)星(xing)(xing)(xing),井(jing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)则(ze)(ze)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao)星(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分,故云(yun)星(xing)(xing)(xing)鸟(niao)(niao)(niao),与(yu)(yu)此同(tong)也(ye)(ye)。按(an)(an)仲夏昏(hun)(hun)亢(kang)中(zhong)(zhong),《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)》云(yun)“日(ri)永星(xing)(xing)(xing)火”,不(bu)同(tong)者,按(an)(an)郑(zheng)答孙颢云(yun):“星(xing)(xing)(xing)火非谓心星(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye),卯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)总为大火。”其(qi)曰(yue)大火之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)次有(you)星(xing)(xing)(xing)者,《月(yue)(yue)令》举其(qi)月(yue)(yue)初(chu),《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)》总举一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue),故不(bu)同(tong)也(ye)(ye)。按(an)(an)仲秋(qiu)(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)(yue),昏(hun)(hun)牵牛中(zhong)(zhong),《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)》云(yun)“宵中(zhong)(zhong)星(xing)(xing)(xing)虚”。其(qi)仲冬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)(yue),云(yun)东壁中(zhong)(zhong),《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)》云(yun)“日(ri)短星(xing)(xing)(xing)昴(mao)”,不(bu)同(tong)者,亦是(shi)《月(yue)(yue)令》举其(qi)初(chu)朔,《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)》总举一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),理亦不(bu)异。孔(kong)安国注(zhu)《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)》与(yu)(yu)此则(ze)(ze)别(bie)。《尚(shang)(shang)书(shu)(shu)》所举星(xing)(xing)(xing)者,自取毕见之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义,不(bu)谓南(nan)(nan)方之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)。
其日甲乙。其帝大皞,其神句芒。其虫鳞。其音角,律中夹锺。其数八。其味酸,其臭膻。其祀户,祭先脾。夹锺者,夷则之所生,三分益一,律长七寸三千一百八十七分寸之千七十五。仲春气至,则夹锺之律应。《周语》曰:“夹锺出四隙之细。”
○夹,古洽反,一音颊。隙,去逆(ni)反。
[疏]注“夹锺”至“之细”。
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰:夷(yi)则(ze)(ze)长(zhang)五(wu)(wu)(wu)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)十(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四(si)(si)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)一(yi)(yi),今上生夹(jia)(jia)(jia)锺(zhong)(zhong),当三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)益(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi),就(jiu)夷(yi)则(ze)(ze)五(wu)(wu)(wu)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中取三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),更(geng)益(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),为(wei)(wei)四(si)(si)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),馀(yu)有整二(er)(er)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),又於七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)十(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,有细(xi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)四(si)(si)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)。此细(xi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)各(ge)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),於是(shi)一(yi)(yi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)分(fen)(fen)(fen)为(wei)(wei)二(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)八(ba)十(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen),有四(si)(si)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)者(zhe),为(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san),则(ze)(ze)是(shi)二(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)八(ba)十(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)也(ye)。以(yi)整二(er)(er)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)各(ge)二(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)八(ba)十(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen),则(ze)(ze)二(er)(er)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)总(zong)(zong)有四(si)(si) 百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)四(si)(si)分(fen)(fen)(fen),益(yi)(yi)前一(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san),总(zong)(zong)为(wei)(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)千(qian)(qian)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)十(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),为(wei)(wei)实数。但上生者(zhe),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)益(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi),以(yi)实数更(geng)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),各(ge)有一(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)分(fen)(fen)(fen),以(yi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)益(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi),则(ze)(ze)益(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)一(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)并(bing)前五(wu)(wu)(wu)千(qian)(qian)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)十(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),总(zong)(zong)为(wei)(wei)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)千(qian)(qian)六(liu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)六(liu),为(wei)(wei)积(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)总(zong)(zong)数也(ye)。然后除之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),一(yi)(yi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)用二(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)八(ba)十(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),则(ze)(ze)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)总(zong)(zong)用六(liu)千(qian)(qian)五(wu)(wu)(wu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)六(liu)十(shi)一(yi)(yi),以(yi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)益(yi)(yi)前四(si)(si)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)为(wei)(wei)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),馀(yu)有一(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)不(bu)成寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),是(shi)为(wei)(wei)夹(jia)(jia)(jia)锺(zhong)(zhong)长(zhang)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)二(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)八(ba)十(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)千(qian)(qian)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)。云:“《周语(yu)》曰‘夹(jia)(jia)(jia)锺(zhong)(zhong)出四(si)(si)隙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)细(xi)’”者(zhe),《周语(yu)》注夹(jia)(jia)(jia)锺(zhong)(zhong)云:夹(jia)(jia)(jia)助阳四(si)(si)隙,谓黄锺(zhong)(zhong)、大吕、大蔟、夹(jia)(jia)(jia)锺(zhong)(zhong),凡(fan)助出四(si)(si)隙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)微(wei)气,令不(bu)滞伏於下(xia)也(ye)。
始雨水,桃始华。仓庚鸣,鹰化为鸠。皆记时候也。仓庚,骊黄也。鸠,搏穀也。汉始以雨水为二月节。
○仓庚(geng),并如字,本或加鸟,非。骊,力知反(fan)。搏音博。
[疏]“始雨”至“为鸠”。
○正义曰:此一经记候。
○注“皆记”至“月节”。
○正(zheng)(zheng)义曰:言皆记(ji)时(shi)候(hou)者(zhe)(zhe),谓经中(zhong)四(si)事言之(zhi)先后,逐气之(zhi)早(zao)晚(wan)(wan),故(gu)(gu)《周书(shu)·时(shi)训(xun)》“惊(jing)蛰(zhe)之(zhi)日(ri),桃始华,又(you)(you)(you)五日(ri)仓庚鸣,又(you)(you)(you)五日(ri)鹰(ying)(ying)(ying)化为(wei)(wei)(wei)鸠(jiu),至秋则(ze)鸠(jiu)化为(wei)(wei)(wei)鹰(ying)(ying)(ying)”,故(gu)(gu)《王制》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“鸠(jiu)化为(wei)(wei)(wei)鹰(ying)(ying)(ying),然(ran)后设罻罗(luo)。”《司裘》注:“中(zhong)秋鸠(jiu)化为(wei)(wei)(wei)鹰(ying)(ying)(ying)。”《夏小正(zheng)(zheng)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)鹰(ying)(ying)(ying)化为(wei)(wei)(wei)鸠(jiu),五月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)鸠(jiu)化为(wei)(wei)(wei)鹰(ying)(ying)(ying)。郑无所言,则(ze)不信用也。按《通卦验》云(yun)(yun)(yun)“仓庚为(wei)(wei)(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)”,与此不同者(zhe)(zhe),盖是(shi)国(guo)土各(ge)异,气有(you)早(zao)晚(wan)(wan)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“仓庚,骊黄(huang)(huang)(huang)”者(zhe)(zhe),按《释(shi)鸟》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“仓庚,商庚。”郭(guo)景纯云(yun)(yun)(yun):“即鵹黄(huang)(huang)(huang)也。”《释(shi)鸟》又(you)(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun):“鵹黄(huang)(huang)(huang),楚雀(que)。”某氏云(yun)(yun)(yun):“鵹黄(huang)(huang)(huang),一(yi)名(ming)仓庚,又(you)(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)商庚。”李巡(xun)云(yun)(yun)(yun):“一(yi)名(ming)楚雀(que)。”《方言》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“齐人谓之(zhi)搏黍。”云(yun)(yun)(yun)“鸠(jiu),搏穀”者(zhe)(zhe),《释(shi)鸟》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“鸣鸠(jiu),鴶(ji)鵴。”郭(guo)景纯云(yun)(yun)(yun):“今之(zhi)布(bu)(bu)穀也。”谢氏云(yun)(yun)(yun):“布(bu)(bu)穀者(zhe)(zhe)近之(zhi)。”彼云(yun)(yun)(yun)“布(bu)(bu)”,此云(yun)(yun)(yun)“搏”者(zhe)(zhe),布(bu)(bu)、搏声相近,谓之(zhi)搏穀,以(yi)声呼(hu)之(zhi),或以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)此鸟鸣“布(bu)(bu)种其穀”。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“汉始以(yi)雨水为(wei)(wei)(wei)二月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)节”者(zhe)(zhe),证此雨水为(wei)(wei)(wei)二月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)节也。但(dan)雨水惊(jing)蛰(zhe),据其早(zao)作在正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),若其晚(wan)(wan)在二月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),故(gu)(gu)汉初惊(jing)蛰(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong),雨水为(wei)(wei)(wei)二月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)节。至在后以(yi)来(lai),事稍变改(gai),故(gu)(gu)《律历志》云(yun)(yun)(yun)雨水为(wei)(wei)(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong),惊(jing)蛰(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)二月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)节,由气有(you)参(can)差故(gu)(gu)也。
