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论语注疏卷十七·阳货第十七

作者:佚名 文章来源:会员上传 请你点此纠错或发表评论

●卷十(shi)七·阳货(huo)第十(shi)七

  [疏]正义(yi)曰:此篇论陪臣专恣,因明性习(xi)知愚,礼乐本末(mo),六蔽之恶,《二南》之美,君子小人为行各异(yi),今(jin)之与古,其疾不(bu)同。以前(qian)篇首章(zhang)言(yan)大夫之恶,此篇首章(zhang)记家(jia)臣之乱,尊卑之差,故以相(xiang)次也。

阳(yang)货欲(yu)见孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)见,(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“阳(yang)货,阳(yang)虎也(ye)(ye)。季氏家臣,而(er)(er)专鲁国之(zhi)政(zheng),欲(yu)见孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),使仕(shi)。”)归孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)豚。(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“欲(yu)使往(wang)谢,故(gu)遗(yi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)豚。”)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)时(shi)其(qi)(qi)亡也(ye)(ye),而(er)(er)往(wang)拜之(zhi)。遇(yu)诸涂。(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“涂,道也(ye)(ye)。於道路(lu)与(yu)相逢(feng)。”)谓(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“来!予与(yu)尔言。”曰(yue)(yue):“怀其(qi)(qi)宝而(er)(er)迷其(qi)(qi)邦,可(ke)谓(wei)仁乎?”曰(yue)(yue):“不(bu)(bu)可(ke)。”(马曰(yue)(yue):“言孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)仕(shi),是怀宝也(ye)(ye)。知(zhi)国不(bu)(bu)治而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)为政(zheng),是迷邦也(ye)(ye)。”)“好(hao)(hao)从事(shi)而(er)(er)亟失(shi)时(shi),可(ke)谓(wei)知(zhi)乎?”曰(yue)(yue):“不(bu)(bu)可(ke)。”(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“言孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)栖栖好(hao)(hao)从事(shi),而(er)(er)数不(bu)(bu)遇(yu),失(shi)时(shi),不(bu)(bu)得为有(you)知(zhi)。”)“日月(yue)逝矣(yi),岁不(bu)(bu)我与(yu)。”(马曰(yue)(yue):“年老,岁月(yue)已往(wang),当急仕(shi)。”)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“诺(nuo),吾将仕(shi)矣(yi)。”(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“以顺辞(ci)免(mian)。”)

[疏]“阳货”至“仕矣”。
  ○正义曰(yue):此(ci)章(zhang)论(lun)家(jia)臣(chen)专恣,孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)逊辞(ci)远害之(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“阳(yang)货(huo)(huo)欲(yu)见(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),阳(yang)货(huo)(huo),阳(yang)虎(hu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。盖名虎(hu),字货(huo)(huo)。为(wei)季氏(shi)家(jia)臣(chen),而(er)(er)(er)(er)专鲁(lu)国之(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng),欲(yu)见(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),将使之(zhi)(zhi)仕(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)见(jian)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),疾(ji)其(qi)(qi)家(jia)臣(chen)专政(zheng),故不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)与(yu)(yu)相(xiang)见(jian)。“归孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)豚(tun)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),归,遗(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。豚(tun),豕之(zhi)(zhi)小者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。阳(yang)货(huo)(huo)欲(yu)使孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)往(wang)谢(xie),因得从(cong)容(rong)见(jian)之(zhi)(zhi),故遗(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)豚(tun)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)时其(qi)(qi)亡而(er)(er)(er)(er)往(wang)拜(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)伺虎(hu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在家(jia)时,而(er)(er)(er)(er)往(wang)谢(xie)之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“遇(yu)诸涂(tu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),涂(tu),道也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)既至货(huo)(huo)家(jia),而(er)(er)(er)(er)反於道路,与(yu)(yu)相(xiang)逢也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“谓(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):来!予与(yu)(yu)尔言(yan)(yan)(yan)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),货(huo)(huo)呼孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),使来就(jiu)己,言(yan)(yan)(yan)我与(yu)(yu)汝有所(suo)言(yan)(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue):怀其(qi)(qi)宝而(er)(er)(er)(er)迷其(qi)(qi)邦,可(ke)谓(wei)(wei)仁(ren)乎(hu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)阳(yang)货(huo)(huo)谓(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。宝以喻道德,言(yan)(yan)(yan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)仕(shi)(shi)(shi),是怀藏其(qi)(qi)道德也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。知(zhi)国不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)治,而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)政(zheng),是使迷乱(luan)其(qi)(qi)国也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。仕(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)当拯弱(ruo)兴衰(shuai),使功被当世(shi),今尔乃(nai)怀宝迷邦,可(ke)以谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)仁(ren)乎(hu)?“曰(yue):不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)逊辞(ci),言(yan)(yan)(yan)如此(ci)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)仁(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“好(hao)从(cong)事而(er)(er)(er)(er)亟失(shi)时,可(ke)谓(wei)(wei)知(zhi)乎(hu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)亦阳(yang)货(huo)(huo)谓(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)辞(ci)。亟,数也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)栖(qi)栖(qi)好(hao)从(cong)事,而(er)(er)(er)(er)数不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)遇(yu),失(shi)时,可(ke)谓(wei)(wei)有知(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)乎(hu)?不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得为(wei)有知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue):不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)亦孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)逊辞(ci),言(yan)(yan)(yan)如此(ci)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“日月逝(shi)矣,岁不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)我与(yu)(yu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)阳(yang)货(huo)(huo)劝孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)求仕(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)辞(ci)。逝(shi),往(wang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)年者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),岁月已往(wang),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)复留待我也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),当急求仕(shi)(shi)(shi)。“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):诺。吾将仕(shi)(shi)(shi)矣”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),诺,应辞(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)知(zhi)其(qi)(qi)劝仕(shi)(shi)(shi),故应答(da)之(zhi)(zhi),言(yan)(yan)(yan)我将求仕(shi)(shi)(shi),以顺辞(ci)免去也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。