天子居青阳大庙,乘鸾路,驾仓龙,载青旂,衣青衣,服仓玉,食麦与羊,其器疏以达。青阳大庙,东堂当大室。是月也,安萌牙,养幼少,存诸孤。助生气也。
○少,诗召反。择元日,命民社。社,后土也,使民祀焉。神其农业也。祀社日用甲。命有司,省囹圄,去桎梏,母肆掠,止狱讼。顺阳宽也。省,减也。囹圄,所以禁守系者,若今别狱矣。桎梏,今械也,在手曰梏,在足曰桎。肆谓死刑暴尸也,《周礼》曰:“肆之三日。”掠谓捶治人。
○省,所景(jing)反,注同;徐所幸(xing)反。囹(ling)音零(ling)。圄,鱼吕反。囹(ling)圄,今(jin)之(zhi)狱。去,羌吕反。桎音质,今(jin)之(zhi)械也。梏,古(gu)毒(du)反,今(jin)之(zhi)扭也。掠(lve)音亮,考捶(chui)。械,户(hu)戒反。暴,步卜反。捶(chui),之(zhi)反。
[疏]“是月”至“狱讼”。
○正义曰:此一节论助其生气,止其狱刑。自“玄鸟至之日”至“高禖”之前,论天子亲祭高禖,妃嫔从行之事,故更云“是月也”。自“日夜分”至“正权概”,论日夜既分,雷声将发,妇人须戒其容止,度量须审正平均,故更云“是月”。自“耕者少舍”至“以妨农事”,论耕者少舍,脩理门阖,无为大事以致妨农,故更云“是月”,自“毋竭川泽”云“顺阳养物”,至“开冰”、“释菜”、“习舞”、“入学习乐”,总是助阳鼓动其物,故更云“是月”。自“祀不用牺牲”以下,论季春牺牲腾合,与上事殊,故别云“是月”,各依文解之。
○注“社后”至“用甲”。
○正义曰:后土者,五官之后土,即社神也。与《左传》僖十五年云“君履后土”者别也。但句龙为配社之人,又为后土之官也。云“祀社日用甲”者,解经“元日”也。按《郊特牲》云“祀社日用甲,用日之始也”。《召诰》:“戊午,乃社于新邑。”用戊者,周公告营洛邑位成,非常祭也。
○注“囹圄”至“治人”。
○正(zheng)义曰:云(yun)(yun)(yun)“囹(ling)圄所以(yi)禁(jin)守系(xi)者(zhe),若(ruo)今别狱矣”者(zhe),蔡云(yun)(yun)(yun):“囹(ling),牢也(ye)(ye)。圄,止(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。所以(yi)止(zhi)(zhi)出入,皆罪(zui)人(ren)所舍也(ye)(ye)。”崇精问曰:“狱,周曰圜土,殷曰羑里,夏(xia)曰均台。囹(ling)圄,何(he)代之(zhi)(zhi)狱?”焦氏答(da)曰:“《月(yue)令》,秦书,则(ze)秦狱名(ming)也(ye)(ye)。汉曰若(ruo)卢,魏曰司空(kong)是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。”云(yun)(yun)(yun)“在手曰梏(gu),在足(zu)曰桎”者(zhe),按(an)《掌囚》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“上罪(zui)梏(gu)拲而(er)桎。”拲为在手,梏(gu)与拲连文,故(gu)知梏(gu)亦在手,则(ze)桎在足(zu)也(ye)(ye)。《易·大(da)畜·六四》:“童牛之(zhi)(zhi)梏(gu)。”冷刚问云(yun)(yun)(yun):“牛四足(zu),何(he)以(yi)称梏(gu)?”郑答(da)云(yun)(yun)(yun):“牛无手,前足(zu)施梏(gu)也(ye)(ye)。”云(yun)(yun)(yun)“肆谓死刑暴尸(shi)”者(zhe),肆,陈也(ye)(ye),谓陈尸(shi)而(er)暴之(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)《周礼·乡士》、《县士》皆“肆之(zhi)(zhi)三(san)日”。然春(chun)阳既动,理无杀(sha)人(ren),何(he)得更有死尸(shi)而(er)禁(jin)其陈肆者(zhe)?盖是(shi)大(da)逆不孝罪(zui)甚之(zhi)(zhi)徒(tu),容得春(chun)时杀(sha)之(zhi)(zhi),杀(sha)则(ze)埋之(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)禁(jin)其陈肆。
是月也,玄鸟至。至之日,以大牢祠于高禖,天子亲往。玄鸟,燕也。燕以施生时来,巢人堂宇而孚乳,嫁娶之象也。媒氏之官以为候。高辛氏之出,玄鸟遗卵,娀简吞之而生契,后王以为媒官嘉祥,而立其祠焉。变媒言媒,神之也。
○禖音(yin)梅。施,始豉反(fan)(fan)。孚(fu)乳(ru),上如(ru)字,一音(yin)芳付反(fan)(fan);下而树(shu)反(fan)(fan),季春同。娀简,夙(su)中反(fan)(fan),简狄,有戎氏(shi)女。契,息列反(fan)(fan)。
[疏(shu)]注“高(gao)辛(xin)(xin)”至“神(shen)(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。正义曰(yue):知(zhi)“玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鸟遗卵,娀(song)简(jian)(jian)吞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)生(sheng)(sheng)契(qi)”者(zhe),按《殷本(ben)纪》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“简(jian)(jian)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)行浴,见玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鸟堕其卵,简(jian)(jian)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)取吞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),因孕生(sheng)(sheng)契(qi)。”又《中(zhong)候契(qi)握(wo)》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鸟翔水遗卵,娀(song)简(jian)(jian)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)吞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)契(qi)。”娀(song)者(zhe),简(jian)(jian)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国名,故(gu)(gu)(gu)《大戴礼(li)》云(yun)(yun)(yun):“有(you)(you)(you)娀(song)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)女曰(yue)简(jian)(jian)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。”故(gu)(gu)(gu)娀(song)简(jian)(jian)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“后王以(yi)为(wei)禖(mei)官(guan)嘉祥(xiang),而(er)(er)(er)立其祠焉”者(zhe),谓(wei)高(gao)辛(xin)(xin)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi),有(you)(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)(ci)吞鸟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)异,是为(wei)媒(mei)(mei)(mei)官(guan)嘉祥(xiang),后代之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)王,立此(ci)(ci)(ci)高(gao)辛(xin)(xin)而(er)(er)(er)为(wei)禖(mei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)故(gu)(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。蔡邕以(yi)为(wei)禖(mei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)是高(gao)辛(xin)(xin)已前(qian)(qian)旧有(you)(you)(you),高(gao)者(zhe),尊(zun)(zun)也(ye)(ye)(ye),谓(wei)尊(zun)(zun)高(gao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禖(mei),不(bu)由(you)高(gao)辛(xin)(xin)氏(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)始有(you)(you)(you)高(gao)禖(mei)。又《生(sheng)(sheng)民(min)》及(ji)《玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鸟》毛诗(shi)传(chuan)(chuan)云(yun)(yun)(yun):“姜(jiang)嫄从帝(di)(di)而(er)(er)(er)祠于郊(jiao)媒(mei)(mei)(mei)。”又云(yun)(yun)(yun):“简(jian)(jian)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)从帝(di)(di)而(er)(er)(er)祈于郊(jiao)禖(mei)。”则(ze)(ze)是姜(jiang)嫄简(jian)(jian)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian),先(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)禖(mei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)矣(yi)(yi)。而(er)(er)(er)此(ci)(ci)(ci)注立高(gao)辛(xin)(xin)氏(shi)(shi)为(wei)禖(mei)神(shen)(shen)(shen),是高(gao)辛(xin)(xin)氏(shi)(shi)已前(qian)(qian)未有(you)(you)(you)禖(mei)神(shen)(shen)(shen),参(can)差不(bu)同者(zhe)。《郑志(zhi)》焦(jiao)乔答(da)王权云(yun)(yun)(yun):“先(xian)(xian)契(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),必(bi)自有(you)(you)(you)禖(mei)氏(shi)(shi),祓除之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祀,位在於南(nan)郊(jiao),盖以(yi)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鸟至之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)祀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)(yi)。然其禋祀,乃於上帝(di)(di)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。娀(song)简(jian)(jian)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)吞凤子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,后王为(wei)媒(mei)(mei)(mei)官(guan)嘉祥(xiang),祀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)配帝(di)(di),谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)禖(mei)。”据此(ci)(ci)(ci)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则(ze)(ze)郊(jiao)禖(mei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji),契(qi)已前(qian)(qian)祭(ji)天南(nan)郊(jiao),以(yi)先(xian)(xian)媒(mei)(mei)(mei)配之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)(gu)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)郊(jiao)禖(mei)。至高(gao)辛(xin)(xin)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),既简(jian)(jian)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)异,后王以(yi)是为(wei)媒(mei)(mei)(mei)官(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嘉祥(xiang),即以(yi)高(gao)辛(xin)(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君立为(wei)禖(mei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)以(yi)配天,其古昔先(xian)(xian)媒(mei)(mei)(mei)则(ze)(ze)废之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)(yi)。高(gao)辛(xin)(xin)氏(shi)(shi)配之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),后谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)禖(mei)。郑义稷(ji)(ji)、契(qi)当尧时(shi),按《命历序(xu)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)“帝(di)(di)喾(ku)传(chuan)(chuan)十世(shi)”,则(ze)(ze)稷(ji)(ji)契(qi)不(bu)得(de)为(wei)帝(di)(di)喾(ku)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子,是帝(di)(di)喾(ku)后世(shi)子孙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子,故(gu)(gu)(gu)郑注《生(sheng)(sheng)民(min)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)“姜(jiang)嫄,高(gao)辛(xin)(xin)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi)妃”,则(ze)(ze)简(jian)(jian)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)亦高(gao)辛(xin)(xin)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妃。此(ci)(ci)(ci)立为(wei)禖(mei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)者(zhe),是简(jian)(jian)狄(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)夫,不(bu)得(de)为(wei)帝(di)(di)喾(ku)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)祭(ji)高(gao)禖(mei)氏(shi)(shi)祭(ji)天,故(gu)(gu)(gu)《生(sheng)(sheng)民(min)传(chuan)(chuan)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)“从於帝(di)(di)而(er)(er)(er)见于天”,高(gao)禖(mei)为(wei)配祭(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)。祭(ji)天特牲,此(ci)(ci)(ci)用大牢者(zhe),此(ci)(ci)(ci)谓(wei)配祭(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“变媒(mei)(mei)(mei)言禖(mei),神(shen)(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe),按《周(zhou)礼(li)·媒(mei)(mei)(mei)氏(shi)(shi)职》注“媒(mei)(mei)(mei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言谋也(ye)(ye)(ye),谋合异类,使和(he)成(cheng)者(zhe)”。但不(bu)知(zhi)初(chu)为(wei)媒(mei)(mei)(mei)者(zhe),其人(ren)(ren)是谁。按《世(shi)本(ben)》及(ji)谯周(zhou)《古史》,伏(fu)牺(xi)制(zhi)以(yi)俪皮嫁娶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礼(li),既用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)配天,其尊(zun)(zun)贵先(xian)(xian)媒(mei)(mei)(mei),当是伏(fu)牺(xi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。媒(mei)(mei)(mei)字从女,今从示(shi)旁(pang),为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)示(shi),是神(shen)(shen)(shen)明告示(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义,故(gu)(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“变媒(mei)(mei)(mei)言媒(mei)(mei)(mei),神(shen)(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。
后妃帅九嫔御,御谓从往侍祠。《周礼》:天子有夫人,有嫔,有世妇,有女御。独云帅九嫔,举中言也。乃礼天子所御,带以弓韣,授以弓矢,于高禖之前。天子所御,谓今有娠者。於祠,大祝酌酒,饮於高媒之庭,以神惠显之也。带以弓韣,授以弓矢,求男之祥也。《王居明堂礼》曰:“带以弓韣,礼之禖下,其子必得天材。”
○韣,大木反,弓衣。娠音(yin)身,一音(yin)震(zhen),谓怀妊。
[疏]“乃礼”至“之前”。
○正义曰:祭高禖既毕,祝官乃礼接天子所御幸有娠之人,谓酌酒以饮之。饮酒既毕,乃属带此所御之人以弓韣,又授之以弓矢,於高禖之前而北面也。
○注“天子”至“天材”。
○正义曰:“天子所(suo)御,谓(wei)今有(you)娠(shen)(shen)者(zhe)(zhe),”若总论幸(xing)御,则群妃(fei)皆是,何(he)得直(zhi)云(yun)“乃礼(li)(li)天子所(suo)御”?故知有(you)娠(shen)(shen)者(zhe)(zhe)。《汉书音义》:“娠(shen)(shen)音身也(ye)(ye)。”云(yun)“《王(wang)居明堂礼(li)(li)》”者(zhe)(zhe),《逸礼(li)(li)》篇(pian)名也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“礼(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)禖(mei)下,其子必得天材”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)礼(li)(li)此所(suo)御之(zhi)(zhi)人於禖(mei)神之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian),禖(mei)在(zai)坛(tan)上,御者(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)下,故云(yun)“禖(mei)下“。以祭神必福降,故云(yun)“其子必得天材”。
是月也,日夜分,雷乃发声,始电,蛰虫咸动,启户始出。又记时候。发,犹出也。
○电,大练反。先雷三日,奋木铎以令兆民曰:“雷将发声,有不戒其容止者,生子不备,必有凶灾!”主戒妇人有娠者也。容止犹动静。
○先(xian),悉(xi)荐反。奋,方问反。铎(duo),大(da)各反。日夜分,则同(tong)度(du)量,钧(jun)衡石(shi),角斗(dou)甬,正(zheng)权(quan)概(gai)(gai)。因昼(zhou)夜等,而平(ping)(ping)当平(ping)(ping)也。同(tong)、角、正(zheng),皆谓平(ping)(ping)之也。丈尺曰(yue)度(du),斗(dou)斛曰(yue)量,三十斤曰(yue)钧(jun),称(cheng)上曰(yue)衡,百二十斤曰(yue)石(shi)。甬,今斛也。称(cheng)锤曰(yue)权(quan)。概(gai)(gai),平(ping)(ping)斗(dou)斛者。度(du)量,上音(yin)杜,下(xia)音(yin)亮(liang),注同(tong)。甬音(yin)勇。权(quan)概(gai)(gai),古代反。称(cheng),尺证反,下(xia)同(tong)。锤,丈伪反,又(you)丈为反。
[疏]“日夜”至“始出”。
○正义曰:日夜分,谓昼夜漏刻。马融云:“昼有五十刻,夜有五十刻,据日出日入为限。”蔡邕以为星见为夜,日入后三刻、日出前三刻皆属昼,昼有五十六刻,夜有四十四刻。郑康成注《尚书》云“日中星”,以为日见之漏五十五刻,不见之漏四十五刻,与蔡校一刻也,大略亦同。“雷乃发声”者,雷是阳气之声,将上与阴相冲。蔡邕云:“季冬雷在地下,则雉应而雊。孟春动於地之上,则蛰虫应而振出。”至此升而动於天之下,其声发扬也。以雷出有渐,故言“乃”。云“始电”者,电是阳光,阳微则光不见,此月阳气渐盛,以击於阴,其光乃见,故云“始电”。
○“蛰虫咸动,启户始出”者,户谓穴也,谓发所蛰之穴。蛰虫早者,孟春乃出,则《左传》“启蛰而郊”是也。蛰虫晚者,则二月始出,故此云“蛰虫咸动”,则正月未皆动,重记时候者。庾蔚云:“谓盖先记时候,以明应节。后言时侯,以应二分二至。”所应不同,故重记之也。
○注“主戒”至“动静”。
○正义曰:以其生子不备,必有凶灾,故知“主戒妇人”也。云“容止犹动静”者,蔡云:“迅雷风烈,孔子必变。”《玉藻》云:“迅雷甚雨则必变。”虽夜必兴,衣服冠而坐,所以畏天威也。小人不畏天威,懈慢亵渎,或至夫妇交接,君子制法,不可指斥言之,故曰“有不戒其容止”者。言此时夫妇交接,生子支节性情必不备,其父母必有灾也。注“因昼”至“斛者”。
○正(zheng)(zheng)义曰(yue):“平(ping)当平(ping)”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)度(du)(du)(du)量钧衡之(zhi)(zhi)等,人之(zhi)(zhi)所用(yong),当须(xu)平(ping)均。人君於昼(zhou)夜分等之(zhi)(zhi)时,而(er)平(ping)正(zheng)(zheng)此当平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)物。云(yun)(yun)“同、角、正(zheng)(zheng),皆谓(wei)平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),经中度(du)(du)(du)、量、钧、衡、石五(wu)者(zhe)(zhe),总蒙同文。云(yun)(yun)“丈尺曰(yue)度(du)(du)(du),斗(dou)(dou)(dou)斛(hu)(hu)曰(yue)量,三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斤(jin)曰(yue)钧,称上(shang)曰(yue)衡,百(bai)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斤(jin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)石”,皆《汉书·律历志》文。按《志》文云(yun)(yun):“黑秬一(yi)(yi)(yi)黍为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)分,十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)分为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun),十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)尺,十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尺为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)丈,十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)丈为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)引,五(wu)度(du)(du)(du)审矣(yi)。”又云(yun)(yun)“黄锺之(zhi)(zhi)管,长(zhang)九寸(cun)(cun)(cun),围九寸(cun)(cun)(cun),其实一(yi)(yi)(yi)籥(yue),合籥(yue)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)合,十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)升,十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)升为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)斗(dou)(dou)(dou),十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)斛(hu)(hu),五(wu)量加矣(yi)。”《志》又云(yun)(yun):“黄锺之(zhi)(zhi)管,一(yi)(yi)(yi)籥(yue)容千二(er)百(bai)黍,重十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)铢(zhu)(zhu)。二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四铢(zhu)(zhu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)两,十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六两为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)斤(jin),三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斤(jin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)钧,百(bai)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斤(jin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)石。”《志》又云(yun)(yun):“权与物钧而(er)生(sheng)衡,衡运生(sheng)规(gui),规(gui)圆生(sheng)矩,矩方生(sheng)绳(sheng),绳(sheng)直生(sheng)准。”注:“权,锤也(ye)。”与物正(zheng)(zheng)等则衡平(ping),是权为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)称锤,称上(shang)曰(yue)衡。甬与斗(dou)(dou)(dou)连(lian)文,《律历志》“十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)斛(hu)(hu)”,故知(zhi)甬则斛(hu)(hu)也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“概,平(ping)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)斛(hu)(hu)者(zhe)(zhe)”,今之(zhi)(zhi)犹然。
是月也,耕者少舍,乃脩阖扇,寝庙毕备。舍犹止也。因蛰虫启户,耕事少间,而治门户也。用木曰阖,用竹{⺮韦}曰扇。毕犹皆也。凡庙前曰庙,后曰寝。
○阖(he),户腊反。间音闲。毋作(zuo)大事(shi),以(yi)妨农之事(shi)。大事(shi),兵役之属。
[疏]注“用木”至“曰寝”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue)(yue):按襄(xiang)十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)《左(zuo)传》云“晋州绰以枚数阖(he)(he)”,阖(he)(he)是齐城门而(er)云阖(he)(he),是阖(he)(he)用木也。此扇与阖(he)(he)相对(dui)文。又(you)此耕(geng)者(zhe)少舍谓庶人,庶人荜门,故(gu)以为(wei)“竹(zhu)苇曰(yue)(yue)(yue)扇”。云“凡庙前(qian)(qian)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)庙,后(hou)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)寝”者(zhe),庙是接神之(zhi)处,其处尊,故(gu)在(zai)前(qian)(qian)。寝,衣冠所藏(zang)之(zhi)处,对(dui)庙为(wei)卑,故(gu)在(zai)后(hou)。但庙制有(you)东(dong)西厢,有(you)序墙,寝制惟(wei)室而(er)巳,故(gu)《释宫》云“室有(you)东(dong)西厢曰(yue)(yue)(yue)庙,无东(dong)西厢有(you)室曰(yue)(yue)(yue)寝”是也。
是月也,毋竭川泽,毋漉陂池,毋焚山林。顺阳养物也。畜水曰陂,穿地通水曰池。
○漉音鹿,竭也。陂池,彼宜反,《尚书传》云:“泽障曰陂,停水曰池。”畜,敕六反。
○天子乃鲜羔开冰,先荐寝庙。鲜当为献,声之误也。献羔,谓祭司寒也。祭司寒而出冰,荐於宗庙,乃后赋之。《春秋传》曰:“古者日在北陆而藏冰,西陆朝觌而出之。其藏冰也,深山穷谷,固阴沍寒,於是乎取之。其出之也,朝之禄位,宾食丧祭,於是乎用之。其藏之也,黑牡秬黍,以飨司寒。其出之也,桃弧棘矢,以除其灾。其出入也,时食肉之禄,冰皆与焉。大夫命妇,丧浴用冰。祭寒而藏之,献羔而启之。公始用之,火出而毕赋。自命夫命妇至于老疾,无不受冰。”
○鲜,依注音献。觌,大历反(fan)。沍,户故反(fan)。朝,直遥反(fan)。秬音巨。与音预(yu)。祭寒,本或作祭司寒,按《左氏传》无(wu)“司”字。
[疏]注“鲜(xian)当(dang)”至“受(shou)冰(bing)(bing)”。正义曰(yue):“鲜(xian)当(dang)为(wei)献(xian)“者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),按《诗·豳(bin)风·七月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“四(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)其蚤(zao),献(xian)羔(gao)祭韭”,故知(zhi)鲜(xian)为(wei)献(xian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“献(xian)羔(gao)谓(wei)祭司(si)(si)(si)寒(han)(han)(han)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)经(jing)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)献(xian)羔(gao)启冰(bing)(bing),先荐(jian)(jian)(jian)寝庙(miao),恐是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)献(xian)羔(gao)寝庙(miao),故云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“祭司(si)(si)(si)寒(han)(han)(han)”,《左(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》直云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“献(xian)羔(gao)而(er)启之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。知(zhi)“祭司(si)(si)(si)寒(han)(han)(han)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“祭寒(han)(han)(han)而(er)藏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,既祭司(si)(si)(si)寒(han)(han)(han),明启时(shi)亦(yi)祭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“荐(jian)(jian)(jian)於宗(zong)庙(miao),乃(nai)后赋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),荐(jian)(jian)(jian)於宗(zong)庙(miao),谓(wei)仲春也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);乃(nai)后赋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),谓(wei)孟夏也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。故《凌人(ren)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“夏颁冰(bing)(bing)”,《左(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“火(huo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)而(er)毕赋”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。引“《春秋传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》曰(yue)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),昭四(si)(si)年《左(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》申(shen)丰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。从“古者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)”以(yi)(yi)(yi)至“无不(bu)受(shou)冰(bing)(bing)”,皆(jie)《左(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》文也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。按昭四(si)(si)年春大雨雹,季(ji)武子问(wen)於申(shen)丰,申(shen)丰对(dui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)辞。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“日(ri)(ri)(ri)在(zai)(zai)北陆”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),北陆,虚也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),谓(wei)十二月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)日(ri)(ri)(ri)在(zai)(zai)虚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)而(er)藏冰(bing)(bing)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“西(xi)陆朝(chao)觌(di)而(er)出(chu)(chu)(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),西(xi)陆,昴也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),郑康成以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)四(si)(si)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),日(ri)(ri)(ri)在(zai)(zai)昴毕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)星(xing)(xing),朝(chao)见(jian)东方,於时(shi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)冰(bing)(bing),以(yi)(yi)(yi)颁赐百官。若其初出(chu)(chu)(chu)荐(jian)(jian)(jian)庙(miao)时(shi)在(zai)(zai)二月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“固(gu)阴(yin)(yin)沍寒(han)(han)(han)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),杜预注:“沍,闭(bi)(bi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”谓(wei)坚固(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阴(yin)(yin),闭(bi)(bi)塞(sai)不(bu)通阳(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处(chu),於是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“朝(chao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禄(lu)位(wei)(wei),宾食丧(sang)祭,於是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乎用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),朝(chao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禄(lu)位(wei)(wei),谓(wei)大夫(fu)已上,故下云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)命夫(fu)命妇无不(bu)受(shou)冰(bing)(bing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。宾谓(wei)接迎(ying)宾客,食谓(wei)寻常饮食,丧(sang)谓(wei)死(si)丧(sang),祭谓(wei)祭祀(si)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“黑牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)秬(ju)(ju)黍(shu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)其祭水神,色尚黑。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“桃弧棘矢”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),桃去不(bu)祥,棘则(ze)(ze)刺御恶。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“祭寒(han)(han)(han)而(er)藏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),寒(han)(han)(han)谓(wei)司(si)(si)(si)寒(han)(han)(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神,则(ze)(ze)玄冥(ming)水神也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。所用(yong)黑牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)秬(ju)(ju)黍(shu),黑牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)则(ze)(ze)黑羔(gao)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“献(xian)羔(gao)而(er)启之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),献(xian)羔(gao)则(ze)(ze)黑牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),亦(yi)用(yong)秬(ju)(ju)黍(shu)。启之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),谓(wei)二月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)时(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“公始(shi)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“火(huo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)而(er)毕赋”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),毕,尽也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),谓(wei)应是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)得冰(bing)(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),无问(wen)尊卑,尽赋与之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。按《左(zuo)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“火(huo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)於夏为(wei)三(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),於商(shang)为(wei)四(si)(si)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),於周(zhou)为(wei)五月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。”则(ze)(ze)火(huo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)季(ji)春建(jian)辰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),以(yi)(yi)(yi)《周(zhou)礼》“夏颁冰(bing)(bing)”,乃(nai)建(jian)已之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),不(bu)同者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),但建(jian)辰火(huo)星(xing)(xing)在(zai)(zai)卯,火(huo)星(xing)(xing)始(shi)出(chu)(chu)(chu);至建(jian)巳火(huo)星(xing)(xing)渐高,总而(er)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),亦(yi)得称火(huo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)。早则(ze)(ze)三(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)末(mo),晚则(ze)(ze)四(si)(si)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初,不(bu)甚相(xiang)远。又(you)三(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)内有得四(si)(si)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)节时(shi),故据夏而(er)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。按《月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)令(ling)》季(ji)冬藏冰(bing)(bing),《诗·豳(bin)风》“三(san)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)纳于凌阴(yin)(yin)”,三(san)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)寅(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),不(bu)同者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),《郑注》豳(bin)地晚寒(han)(han)(han),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)校一(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
上丁,命乐正习舞,释菜。乐正,乐官之长也。命习舞者,顺万物始出地鼓舞也。将舞,必释菜於先师以礼之。《夏小正》曰:“丁亥万舞入学。”
○长,丁丈反。天子乃帅三公、九卿、诸侯、大夫亲往视之。顺时达物也。仲丁,又命乐正入学习乐。为季春将习合乐也。习乐者,习歌与八音。
○中丁(ding)音仲(zhong),本亦(yi)作仲(zhong)。为,于(yu)伪反,下注同。
[疏]注“命习舞”至“入学”。
○正义曰:以春阳既动,万物出地,故王者习舞,所以应之,故孟春“命乐正入学习舞”,此仲春又云习舞,释菜,皆以阳气动,故此仲春习舞,则《大胥》“春,入学,舍采合舞”一也。据人所学谓之习舞,节奏齐同谓之合舞,此亦谓之大合乐。故《文王世子》云“凡大合乐”,注“春舍菜合舞,秋颁学合声”。孟春习之,至仲春习而合之,自是春秋常所合乐也,非为季春而习舞也。故《大胥》春合舞,秋合声,自是春秋之常事也。孟春习舞,及仲春习舞,及仲丁习乐,并季春合乐,皆在大学。仲春释菜合舞,季春大合乐,皆天子亲往,馀则不也。孟夏“乃命乐师,习合礼乐”,为当月饮酎也。命乐师者,以仲春习舞习乐之时,既命乐正,此则稍轻,故惟命乐师。此习礼乐在学也,其事既轻,天子不亲往。孟夏又云“天子饮酎,用礼乐”,郑注“饮之於朝,正尊卑”,是饮酎在朝。天子亲往,不云乐正者,文不备也。饮酎大礼,必乐正在焉。熊氏《礼》本云饮之於庙,以为汉礼献酎在庙故也。若是献酎祭庙,当云天子献酎,不得云饮酎,且夏月时祭已用酎也,何须别云饮酎?故知天子饮酎在朝。仲夏云“乐师脩鞀鞞”,为“大雩帝,用盛乐”故也。命乐师者,预脩习,其事轻,其雩帝用乐之时,则命乐正,天子亲往,其季夏、孟秋、仲秋,以季夏土王,秋又阴始,国无大事,不用乐也。季秋亦得习吹者,为将大享帝也。其习吹之时,在於学中,亦乐师习之,但文不备也。所以习吹者,郑云“春夏重舞,秋冬重吹”,但以重为主。其实春亦有吹,秋亦有舞,季秋习吹之时,天子不亲往也。按《大胥》“秋颁学合声”,周礼也;《月令》仲秋无合声者,殷法也,故不同。或可秋合声者,即此季秋习吹是也。孟冬“大饮蒸”者,亦用礼乐也,故郑“饮酎”之下注云“季冬云大饮蒸,此言用礼乐,互其文”,明饮蒸亦有礼乐也。此饮蒸在天学也,天子亲往,故郑引《诗》云“十月涤场,跻彼公堂”以证之,公堂则学校也。季冬“命乐师大合吹而罢”者,岁终,王与族人燕於大寝,其事轻,故命乐师。知与族人燕者,郑注引《王居明堂》云“季冬命国为酒,以合三族”,故知之也。云“将舞必释菜於先师”者,以经文“习舞”,“释菜”文在於后,恐习舞释菜共是一事,故云将欲习舞,必先释菜。必知然者,以释菜之时不为舞也。故《文王世子》云“释菜不舞,不受器”,是知释菜无舞也。此云习舞在前,释菜在后,何知不先习舞乃后释菜?必知先有释菜者,以《大胥》云“舍菜合舞”,舍即释,故知释菜在合舞之前。云“《夏小正》曰‘丁亥万用入学’”者,引之证习舞之意,谓用此《万》舞以入学。于舞称《万》者,何休注《公羊》云:“周武王以万人服天下。”《商颂》:“《万》舞有奕。”盖殷汤亦以万人得天下,此《夏小正》是夏时之书,亦云《万》者,其义未闻,或以为禹以万人以上治水,故乐亦称《万》。
○注“为季”至“八音”。
○正义(yi)曰:此习(xi)者,为(wei)(wei)(wei)季(ji)(ji)(ji)春(chun)(chun)合(he)乐预(yu)习(xi)之,故郑云然(ran)(ran)。上习(xi)舞(wu)释菜,郑不云为(wei)(wei)(wei)季(ji)(ji)(ji)春(chun)(chun)合(he)乐,则仲(zhong)(zhong)春(chun)(chun)合(he)舞(wu)自当为(wei)(wei)(wei)之,不为(wei)(wei)(wei)季(ji)(ji)(ji)春(chun)(chun)合(he)乐而习(xi)也。熊(xiong)氏(shi)(shi)以为(wei)(wei)(wei)仲(zhong)(zhong)春(chun)(chun)习(xi)舞(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)季(ji)(ji)(ji)春(chun)(chun)合(he)乐者,若然(ran)(ran),郑何(he)以不言(yan)之?又《大胥(xu)》无季(ji)(ji)(ji)春(chun)(chun)合(he)乐,何(he)以亦云春(chun)(chun)“舍(she)菜合(he)舞(wu)”?熊(xiong)氏(shi)(shi)说非也。云“习(xi)歌与八(ba)音(yin)”者,以仲(zhong)(zhong)春(chun)(chun)习(xi)舞(wu),虽不为(wei)(wei)(wei)季(ji)(ji)(ji)春(chun)(chun)而发(fa),但孟春(chun)(chun)仲(zhong)(zhong)春(chun)(chun)习(xi)舞(wu)以久,不须臾(yu)习(xi),故知为(wei)(wei)(wei)习(xi)歌与八(ba)音(yin)。歌谓合(he)声也,八(ba)音(yin)谓乐器(qi)响音(yin)。
是月也(ye)(ye),祀(si)不用牺牲,用圭璧,更皮币。为季春将选(xuan)而合腾之也(ye)(ye)。更,犹(you)易也(ye)(ye)。当祀(si)者,古以玉帛而巳(si)。
[疏]“祀不”至“皮币”。
○正(zheng)义曰:以(yi)季春将腾合牝牡,不(bu)(bu)用杀其牺(xi)牲,其应祀(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)时,圭(gui)璧更(geng)易此(ci)牺(xi)牲,非(fei)但用圭(gui)璧更(geng)易,又用皮币以(yi)更(geng)之(zhi)(zhi),故在圭(gui)璧皮币之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),上下有也。蔡(cai)氏云此(ci)祀(si)(si)不(bu)(bu)用牺(xi)牲者,祈(qi)不(bu)(bu)用牺(xi)牲,谓祈(qi)祷小祀(si)(si)也,不(bu)(bu)用牺(xi)牲,若大祀(si)(si)则依常法,故上云“以(yi)大牢祠(ci)高禖”是也。
仲春行秋令,则其国大水,寒气总至,酉之气乘之也。八月宿直昴毕,毕好雨。
○好,乎报反。寇戎来征。金气动也。毕又为边兵。行冬令,则阳气不胜,麦乃不熟,子之气乘之也。十一月为大阴。
○大音泰。民多相掠。阴奸众也。行夏令,则国乃大旱,暖气早来,午之气乘之也。
○暖,乃缓反,又音暄。虫螟为害。暑气所生,为灾害也。
○螟,亡丁反(fan),又(you)《尔(er)雅》云:“食苗心,螟。”
[疏]“其国”至“来征”。
○正义曰:其国大水,则地灾也。寒气总至,则天灾也。寇戎来征,则人灾也。
○注“毕,又为边兵”。
○正义曰:按《元命包》云:“毕七星十六度,主边兵。”
○“阳气”至“相掠”。
○正义曰:阳气不胜,天灾。麦乃不熟,地灾。民多相掠,人灾也。
○“国乃”至“为害”。
○正义曰:国乃大(da)旱,暖(nuan)气早来,天灾(zai)。虫螟(ming)为害,地灾(zai)。行令失所,人(ren)灾(zai)之应,故(gu)无(wu)其灾(zai)也。
季春之月,日在胃,昏七星中,旦牵牛中。季,少也。季春者,日月会於大梁,而斗建辰之辰。
○胃音谓(wei)。少,诗(shi)召反(fan)。
[疏]“季春”至“牛中”。
○正义曰:按《茸艹历》云:“三月之节,日在胃七度,昏张二度中,去日一百七度,旦斗二十六度中。清明日在昴八度,昏翼四度中,去日一百一十一度,旦女三度中,按《元嘉历》三月节,日在娄六度,昏柳十二度中,旦斗十四度中。
○三(san)(san)月中(zhong),日(ri)(ri)在(zai)胃(wei)九度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),凡三(san)(san)十(shi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。日(ri)(ri)月行一会,凡二(er)十(shi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),故(gu)三(san)(san)月日(ri)(ri)在(zai)胃(wei)七(qi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。《律历志》又云(yun)“大梁初(chu)日(ri)(ri)在(zai)胃(wei)七(qi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)”是也。“昏七(qi)星(xing)中(zhong)”者,按(an)《律历志》云(yun):胃(wei)十(shi)四(si)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),昴十(shi)一度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),毕十(shi)六度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),觜(zui)二(er)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),参九度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),井三(san)(san)十(shi)三(san)(san)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),鬼四(si)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),柳十(shi)五度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),七(qi)星(xing)七(qi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。从(cong)胃(wei)七(qi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)至七(qi)星(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),有九十(shi)九度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),以日(ri)(ri)渐长(zhang),日(ri)(ri)没之(zhi)(zhi)时,稍在(zai)酉北,去(qu)七(qi)星(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)九十(shi)八度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du),故(gu)昏时七(qi)星(xing)在(zai)南方之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)。“旦牵牛中(zhong)”者,从(cong)十(shi)星(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)至牵牛之(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)。
其日甲乙。其帝大皞,其神句芒。其虫鳞。其音角,律中姑洗。其数八。其味酸,其臭膻。其祀户,祭先脾。姑洗者,南吕之所生也,三分益一,律长七寸九分寸之一。季春气至,则姑洗之律应。《周语》曰:“姑洗所以脩絜百物,考神纳宾。”
○洗,素典反。
[疏]注“姑洗”至“纳宾”。
○正义曰:南(nan)吕六二(er)(er)上生姑洗(xi)之(zhi)九三(san),南(nan)吕长(zhang)五寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi),就南(nan)吕三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)益(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi),取三(san)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)益(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),为(wei)四寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),馀有整(zheng)(zheng)二(er)(er)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。整(zheng)(zheng)二(er)(er)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)者(zhe)(zhe),各九分(fen)(fen)(fen)之(zhi),二(er)(er)九为(wei)十八分(fen)(fen)(fen),寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)为(wei)三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen),总二(er)(er)十一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)。三(san)七(qi)二(er)(er)十一(yi)(yi)(yi),三(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)益(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi),更益(yi)七(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen),总二(er)(er)十八分(fen)(fen)(fen),以(yi)九分(fen)(fen)(fen)为(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),二(er)(er)十七(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)为(wei)三(san)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),益(yi)前四寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)为(wei)七(qi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),馀有一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)在,故云(yun)“律(lv)长(zhang)七(qi)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)九分(fen)(fen)(fen)寸(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)”。云(yun)“《周语》曰”至“纳(na)宾”,证姑洗(xi)之(zhi)义。云(yun)“脩(xiu)絜(xie)百物(wu),考(kao)神纳(na)宾”者(zhe)(zhe),按(an)《国语注》云(yun):“是月(yue)百物(wu)脩(xiu)絜(xie),故用之(zhi)宗(zong)庙,致(zhi)神纳(na)宾。”
桐始华,田鼠化为鴽,虹始见,萍始生。皆记时候也。鴽,母无。螮蝀谓之虹。蓱,萍也,其大者曰蘋。
○鴽音(yin)(yin)如,毋(wu)无也(ye),蔡(cai)云(yun):“鹑之(zhi)属。”虹音(yin)(yin)红,又音(yin)(yin)绛,螮蝀也(ye)。见,贤遍反。蓱,步丁(ding)(ding)反,水浮(fu)萍也(ye)。毋(wu)无,上(shang)音(yin)(yin)牟,又如字。蝃,本又作螮,丁(ding)(ding)计反;亦作蜥,同(tong)。蝀,本亦作东(dong),同(tong)丁(ding)(ding)孔反。萍音(yin)(yin)平。蘋(pin),毗人(ren)反。
[疏]注“皆记”至“曰蘋”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):“鴽,毋(wu)(wu)无(wu)(wu)”,《尔(er)雅(ya)·释鸟》文。某氏云(yun)(yun):“谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)。李巡(xun)云(yun)(yun):“鴽,一名(ming)牟毋(wu)(wu)。”郭景纯(chun)云(yun)(yun):“也(ye)(ye),青州呼鴾毋(wu)(wu)。”舍人(ren)本(ben)“毋(wu)(wu)”作(zuo)“无(wu)(wu)”。今此(ci)注(zhu)“毋(wu)(wu)无(wu)(wu)”,毋(wu)(wu)当作(zuo)牟,谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)牟无(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)。声转字(zi)误(wu),牟字(zi)作(zuo)毋(wu)(wu)。云(yun)(yun)“螮蝀(dong)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)虹(hong)”者(zhe)(zhe),《尔(er)雅(ya)·释天(tian)》文。郭氏云(yun)(yun):“雄(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)曰(yue)虹(hong),雌者(zhe)(zhe)曰(yue)蜺。”雄(xiong)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)明(ming)盛者(zhe)(zhe),雌谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)闇(an)微者(zhe)(zhe)。虹(hong)是阴(yin)(yin)阳交会之(zhi)(zhi)气,纯(chun)阴(yin)(yin)纯(chun)阳则(ze)虹(hong)不见。若云(yun)(yun)薄(bo)漏日,日照雨滴则(ze)虹(hong)生(sheng)。云(yun)(yun)“蓱(ping),萍(ping)(ping)其(qi),其(qi)大(da)者(zhe)(zhe)曰(yue)蘋。”《尔(er)雅(ya)·释草》文。郭景纯(chun)云(yun)(yun):“水中浮蓱(ping)也(ye)(ye)。江东谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)薸。”舍人(ren)云(yun)(yun):“蓱(ping),一名(ming)萍(ping)(ping),大(da)者(zhe)(zhe)名(ming)蘋。”凡云(yun)(yun)化(hua)(hua)者(zhe)(zhe),若“鼠(shu)化(hua)(hua)为鴽”、“鴽还化(hua)(hua)为鼠(shu)”,皇氏云(yun)(yun):“反归(gui)旧形(xing)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)。”按《易(yi)》云(yun)(yun)“乾道变化(hua)(hua)”,谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)先有旧形(xing),渐渐改(gai)(gai)者(zhe)(zhe)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)变;虽有旧形(xing),忽改(gai)(gai)者(zhe)(zhe)谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua);及本(ben)无(wu)(wu)旧形(xing),非(fei)类而改(gai)(gai)亦谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)。故郑注(zhu)《周礼》云(yun)(yun)“能生(sheng)非(fei)类曰(yue)化(hua)(hua)也(ye)(ye)”。
天子居青阳右个,乘鸾路,驾仓龙,载青旂,衣青衣,服仓玉,食麦与羊,其器疏以达。青阳右个,东堂南偏。
○是月也,天子乃荐鞠衣于先帝。为将蚕求福祥之助也。鞠衣,黄桑之服。先帝,大皞之属。
○鞠,居六反,如菊华也;又去六反,如麹尘。为,于伪反,下文“乃为”、注“为鸟”同。命舟牧覆舟,五覆五反,乃告舟备具于天子焉。舟牧,主舟之官也。覆反舟者,备倾侧也。
○覆,芳服反,下及注同。天子始乘舟,荐鲔于寝庙,进时美物。
○鲔,于轨反,乃为(wei)麦祈实。於含秀求其成也。不言所祈,承寝庙可知。
[疏]“是月”至“先帝”。
○正义曰:从此以下至“为麦祈实”,论荐衣告帝,荐鲔於寝庙。舟牧告舟,论所告之事,故言“是月”。从“生气方盛”至“礼贤者”,论阳气将盛,振恤贫穷,勉劝诸侯,礼聘贤者,皆是助阳宣发之事,故云“是月也“。自“命司空”以下,论时雨将降,道达沟渎,又禁断罗翳以助时生乳之事,事别於上,故更云“是月”。自“命野虞”至“无有敢惰”,论养蚕之事,事别於上,故云“是月也”。自“命工师”以下至“以荡上心”,论工师之官,不得为淫巧之作,事异於上,故更云“是月”。自“择吉日”至“亲往视之”,论天子合乐之事,事异於上,故更言“是月也”。以其月末为之,故变云“是月之末”。自“乃合累牛腾马”至“以毕春气”,论牛马牺牲合育之事,并磔攘九门,事虽异於牛马,难事既轻,不可别言是月也,故系之牛马牺牲,总异於上,故更云“是月也”。
○注“为将”至“之属”。
○正义曰:依礼,祭五帝自服大裘,今荐鞠衣,与桑同色,盖荐於神坐,故知为蚕求福。云“鞠衣,黄桑之服”者,郑注《内司服》云:“鞠衣,黄桑服也。色如鞠尘,象桑叶始生。”菊者,草名,花色黄,故季秋之月云“菊有黄华”,是鞠衣黄也,与桑同色,又当桑生之时,故云“黄桑之服”也。云“先帝,大皞之属”者,以其言先不言上,故知非天,唯大皞之属,春时惟祭大皞。云“之属”者,以蚕功既大,非独祭大皞,故何胤云“总祭五方之帝”。其所祭之处,王权、贺玚、熊氏等并以为在明堂,以大皞祭在明堂故也。
○“荐鲔於寝庙”。
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue):按《尔雅·释鱼(yu)》云(yun)“鮥(luo),鮇鲔(wei)。”郭景纯云(yun):“似(si)鳣(shan)而(er)小(xiao),建平人(ren)呼鮥(luo)子。一本云(yun)王鲔(wei),似(si)鳣(shan),口在颔(han)下。”《音(yin)义(yi)》云(yun):“大者(zhe)为王鲔(wei),小(xiao)者(zhe)为鮇鲔(wei),似(si)鳣(shan),长鼻,体无鳞甲。”
是月也,生气方盛,阳气发泄,句者毕出,萌者尽达,不可以内。时可宣出,不可收敛也。句,屈生者。芒而直曰萌。
○泄,息列反。句,古侯反。天子布德行惠,命有司发仓廪,赐贫穷,振乏绝。振犹救也。廪,力甚反。。
○开(kai)府库,出币帛,周(zhou)天下(xia)。勉诸侯,聘(pin)名士,礼贤者。周(zhou)谓给(ji)不足(zu)也。勉犹(you)劝也。聘(pin),问也。名士,不仕者。
[疏]“不可以内”。
○正义曰:以物遂散之时,当顺天散物,不可积聚纳之在内也。
○“发仓”至“乏绝”。
○正义曰:蔡氏云:“穀藏曰仓,米藏曰廪,无财曰贫,无亲曰穷,暂无曰乏,不续曰绝。皇氏云:“长无谓之贫穷,暂无谓之乏绝。”
○“勉诸”至“贤者”。
○正义(yi)曰:谓王者(zhe)勉劝此诸侯,令聘问有(you)名(ming)(ming)之士(shi)(shi),礼(li)接(jie)德行之贤(xian)。蔡(cai)氏云:“名(ming)(ming)士(shi)(shi)者(zhe),谓其德行贞纯,道术通明,王者(zhe)不(bu)得臣,而(er)隐居(ju)不(bu)在位者(zhe)也。贤(xian)者(zhe),名(ming)(ming)士(shi)(shi)之次,亦隐者(zhe)也。名(ming)(ming)士(shi)(shi)优,故加束帛(bo),贤(xian)者(zhe)礼(li)之而(er)已。”
是月也,命司空曰:“时雨将降,下水上腾,循行国邑,周视原野,修利隄防,道达沟渎,开通道路,毋有障塞。广平曰原。国也,邑也,平野也,沟渎与道路皆不得不通,所以除水潦,便民事也。古者沟上有路。
○上,时掌反,下注“以上”同。行,下孟反。隄,丁兮反。防音房。道音导。障,之亮反,又音章。便,婢面反。田猎罝罘、罗罔、毕翳,餧兽之药,毋出九门。”为鸟兽方孚乳,伤之逆天时也。兽罟曰罝罘,鸟罟曰罗,罔小而柄长谓之毕,翳,射者所以自隐也。凡诸罟及毒药,禁其出九门,明其常有,时不得用耳。天子九门者,路门也。应门也。雉门也。库门也。?门也。城门也。近郊门也。远郊门也。关门也。今《月令》无“罘”,“翳”为“弋”。
○罝,子斜反(fan)。罘音浮。翳,於计(ji)反(fan)。餧,於伪反(fan)。罟(gu)音古。弋,羊职(zhi)反(fan)。
[疏]注“广平”至“有路”。
○正义曰:广平曰原,《尔雅·释地》文。云“国也,邑也,平野也,沟渎与道路皆不得不通”者,言国也解经中国,邑也解经中邑,平野也解经中原野,以其各是一物,故每以也结之。沟渎道路,各两事共为一句,故云“沟渎与道路”总结之。不云隄防者,以云不得不通,隄防非可通之物,故郑不言之。云“古者沟上有路”者,此既为雨决水,而云开通道路,恐道路非决之物,故云“沟上有路”。言道达沟渎之时,须脩此沟上道路。按《周礼·遂人职》云:“沟上有畛,川上有路。”此言沟上有路者,是道路之总,名与彼别也。
○“毋出九门”。
○正义曰:谓此月非田猎之时,其罝罘、罗网、毕翳之器及餧兽之药,毋得出於九门。若路门内有者,不得出路门。应门内有者,不得出应门。举此可知城门内有者,不得出城门,既不得出城门,则近郊之内,无所用也。若近郊之内先有者,不得出近郊之门,近郊之门尚不得出,则近郊之内虽有,亦不得用也。举此而言,远郊关门亦可知。是此月之时,所在之处,远近皆不得用,故云“毋出九门”。
○注“兽罟”至“为弋”。
○正义曰(yue):按《尔(er)雅》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“兔罟(gu)(gu)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罝。”郭景纯云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“罝犹遮(zhe)也。”是(shi)(shi)罝为兽(shou)罟(gu)(gu)。知罘亦兽(shou)罟(gu)(gu)者(zhe),按《释器》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“罬谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罦(fu)。罦(fu),覆(fu)车也。”孙炎(yan)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“覆(fu)车是(shi)(shi)两辕网(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。”既是(shi)(shi)两辕可(ke)以(yi)(yi)网(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)鸟(niao),非(fei)但网(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)鸟(niao),亦可(ke)以(yi)(yi)网(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)兽(shou)。《广雅》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“网(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罟(gu)(gu)。罘,兔罟(gu)(gu)也。”是(shi)(shi)兽(shou)罟(gu)(gu)曰(yue)罝罘也,此(ci)罘与(yu)(yu)罦(fu)一(yi)也。“鸟(niao)罟(gu)(gu)曰(yue)罗”,《释器》文。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“网(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)小而柄长谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毕”者(zhe),以(yi)(yi)其似天上毕星,《毛诗(shi)传》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“毕所(suo)以(yi)(yi)掩兔”是(shi)(shi)也。“明其常有,时不(bu)(bu)得(de)用耳(er)”,谓(wei)此(ci)等之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物,四(si)时常有,於此(ci)季(ji)春之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,不(bu)(bu)得(de)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。按《周礼(li)·迹人》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“禁毒(du)矢射”者(zhe),乃谓(wei)四(si)时也。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“九门(men)(men)(men)(men),路门(men)(men)(men)(men)、应门(men)(men)(men)(men)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等者(zhe),自路门(men)(men)(men)(men)、皋门(men)(men)(men)(men)已(yi)内皆宫(gong)(gong)室(shi)(shi)所(suo)在,非(fei)田(tian)猎(lie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处(chu),亦禁罗网(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、毒(du)药(yao)不(bu)(bu)得(de)出者(zhe),此(ci)等门(men)(men)(men)(men)内虽是(shi)(shi)宫(gong)(gong)室(shi)(shi)所(suo)在,亦有林(lin)苑及空(kong)间之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处(chu),得(de)有罗网(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)及毒(du)药(yao)所(suo)施。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“今《月(yue)令(ling)(ling)》无(wu)罘,翳为弋(yi)”者(zhe),以(yi)(yi)今《月(yue)令(ling)(ling)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“田(tian)猎(lie)罝罗网(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)毕弋(yi)”,与(yu)(yu)此(ci)经不(bu)(bu)同。
是月也,命野虞无伐桑柘。爱蚕食也。野虞,谓主田及山林之官。
○柘,之夜反。鸣鸠拂其羽,戴胜降于桑。蚕将生之候也。鸣鸠飞且翼相击,趍农急也。戴胜,织纴之鸟,是时恒在桑。言降者,若时始自天来,重之也。
○戴音带,注同,本亦作载;戴胜,鸟名。纴,女今反。具曲、植、籧、筐,时所以养蚕器也。曲,薄也。植,槌也。
○植,直吏反。籧筐,居吕反,亦作筥;下丘狂反。方曰筐,圆曰筥。槌,直追反,又直类反,又丈伪反。后妃齐戒,亲东乡躬桑,禁妇女毋观,省妇使,以劝蚕事。后妃亲采桑,示帅先天下也。东乡者,乡时气也。是明其不常留养蚕也。留养者,所卜夫人与世妇。妇谓世妇及诸臣之妻也。《内宰职》曰:“仲春,诏后帅外内命妇始蚕于北郊。”女,外内子女也。《夏小正》曰:“妾子始蚕,执养宫事。”毋观,去容饰也。妇使,缝绵组紃之事。乡,许亮反,注同。观,古唤反,注同。省,所景反。去,起吕反。线,息贱反。组音祖。紃音旬。蚕事既登,分茧称丝效功,以共郊庙之服,无有敢惰。登,成也。敕往蚕者,蚕毕将课功,以劝戒之。
○茧,古典(dian)反。效,户教反。共音(yin)恭。惰,徒卧反。
[疏]注“鸣鸠飞”至“之鸟”。
○正义曰:“鸠鸣且翼相击”者,按《释鸟》云:“鶌鸠,鹘鸼。”郭景纯云:“鶌音九物反。鸼音嘲。鹘鸼似山鹊而小,青黑色,短尾多声。”孙炎云:“鹘鸼,一名鸣鸠,《月令》云‘鸣鸠拂其羽’,是也。”云“戴胜,织纴之鸟”者,按《释鸟》云:“<皂鸟>鴔,戴鵀。”郭景纯云:“鵀即头上胜,今亦呼为戴胜。”李巡云:“戴胜,一名鸱鸠。”孙炎云“鸤鸠,自关而东谓之戴鵀”,非也。
○注“曲,薄也。植,槌也”。
○正义曰:按《方言》云:“宋、魏、陈、江淮之间谓之曲,或谓之麹,自关而西谓之薄。”故云曲薄。《方言》注:“槌,县蚕薄柱也”,“宋、魏、陈、楚、江淮之间谓之植,自关而西谓之槌,齐谓之牂。”
○注“东乡”至“之事”。
○正义曰:若寻常留养蚕,或东西南北面无所在。今后惟东面采桑,明知不常留养蚕也,暂示法而巳。“留养者所卜夫人与世妇”者,按《祭义》云“卜三宫之夫人世妇之吉者使蚕”,是常留养蚕也。《祭义》又云夫人“副祎而受之”,言副祎则据王后,言三宫夫人则似据诸侯,不同者,《祭义》所云,杂明天子诸侯之法,副祎据王后,上公夫人亦副祎也。三宫夫人据诸侯,亦得通王之三夫人也。云“妇谓世妇及诸臣之妻也”者,释经中妇字。知不兼三夫人九嫔者,以经云“禁妇女毋观”,则尊者不应在禁限,故知毋夫人与嫔也。及女御亦当在焉,特云世妇者,以《祭义》云“世妇之吉”者,故特言之。引《内宰职》“蚕于北郊”者,证躬桑之事。按此经是季春躬桑,《内宰》云仲春者,以仲春既帅命妇躬桑浴种,至季春又更躬桑浴蚕也。故熊氏云:“案马质注云:蚕为龙精,月直大火,则浴其种。”是二月浴种也。《祭义》云“大昕之朝”,“奉种浴于川”,注云“大昕,季春朔日”,是三月又浴蚕也。皇氏云“二月浴之,三月乃躬”,其义非也。云“女,外内子女”者,解经中女字。外子女,谓王外姓甥之女者。内子女者,王之同姓子女,则《周礼》之外宗内宗,皆以嫁有爵者,故《内宰》云“帅外内命妇”,言命妇,则未出嫁者不在焉。郑注《周礼》士妻亦为命妇,则士妻亦在。云“《夏小正》曰‘妾子始蚕,执养宫事’”者,引之证明子女养蚕之事。皇氏云:“妾谓外内命妇,子谓外内子女。执养宫事,执,操也。养,长也。谓操持养长蚕宫之事。”云“毋观,去容饰”者,以其祭先蚕,又志在采桑养蚕,无暇为饰之事,故禁之以示法。
○注“登成”至“戒之”。
○正义曰(yue):“登,成(cheng)”,《释诂》文。以分茧称(cheng)丝(si),是课谓效其(qi)功,故(gu)云“以劝戒(jie)之”。
是月也,命工师,令百工,审五库之量,金、铁、皮、革、筋、角、齿、羽、箭、幹、脂、胶、丹、漆,毋或不良。工师,司空之属官也。五库,藏此诸物之舍也。量谓物善恶之旧法也。幹,器之木也。凡輮幹有当用脂。良,善也。
○量音亮,注同。筋音斤。幹,古旦反。輮,如九反。
[疏]注“工师”至“善也”。
○正义(yi)曰:《周(zhou)礼·考工记》无工师,知是司空(kong)(kong)官者,以(yi)司空(kong)(kong)掌(zhang)工巧,此(ci)称(cheng)工巧师长(zhang),故(gu)(gu)知司空(kong)(kong)之(zhi)(zhi)属。云(yun)“量(liang)谓(wei)物善恶(e)之(zhi)(zhi)旧法”者,言此(ci)等之(zhi)(zhi)物,善恶(e)先有旧法,当审察之(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)云(yun)“审五库(ku)(ku)(ku)之(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)”。五库(ku)(ku)(ku)者,熊氏云(yun):“各(ge)以(yi)类相从(cong),金铁为一库(ku)(ku)(ku),皮革筋(jin)为一库(ku)(ku)(ku),角齿为一库(ku)(ku)(ku),羽箭幹(gan)(gan)(gan)为一库(ku)(ku)(ku),脂胶丹漆为一库(ku)(ku)(ku)。”义(yi)或然。云(yun)“幹(gan)(gan)(gan),器(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)木”者,按《周(zhou)礼·弓(gong)人》掌(zhang)作弓(gong),云(yun)“凡(fan)折(zhe)幹(gan)(gan)(gan)”,故(gu)(gu)知幹(gan)(gan)(gan),弓(gong)幹(gan)(gan)(gan)。此(ci)则总论材幹(gan)(gan)(gan),不独(du)指弓(gong),但器(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)材朴,总谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)幹(gan)(gan)(gan),故(gu)(gu)云(yun)“幹(gan)(gan)(gan),器(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)木”。
百工咸理,监工日号:“毋悖于时,毋或作为淫巧,以荡上心。”咸,皆也。於百工皆理治其事之时,工师则监之,日号令之,戒之以此二事也。悖犹逆也。百工作器物各有时,逆之则不善。时者,若《弓人》“春液角,夏治筋,秋合三材,冬定体”之属也。淫巧,谓伪饰不如法也。荡,谓动之使生奢泰也。今《月今》无“于时”,“作为”为“诈伪”。
○监,古衔反,注同(tong)。悖,必内反。巧如(ru)字(zi),又苦孝反,注同(tong)。液(ye)音亦。
[疏]“百工”至“荡上心”。
○正义曰:言於此之时天气和適百工造作器物,当依百工皆治理其事之时,监工之官,日日号令之,言造作器物,当依气序,无得悖逆於时,使物不牢故;又所作器物,当依旧常,无得有作淫过巧妙,以荡动在上,使生奢泰之心者。
○注“若弓”至“诈伪”。
○正(zheng)义曰:按《考工记(ji)·弓人》云(yun)“春液角(jiao)”,言春时先浸液其角(jiao),豫和濡,筋柔於角(jiao),故於夏暑(shu)湿之时,始(shi)治筋。“秋合(he)三材”者,秋时阴(yin)阳气(qi)调(diao),合(he)胶漆丝之三材,角(jiao)在(zai)内面,筋在(zai)外面,幹(gan)在(zai)中。“冬(dong)定体”者,谓往来之体,冬(dong)气(qi)凝寒,物皆牢实,故内之檠中,使弓体坚(jian)强。云(yun)“之属(shu)”者,用时非一,故云(yun)“之属(shu)”。《考工记(ji)》“石有(you)时以(yi)泐,水有(you)时以(yi)凝”,又云(yun)“材美(mei)工巧,然而(er)不(bu)良,则不(bu)时”是(shi)也。
是月之(zhi)(zhi)末(mo),择吉日,大(da)合乐(le)。天子乃率三公、九卿、诸侯、大(da)夫,亲(qin)往视之(zhi)(zhi)。大(da)合乐(le)者,所以(yi)(yi)助阳达(da)物(wu),风(feng)化天下也。其(qi)礼(li)亡,今天子以(yi)(yi)大(da)射(she)、郡(jun)国以(yi)(yi)乡射(she)礼(li)代之(zhi)(zhi)。
是月也,乃合累牛腾马,游牝于牧。累、腾,皆乘匹之名,是月所合牛马,谓系在厩者,其牝欲游,则就牧之牡而合之。
○累,力追反,注同。腾,大登反。牝,毗忍反,徐扶死反。乘,绳证反。厩,居又反。牺牲、驹、犊,举书其数。以在牧而校数书之,明出时无他故,至秋当录内,且以知生息之多少也。
○数,所主反。
[疏]“乃合”至“其数”。正义曰:累牛,谓相累之牛。腾马,相腾逐之马,以季春阳将盛,物皆产乳,故合此所累之牛,相腾之马,故游此系牧之牝於牧田之中,就牡而合之。其在厩牝马,须拟乘用者,则不放之。
○“牺牲、驹、犊,举书(shu)其(qi)(qi)数(shu)”者(zhe)(zhe),既(ji)游牝於牧(mu)之后,畜皆(jie)在(zai)野,所(suo)有牺牲及小马之驹,小牛之犊,皆(jie)书(shu)其(qi)(qi)见在(zai)之数(shu)。所(suo)以(yi)然者(zhe)(zhe),至秋(qiu)畜产入时,知其(qi)(qi)旧数(shu)不欠少以(yi)否,又(you)旧数(shu)之外(wai),知其(qi)(qi)生息多少。
命国难,九门磔攘,以毕春气。此难,难阴气也。阴寒至此不止,害将及人。所以及人者,阴气右行,此月之中,日行历昴,昴有大陵积尸之气,气佚则厉鬼随而出行,命方相氏帅百隶素室殴疫以逐之,又磔牲以攘於四方之神,所以毕止其灾也。《王居明堂礼》曰:“季春出疫于郊,以攘春气。”
○难,乃多反(fan)(fan),后及注同。磔,竹伯(bo)反(fan)(fan)。禳,本又作攘,如(ru)羊反(fan)(fan)。佚音逸,后同。索(suo),所(suo)白反(fan)(fan)。殴疫,丘于(yu)反(fan)(fan)。
[疏]注“此难”至“春气”。
○正义曰(yue):以季(ji)(ji)春恐有(you)(you)难(nan)(nan)(nan)阳气(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)嫌,故云(yun)“难(nan)(nan)(nan),难(nan)(nan)(nan)阴气(qi)(qi)也”。云(yun)“阴气(qi)(qi)右(you)行(xing),此月(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),日(ri)(ri)行(xing)历(li)昴,昴有(you)(you)大(da)陵积尸(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)气(qi)(qi)”者,天气(qi)(qi)左转(zhuan),故斗建左行(xing),谓之(zhi)(zhi)阳气(qi)(qi),日(ri)(ri)月(yue)右(you)行(xing),日(ri)(ri)月(yue)北(bei)(bei)天为阴,故云(yun)“阴气(qi)(qi)右(you)行(xing)”。以此月(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)初,日(ri)(ri)在於胃(wei);此月(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),从胃(wei)历(li)昴。云(yun)“有(you)(you)大(da)陵积尸(shi)”者,《元命(ming)包(bao)》云(yun)“大(da)陵主尸(shi)”。熊氏引《石氏星经》:“大(da)陵入(ru)星,在胃(wei)北(bei)(bei),主死丧。”云(yun)“方相(xiang)氏帅(shuai)百隶索室殴疫以逐之(zhi)(zhi)”者,按《方相(xiang)氏》云(yun):“帅(shuai)百隶而时(shi)难(nan)(nan)(nan),以索室殴疫。”郑注云(yun):“时(shi)难(nan)(nan)(nan)谓四(si)时(shi)难(nan)(nan)(nan)。”引《月(yue)令(ling)》季(ji)(ji)冬“命(ming)国难(nan)(nan)(nan)”,故知於时(shi)命(ming)方相(xiang)氏也。引“《王居明堂礼(li)》曰(yue)”以下者,证(zheng)季(ji)(ji)春国难(nan)(nan)(nan)之(zhi)(zhi)事。
季春行冬令,则寒气时发,草木皆肃,丑之气乘之也。肃谓枝叶缩栗。国有大恐。以水讹相惊。
○恐,丘勇反。
[疏]“季春”至“大恐”。
○正义曰:寒气时发,天灾也。草木皆肃,地灾也。国有大恐,人灾也。
○注“肃谓枝叶缩栗”。
○正义曰:按《诗》“九月肃霜”,肃谓严肃,故云肃缩栗,言枝叶减缩而急栗。
○注“以水讹相惊”。
○正义曰:按孟(meng)(meng)春(chun)国时有恐(kong),注云(yun)“以(yi)火讹相(xiang)惊”,知此是水(shui)(shui)者(zhe),以(yi)上“孟(meng)(meng)春(chun)行夏令”,故(gu)为“火讹”。此“季春(chun)行冬令”,故(gu)云(yun)“水(shui)(shui)讹”。虽初讹言相(xiang)惊,水(shui)(shui)竟不至。所以(yi)然者(zhe),以(yi)冬气来(lai)乘(cheng),水(shui)(shui)欲来(lai)至。以(yi)季春(chun)是土,上能制水(shui)(shui),故(gu)知水(shui)(shui)不来(lai)。
行夏令,则民多疾疫,时雨不降,未之气乘之也。六月宿直鬼,鬼为天尸,时又有暑也。山林不收。高者於热也。
○,呼旱反(fan),又呼旦反(fan)。
[疏]“民多”至“不收”。
○正义曰(yue):民多疾疫,人灾也。时(shi)雨不降,天灾也。山陵不收,地灾也。
行秋令,则天多沈阴,淫雨蚤降,戌之气乘之也。九月多阴。淫,霖也。雨三日以上为霖。今《月令》曰“众雨”。
○蚤音(yin)早。兵(bing)革并起。阴气(qi)胜(sheng)也。
[疏]“天多”至“并起”。
○正义曰:天多沈阴,淫雨早降,并天灾也。兵革并起,人灾也。
○注“淫霖”至“为霖”。
○正义(yi)曰:“雨三日以上为霖”,隐公九年《左传》文(wen)。
孟夏之月,日在毕,昏翼中,旦婺女中。孟夏者,日月会於实沉,而斗建巳之辰。
○婺音婺。
[疏]“孟夏”至“女中”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):《茸艹历(li)》:“四(si)月(yue)(yue)节(jie),日(ri)在(zai)毕十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)度(du)(du)(du),昏(hun)轸(zhen)四(si)度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),去日(ri)二(er)(er)百(bai)一(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)度(du)(du)(du),旦(dan)虚三(san)度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。四(si)月(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),日(ri)在(zai)井初度(du)(du)(du),昏(hun)角六(liu)度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),去日(ri)一(yi)百(bai)一(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)七度(du)(du)(du),旦(dan)危六(liu)度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。”按《元(yuan)嘉(jia)历(li)》:“四(si)月(yue)(yue)节(jie),日(ri)在(zai)昴十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)度(du)(du)(du),昏(hun)翼(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),旦(dan)女三(san)度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。四(si)月(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),日(ri)在(zai)毕十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)度(du)(du)(du),昏(hun)轸(zhen)十(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),旦(dan)虚九(jiu)度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。”“日(ri)在(zai)毕”者,按《律历(li)志》立夏日(ri)在(zai)毕十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)度(du)(du)(du)。“昏(hun)翼(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”者,日(ri)既在(zai)毕十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)度(du)(du)(du),毕有十(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)度(du)(du)(du)而终,则(ze)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)取五(wu)度(du)(du)(du),觜二(er)(er)度(du)(du)(du),参九(jiu)度(du)(du)(du),井三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)度(du)(du)(du),鬼(gui)四(si)度(du)(du)(du),柳十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)度(du)(du)(du),七星(xing)(xing)七度(du)(du)(du),张十(shi)(shi)(shi)八度(du)(du)(du),计从毕十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)度(du)(du)(du)至翼(yi)(yi)初,总九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)度(du)(du)(du),言春三(san)月(yue)(yue)之(zhi)时(shi),昏(hun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)星(xing)(xing)九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八度(du)(du)(du)。四(si)月(yue)(yue)日(ri)渐(jian)长(zhang),校三(san)月(yue)(yue)三(san)刻,则(ze)昏(hun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)星(xing)(xing)去日(ri)多(duo)校一(yi)刻半馀;以度(du)(du)(du)言之(zhi),则(ze)校五(wu)度(du)(du)(du)。则(ze)四(si)月(yue)(yue)昏(hun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)星(xing)(xing),去日(ri)合有一(yi)百(bai)二(er)(er)度(du)(du)(du),计翼(yi)(yi)星(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)时(shi),当在(zai)翼(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)度(du)(du)(du)也。
其日丙丁。丙之言炳也。日之行,夏南从赤道,长幼茯物,月为之佐。时万物皆炳然著见而强大,又因以为日名焉。《易》曰:“齐乎巽,相见乎离。”
○炳音丙。长,丁丈反,此月内除“律长”,“长大”、“继长”皆同。著见,贤遍反。其帝炎帝,其神祝融。此赤精之君,火官之臣,自古以来,著德立功者也。炎帝,大庭氏也。祝融,颛顼氏之子曰黎,为火官。
○炎,丁廉反;炎帝,神农也。颛顼,上音专,下音最。其虫羽。象物从风鼓翼,飞鸟之属。其音徵,三分宫去一以生徵,徵数五十四。属火者,以其微清,事之象也。夏气和则徵声调。《乐记》曰:“徵乱则哀,其事勤。”
○徵,张里反,后放此。去,记吕反。
○律中中吕。孟夏气至,则中吕之律应。中吕者,无射之所生,三分益一,律长六寸万九千六百八十三分寸之万二千九百七十四。《周语》曰:“中吕,宣中气。”
○中吕音仲,又如字。射音亦。其数七。火生数二,成数七。但言七者,亦举其成数。其味苦,其臭焦。火之臭味也。凡苦焦者皆属焉。
○焦,子遥反。其祀灶,祭先肺。夏阳气盛,热於外,祀之於灶,从热类也。祀之先祭肺者,阳位在上,肺亦在上,肺为尊也。灶在庙门外之东,祀灶之礼,先席於门之奥,东面,设主于灶陉,乃制肺及心肝为俎,奠于主西。又设盛于俎南,亦祭黍三,祭肺、心、肝各一,祭醴三。亦既祭彻之,更陈鼎俎,设馔于筵前。迎尸如祀户之礼。
○肺(fei),芳(fang)废(fei)反(fan)。陉音(yin)刑。
[疏]注“《易》曰”至“乎离”。
○正义曰:引《易》者,证丙丁是著明之义。此《易·说卦》文。
○注“炎帝”至“火官”。
○正义曰:何胤云:“《春秋说》云:炎帝号大庭氏,下为地皇,作耒耜,播百穀,曰神农也。”云“犁为火官”者,按昭二十九年《左传》云:“颛顼氏有子曰犁,为祝融。”杜注云:“祝融,明貌。”
○注“三分”至“事勤”。
○正义曰:“三分宫去一以生徵“者,宫数八十一,三分分之各二十七,去二十七,馀有五十四,故”徵数五十四”也。云“属火者,以其徵清,事之象”者,清者,数少为清,羽数最少为极清,徵数次少为微清,徵於清浊为第四,事於尊卑亦为䴗四,故云“事之象”。引“《乐记》”者,证为事也。
○注“中吕”至“中气”。
○正义曰:无射之律,长四寸六千五百六十一分寸之六千五百二十四,三分益一以生中吕,於无射四寸之内,取三寸益一寸为四寸,馀有整寸一,又有六千五百六十一分寸之六千五百二十四,以六千五百六十一各三分之,则一寸分为一万九千六百八十三分也。六千五百二十四分各三分之,则为一万九千五百七十二,又整一寸分为一万九千六百八十三,并之总为茸茯九千二百五十五也。更三分之,一分有一万三千八十五,上生者三分益一,以一万三千八十五益上之数,总为五万二千三百四十,为积分之数,然后除之为寸,一寸除一万九千六百八十三,则二寸除二万九千三百六十六,为二寸,通前为六寸,馀有一万二千九百七十四不成寸,是中吕长六十万九千六百八十三分寸之万二千九百七十四也。
○注“灶在”至“之礼”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):知“灶(zao)(zao)在(zai)(zai)庙门(men)外之(zhi)(zhi)东(dong)(dong)”者(zhe)(zhe),按《少牢》及(ji)《特牲礼(li)(li)(li)》,皆(jie)灶(zao)(zao)在(zai)(zai)庙门(men)外之(zhi)(zhi)东(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)面北上(shang)。云(yun)“祀(si)灶(zao)(zao)之(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)”以(yi)下(xia),皆(jie)逸《中(zhong)霤礼(li)(li)(li)》文。云(yun)“先(xian)席於(wu)(wu)门(men)之(zhi)(zhi)奥(ao)(ao)”,谓庙门(men)外西(xi)(xi)室(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)奥(ao)(ao),以(yi)神(shen)位(wei)在(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi),故知在(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi)室(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)奥(ao)(ao);以(yi)祀(si)户(hu)(hu)在(zai)(zai)户(hu)(hu)内,故祭(ji)在(zai)(zai)庙室(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)奥(ao)(ao);祀(si)灶(zao)(zao)在(zai)(zai)门(men)外,故设(she)主(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)(zai)门(men)室(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)奥(ao)(ao),各从(cong)其(qi)义(yi)。云(yun)“东(dong)(dong)面设(she)主(zhu)(zhu)於(wu)(wu)灶(zao)(zao)陉”者(zhe)(zhe),谓设(she)主(zhu)(zhu)人东(dong)(dong)面也(ye)。灶(zao)(zao)陉谓灶(zao)(zao)边承器之(zhi)(zhi)物,以(yi)土(tu)为(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)。云(yun)“乃制肺(fei)(fei)及(ji)心肝(gan)(gan)为(wei)(wei)俎(zu),奠於(wu)(wu)主(zhu)(zhu)西(xi)(xi)”者(zhe)(zhe),制谓截割,心肝(gan)(gan)皆(jie)鬲上(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)物,故从(cong)肺(fei)(fei)类俱(ju)置(zhi)俎(zu)上(shang),奠此(ci)俎(zu)於(wu)(wu)主(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)西(xi)(xi),此(ci)主(zhu)(zhu)位(wei)西(xi)(xi)向,故置(zhi)俎(zu)在(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi)而对(dui)主(zhu)(zhu)也(ye)。云(yun)“又设(she)盛于(yu)俎(zu)南”者(zhe)(zhe),盛谓黍(shu)(shu)稷(ji)盛之(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)(wu)簋,皇(huang)氏以(yi)为(wei)(wei)此(ci)祭(ji)老妇盛於(wu)(wu)盆(pen),非其(qi)义(yi)也(ye)。云(yun)“亦(yi)祭(ji)黍(shu)(shu)三(san),祭(ji)肺(fei)(fei)心肝(gan)(gan)各一,祭(ji)醴三(san)”者(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)上(shang)祀(si)户(hu)(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)礼(li)(li)(li)。祭(ji)必(bi)三(san)者(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)礼(li)(li)(li)成於(wu)(wu)三(san)故也(ye)。上(shang)祀(si)户(hu)(hu)云(yun)“祭(ji)肉三(san),肺(fei)(fei)一肾(shen)再”,此(ci)云(yun)“祭(ji)肺(fei)(fei)、心、肝(gan)(gan)各一”,亦(yi)为(wei)(wei)肉祭(ji)三(san)也(ye)。此(ci)醴实(shi)於(wu)(wu)尊,祭(ji)三(san)者(zhe)(zhe),始扱(xi)一祭(ji),又扱(xi)再祭(ji)。云(yun)“既祭(ji)彻之(zhi)(zhi),更(geng)陈(chen)(chen)鼎俎(zu),设(she)馔于(yu)筵前”者(zhe)(zhe),筵前谓初设(she)庙室(shi)奥(ao)(ao)之(zhi)(zhi)筵前,准特牲少牢,鼎当陈(chen)(chen)於(wu)(wu)庙门(men)室(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)前,稍东(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)向。执俎(zu)者(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)俎(zu)就鼎,载肉入设(she)於(wu)(wu)筵前,在(zai)(zai)菹醢之(zhi)(zhi)东(dong)(dong),其(qi)黍(shu)(shu)稷(ji)等设(she)於(wu)(wu)俎(zu)南北,唯云(yun)祭(ji)黍(shu)(shu),或无稷(ji)也(ye)。此(ci)配灶(zao)(zao)神(shen)而祭(ji)者(zhe)(zhe),是先(xian)炊之(zhi)(zhi)人。《礼(li)(li)(li)器》云(yun):“灶(zao)(zao)者(zhe)(zhe)老妇之(zhi)(zhi)祭(ji)。”
蝼蝈鸣,蚯蚓出,王瓜生,苦菜秀。皆记时候也。蝼蝈,蛙也。王瓜,萆挈也。今《月令》云“王萯生”,《夏小正》云“王萯秀”,未闻孰是。
○蝼音楼。蝈(guo),古(gu)获反(fan)(fan)(fan),蝼蝈(guo),蛙也(ye);蔡云:“蝼,蝼蛄(gu)。蝈(guo),蛙也(ye)。”蛙,乌(wu)蜗反(fan)(fan)(fan),即(ji)虾(xia)蟆也(ye)。蚓,以忍反(fan)(fan)(fan)。萆挈,上(shang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)八(ba)反(fan)(fan)(fan),下起八(ba)反(fan)(fan)(fan)。萯,戾九反(fan)(fan)(fan)。
[疏]注“蝼蝈”至“孰是”。
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue):按(an)《周礼·蝈氏》郑司农注(zhu)云(yun)(yun)“蝈,虾蟆”,玄谓蝈,今(jin)御所食蛙也(ye)(ye)。李巡注(zhu)《尔雅》“蟾诸(zhu),虾蟆也(ye)(ye)”。“王瓜,萆挈(qie)”者,《本草》文。“今(jin)《月(yue)令(ling)》‘王萯(fu)(fu)生(sheng)(sheng)’”者,此(ci)云(yun)(yun)“王瓜生(sheng)(sheng)”,今(jin)《月(yue)令(ling)》“王萯(fu)(fu)生(sheng)(sheng)”,疑(yi)(yi)“王萯(fu)(fu)”则(ze)“王瓜”也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“《夏小正(zheng)》云(yun)(yun)‘王萯(fu)(fu)秀(xiu)’,未闻孰(shu)是(shi)”者,今(jin)《月(yue)令(ling)》既(ji)云(yun)(yun)“王萯(fu)(fu)生(sheng)(sheng)”,《小正(zheng)》又云(yun)(yun)“王萯(fu)(fu)秀(xiu)”,故郑以为(wei)疑(yi)(yi)。云(yun)(yun)“未闻孰(shu)是(shi)“,未闻孰(shu)是(shi)凡有二(er)意,一疑(yi)(yi)“王瓜”是(shi)“王萯(fu)(fu)”以否,二(er)疑(yi)(yi)“生(sheng)(sheng)”之与“秀(xiu)”,其文不一,故云(yun)(yun)“未闻孰(shu)是(shi)”。此(ci)物记时(shi)先生(sheng)(sheng)者在(zai)月(yue)初,后者在(zai)月(yue)末,以次(ci)相配,馀皆仿(fang)此(ci)。
天子居明堂左个,乘朱路,驾赤緌,载赤旂,衣朱衣,服赤玉,食菽与鸡,其器高以粗。明堂左个,大寝南堂东偏也。菽实孚甲坚合,属水。鸡,木畜,时热食之,亦以安性也。粗犹大也。器高大者,象物盛长。
○骝音(yin)留,本(ben)又(you)作榴。菽(shu),本(ben)又(you)作叔,音(yin)同。粗,七奴反(fan)。畜,许又(you)反(fan),下“水畜”同。
[疏]“乘朱路,驾赤緌”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):路(lu)与服(fu)言朱(zhu)(zhu),緌(rui)与旂及玉(yu)言赤(chi)者(zhe),色浅曰(yue)赤(chi),色深曰(yue)朱(zhu)(zhu)。路(lu)与衣服(fu)人功所为,染必色深,故云(yun)朱(zhu)(zhu)。玉(yu)与緌(rui)马,自然之性,皆(jie)不(bu)可色深,故云(yun)赤(chi)。旌旂虽人功所为,染之不(bu)须色深,故亦(yi)云(yun)赤(chi)。按《诗传》:“天(tian)子纯朱(zhu)(zhu),诸侯黄朱(zhu)(zhu)。”又郑注《仪礼》云(yun):“朱(zhu)(zhu)则四入与。”是朱(zhu)(zhu)深於赤(chi)也。
是月也,以立夏,先立夏三日,大史谒之天子曰:“某日立夏,盛德在火。”天子乃齐。谒,告也。
○先,悉荐反。立夏之日,天子亲帅三公、九卿、大夫,以迎夏於南郊,还反,行赏,封诸侯,庆赐遂行,无不欣说。迎夏,祭赤帝赤熛怒於南郊之兆也。不言帅诸侯,而云封诸侯,诸侯时或无在京师者,空其文也。《祭统》曰:“古者於禘也,发爵赐服,顺阳义也。於尝也,出田邑,发秋政,顺阴义也。”今此行赏可也,而封诸侯则违於古。封诸侯,出土地之事,於时未可,似失之。
○欣(xin)说,上许斤反(fan)(fan),下音悦。熛怒,必遥反(fan)(fan),下奴(nu)故反(fan)(fan)。
[疏]注“不言”至“失之”。
○正义曰:按上(shang)迎(ying)春云(yun)(yun)“帅三(san)公九卿诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)大夫”,今此直云(yun)(yun)“三(san)公九卿大夫”,故云(yun)(yun)“不(bu)(bu)言帅诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)”。既不(bu)(bu)帅诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou),而云(yun)(yun)“封(feng)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)”,故郑(zheng)解(jie)其意(yi)云(yun)(yun):诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)当迎(ying)夏之时“或(huo)无在(zai)京(jing)师(shi)(shi)者”,故空其诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)之文。诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)既无而得封(feng)者,郑(zheng)云(yun)(yun)“或(huo)无在(zai)京(jing)师(shi)(shi)者”,言或(huo)则(ze)容有在(zai)者,故得封(feng)也(ye)(ye)。或(huo)可诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)身虽不(bu)(bu)在(zai),遥(yao)封(feng)之。皇氏以(yi)为迎(ying)时不(bu)(bu)在(zai),至还时诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)或(huo)来(lai),故得封(feng)也(ye)(ye)。然迎(ying)夏往反暂时之事,不(bu)(bu)应(ying)迎(ying)时未到,还时则(ze)来(lai),非其义也(ye)(ye)。引(yin)“《祭统(tong)》”以(yi)下,证夏时未可封(feng)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou),故云(yun)(yun)“今此行赏可也(ye)(ye),而封(feng)诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)则(ze)违(wei)於古”也(ye)(ye)。
乃命乐师,习合礼乐。为将饮酎。
○为,于伪反,下“为逆”、“为妨”、“为伤”,下文“为天子”皆同。酎,直又反,重酿之酒。命太尉赞桀俊,遂贤良,举长大。助长气也。赞犹出也。桀俊,能者也。遂犹进也。茸荃之官有司马,无大尉,秦官则有大尉。今俗人皆云周公作《月令》,未通於古。
○长大,如字,下“继长”同,或丁丈反,非也。行爵出禄,必当其位。使顺之也。
○当,丁浪反。是月也,继长增高。谓草木盛蕃庑。
○蕃庑,音烦;下亡甫反,下同。毋有坏堕,亦为逆时气。
○坏音怪,注同。堕,许规反,又作隳,下注同。毋起土功,毋发大众,为妨蚕农之事。毋伐大树。亦为逆时气。是月也,天子始絺,初服暑服。
○絺,敕其反。命野虞出行田原,为天子劳农劝民,毋或失时。重敕之。
○行,下孟反,下同。劳,力报反。。
○命司徒巡行县鄙,命农勉作,毋休于都。急趍於农也。县鄙,乡遂之属,主民者也。《王居明堂礼》曰:“毋宿于国。”今《月令》“休”为“伏”。是月也,驱兽毋害五穀,毋大田猎。为伤蕃庑之气。农乃登麦,天子乃以彘尝麦,先荐寝庙。登,进也。麦之新气尢盛,以彘食之,散其热也。彘,水畜。是月也,聚畜百药。蕃庑之时,毒气盛。
○畜,丑六反,又许六反。靡草死,麦秋至,断薄刑,决小罪,旧说云靡草,荠亭历之属。《祭统》曰“草艾则墨”,谓立秋后也。刑无轻於墨者,今以纯阳之月,断刑决罪,与毋有坏堕自相违,似非。
○断(duan),丁乱反(fan),注同。荠(ji),才(cai)礼反(fan)。艾,鱼废(fei)反(fan),后(hou)皆(jie)同。出轻系(xi)。崇宽(kuan)。
[疏]“乃命乐师,习合礼乐”。
○正义曰:不云“是月”者,以承上是月立夏之文也。至“行爵出禄,必当其位”,皆立夏之日处分之所为,犹如立春之后云命相布德施惠,皆同时之事,故不云“是月也”。
○自“继长增高”至“毋伐大树”,论顺时生养,不违逆时气,事异於上,故言“是月也”。
○自“天子始絺”至“毋休於都”,论天子初服暑服,为劳农之时,亦事异於前,故复言“是月”。
○自“驱兽”至“寝庙”,论生长五穀,麦成荐寝庙,其事相类,是事异於上,故更言“是月”。
○自“聚畜百药”至“出轻系”,论热毒方盛,可以聚蓄百药,断决小罪。因断之时,崇尚宽恕,事异於前,故言“是月”。蚕事既毕,不言“是月”者,以季春养蚕,孟夏始了,非一月之事,故不言“是月”。“天子饮酎”,事之大者,又异於前,故言“是月”。
○注“赞犹”至“於古”。
○正义曰:赞是赞佐之义,故云出。桀俊,或未仕沉滞者,故云出。贤良,或职卑位下,故云遂。贤良谓有德行,桀俊谓多才艺,故郑注《乡大夫职》云“贤者,有德行者;能者,有道艺者”。蔡氏引《辩名记》曰“十人曰选,倍选曰俊,万人曰杰”,《尹文子》及《毛诗传》皆云“万人为英”,异人之说故不同。云“茸荃之官有司马,无大尉”者,按《书传》有司马公、司徒公、司空公,领三卿,此夏制也;按《曲礼下》云司徒、司马、司空、司士、司寇,此殷制也;《周礼》则有夏官司马:是茸荃有司马,无大尉。按《中候握河纪》云“舜为太尉”,此尧时置之,茸荃不置也。云“秦官则有大尉”者,按《汉书·百官表》云“大尉,秦官”是也。云“今俗人皆云周公作《月令》,未通於古”者,俗人谓贾逵、马融之徒,皆云《月令》周公所作,故王肃用焉。此等未通识於古,古谓秦巳前,不知茸荃无大尉,是未通於古。经云“举长大”者,谓用长大之人,故王肃云“举形貌壮大者”。
○“继长增高”。
○正义曰:是月草木蕃庑,王者施化,当继续长养之道,谓劝民长养。增益高大之物,谓劝其种殖。
○注“县鄙,乡遂之属,主民者”。
○正义曰:按《地官·遂人职》云“五家为邻,五邻为里,四里为酂,五酂为鄙,五鄙为县”,县二千五百家,鄙五百家,是遂之属,今云“乡遂之属”。今直云遂属,举遂以包乡,故郑兼云乡也。
○注“旧说”至“似非”。
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰:靡草无文,故引(yin)旧(jiu)说以(yi)明之。葶(ting)苈之属,以(yi)其枝叶靡细(xi),故云靡草,引(yin)“《祭统》”以(yi)下者(zhe),证此月(yue)不(bu)当断薄刑,决(jue)小罪。
蚕事毕(bi),后妃(fei)献茧(jian),乃收(shou)(shou)茧(jian)税,以(yi)(yi)桑为均,贵贱长幼如(ru)一,以(yi)(yi)给郊庙(miao)之(zhi)服(fu)。后妃(fei)献茧(jian)者,内命妇(fu)献茧(jian)於后妃(fei)。收(shou)(shou)茧(jian)税者,收(shou)(shou)於外命妇(fu)。外命妇(fu)虽就(jiu)公桑蚕室(shi)而蚕,其(qi)夫亦(yi)当有(you)祭(ji)服(fu)以(yi)(yi)助(zhu)祭(ji),收(shou)(shou)以(yi)(yi)近郊之(zhi)税耳。贵贱长幼如(ru)一,国服(fu)同。
[疏]“蚕事”至“之服”。
○正义曰:天子春养蚕,此时毕了,故云“蚕事毕”。“后妃献茧”者,谓后妃受内命妇之献茧。“乃收茧税”者,谓既受内命妇献茧,乃收外命妇茧之赋税。“以桑为均”者,言收税之时,以受桑多少为赋之均齐,桑多则赋多,桑少则赋少。“贵贱长幼如一”者,贵谓公卿大夫之妻,贱谓士之妻,长幼谓妇老幼,无问贵贱长少,出之时齐同如一,皆以近郊之税十而税一也。所税之物,以供给天子郊庙之服。
○注“后妃”至“服同”。
○正义(yi)曰:“内命妇(fu)献茧(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)于后(hou)妃(fei)”者(zhe),以(yi)其经云(yun)(yun)“后(hou)妃(fei)献茧(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”,恐后(hou)妃(fei)献茧(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)於王(wang),故(gu)明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。知非(fei)后(hou)妃(fei)献茧(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)於王(wang)者(zhe),《祭(ji)(ji)义(yi)》曰“世妇(fu)卒蚕(can),奉茧(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以(yi)示於君,遂(sui)以(yi)献於夫(fu)人(ren)”,是夫(fu)人(ren)不(bu)献茧(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“收(shou)茧(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)税(shui)(shui)者(zhe),收(shou)於外命妇(fu)”者(zhe),内命妇(fu)既以(yi)献茧(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),更别(bie)云(yun)(yun)收(shou)茧(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)税(shui)(shui),故(gu)知於外命妇(fu)也(ye)(ye)。虽就公(gong)(gong)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蚕(can)室而(er)(er)蚕(can),其夫(fu)亦有(you)祭(ji)(ji)服(fu)(fu)以(yi)助(zhu)祭(ji)(ji)也(ye)(ye)。皇氏云(yun)(yun):“外命妇(fu)既就公(gong)(gong)家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)而(er)(er)养蚕(can),则茧(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)当悉输於公(gong)(gong),所(suo)以(yi)惟(wei)皆税(shui)(shui)其茧(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),馀得(de)自(zi)入(ru)者(zhe),以(yi)其夫(fu)当有(you)祭(ji)(ji)服(fu)(fu)以(yi)助(zhu)王(wang)祭(ji)(ji),故(gu)令(ling)茧(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)得(de)自(zi)入(ru)以(yi)供造(zao)也(ye)(ye)。”今谓夫(fu)助(zhu)祭(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)服(fu)(fu),当公(gong)(gong)家所(suo)为(wei),故(gu)礼再命受服(fu)(fu),言(yan)外命妇(fu)虽就公(gong)(gong)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蚕(can)室而(er)(er)蚕(can),既是官家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang),茧(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)应全入(ru)於巳。所(suo)以(yi)有(you)税(shui)(shui)者(zhe),以(yi)其夫(fu)亦当有(you)祭(ji)(ji)服(fu)(fu),官家所(suo)给,故(gu)输茧(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)税(shui)(shui)以(yi)供造(zao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),但税(shui)(shui)寡少,故(gu)云(yun)(yun)收(shou)以(yi)近(jin)郊税(shui)(shui)耳。知收(shou)以(yi)近(jin)郊税(shui)(shui)者(zhe),《载师》云(yun)(yun)“近(jin)郊十一(yi)”,公(gong)(gong)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)在国北近(jin)郊,故(gu)知收(shou)以(yi)近(jin)郊。云(yun)(yun)“贵(gui)(gui)贱(jian)(jian)长(zhang)幼如一(yi),国服(fu)(fu)同(tong)”者(zhe),按《泉(quan)府》云(yun)(yun)凡赊者(zhe)“以(yi)国服(fu)(fu)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)息”,国服(fu)(fu)谓国家贡赋服(fu)(fu)事,在上各(ge)有(you)等限,谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国服(fu)(fu)。言(yan)贵(gui)(gui)贱(jian)(jian)长(zhang)幼出(chu)茧(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)税(shui)(shui),俱以(yi)十一(yi)等限齐同(tong),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)“国服(fu)(fu)同(tong)”。其受桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang),则贵(gui)(gui)贱(jian)(jian)异(yi)也(ye)(ye),贵(gui)(gui)者(zhe)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)多,贱(jian)(jian)者(zhe)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)少,为(wei)皆计茧(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)为(wei)税(shui)(shui)十一(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)税(shui)(shui)。
是月也,天子饮酎,用礼乐。酎之言醇也,谓重酿之酒也。春酒至此始成,与群臣以礼乐饮之於朝,正尊卑也。孟冬云大饮蒸,此言用礼乐,互其文。
○醇音纯(chun)。重,直(zhi)龙反(fan),或直(zhi)用(yong)反(fan)。酿,女亮(liang)反(fan)。朝(chao),直(zhi)遥反(fan)。蒸,之承反(fan),后皆(jie)同。
[疏]注“酎(zhou)之”至“其(qi)文”。正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue):酎(zhou)音(yin)近稠(chou)(chou)。稠(chou)(chou),醴厚(hou),故(gu)为(wei)醇也。《诗·豳风》云:“为(wei)此春(chun)酒。”至此始成,以(yi)用(yong)礼(li)乐,故(gu)“饮之於(wu)(wu)朝,正(zheng)(zheng)尊卑”。故(gu)《左传》云“朝以(yi)帅(shuai)长(zhang)幼之序”,若汉尝酎(zhou),及(ji)《春(chun)秋》见於(wu)(wu)尝酎(zhou),皆谓在庙祭而(er)献(xian)酎(zhou),与此别也。“孟(meng)冬云大饮蒸,此言(yan)用(yong)礼(li)乐”,明孟(meng)冬亦用(yong)礼(li)乐,故(gu)云“互其(qi)文”。
孟夏行秋令,则苦雨数来,五穀不滋,申之气乘之也。苦雨,白露之类,时物得雨伤。
○数(shu),所角反。四鄙入保。金气为害也。鄙,界上邑。小(xiao)城曰保。
[疏]“孟夏”至“入保”。
○正(zheng)义曰:苦雨数来(lai),天灾。五穀不滋,地灾。四(si)鄙入保,人(ren)灾也。
行冬令(ling),则草木蚤枯。长日促。后乃大水,败其(qi)城郭。亥之气乘(cheng)之也。
[疏]“行冬”至“城郭”。正义曰:草木蚤枯,地(di)灾(zai)。后乃大水,败(bai)其(qi)城郭,天灾(zai)。此二句其(qi)为一事也(ye)。
行春令,则蝗虫为灾,暴风来格,寅之气乘之也。必以蝗虫为灾者,寅有启蛰之气,行於初暑,则当蛰者大出矣。格,至也。
○蝗,徐(xu)华孟反(fan),范音横(heng),《字林》音黄。秀(xiu)草(cao)不实(shi)。气(qi)更(geng)生之,不得成也。
[疏]“行春”至“不实”。
○正(zheng)义曰:蝗(huang)虫为灾,及秀草不实,地灾。暴(bao)风(feng)来格,天灾也。