子曰:“性相近(jin)也,习相远(yuan)也。”(孔(kong)曰:“君子慎所习。”)子曰:“唯上(shang)(shang)知与(yu)下愚不(bu)移(yi)。”(孔(kong)曰:“上(shang)(shang)知不(bu)可(ke)使为恶,下愚不(bu)可(ke)使强(qiang)贤。”)

[疏]“子曰:性相近也,习相远也。子曰:唯上知与下愚不移”。
  ○正义曰:此章言(yan)君子(zi)当慎其所(suo)习也。性(xing),谓人所(suo)禀受,以生而(er)静者也,未为外物(wu)(wu)所(suo)感,则人皆相(xiang)似,是(shi)近(jin)也。既为外物(wu)(wu)所(suo)感,则习以性(xing)成。若习於(wu)善则为君子(zi),若习於(wu)恶(e)则为小人,是(shi)相(xiang)远也,故君子(zi)慎所(suo)习。然此乃(nai)是(shi)中(zhong)人耳,其性(xing)可(ke)上可(ke)下,故遇(yu)善则升,逢恶(e)则坠也。孔子(zi)又尝曰:唯上知圣人不(bu)可(ke)移之(zhi)使(shi)为恶(e),下愚之(zhi)人不(bu)可(ke)移之(zhi)使(shi)强贤。此则非(fei)如中(zhong)人性(xing)习相(xiang)近(jin)远也。

子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)武城,闻弦歌(ge)之(zhi)声(sheng)。(孔曰(yue):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)游为(wei)武城宰(zai)。”)夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)莞(guan)尔(er)而笑(xiao),(莞(guan)尔(er),小(xiao)笑(xiao)貌。)曰(yue):“割鸡焉用(yong)(yong)牛刀(dao)?”(孔曰(yue):“言(yan)(yan)治小(xiao)何(he)须用(yong)(yong)大道。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)游对(dui)曰(yue):“昔者,偃也闻诸夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):‘君子(zi)(zi)(zi)学(xue)道则爱人,小(xiao)人学(xue)道则易(yi)使也。’”(孔曰(yue):“道,谓(wei)礼(li)乐也。乐以和(he)人,人和(he)则易(yi)使。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“二(er)三(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)!(孔曰(yue):“从(cong)行者。”)偃之(zhi)言(yan)(yan)是也。前言(yan)(yan)戏之(zhi)耳。”(孔曰(yue):“戏以治小(xiao)而用(yong)(yong)大道。”)

[疏]“子之”至“之耳”。
  ○正(zheng)义曰(yue):此(ci)章论治(zhi)民(min)之(zhi)道(dao)(dao)也(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)武(wu)城(cheng),闻弦歌之(zhi)声”者(zhe)(zhe),之(zhi),也(ye)。武(wu)城(cheng),鲁邑(yi)名(ming)。时(shi)子(zi)(zi)游为武(wu)城(cheng)宰(zai),意欲以(yi)(yi)礼(li)(li)乐(le)化导於民(min),故弦歌。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)因武(wu)城(cheng),而(er)闻其(qi)声也(ye)。“夫子(zi)(zi)莞尔而(er)笑(xiao),曰(yue):割鸡焉用(yong)牛(niu)刀”者(zhe)(zhe),莞尔,小(xiao)(xiao)笑(xiao)貌。言(yan)鸡乃(nai)小(xiao)(xiao)牲,割之(zhi)当用(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)刀,何用(yong)解牛(niu)之(zhi)大(da)刀,以(yi)(yi)喻治(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)何须用(yong)大(da)道(dao)(dao)。今子(zi)(zi)游治(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)用(yong)大(da),故笑(xiao)之(zhi)。“子(zi)(zi)游对曰(yue):昔者(zhe)(zhe),偃也(ye)闻诸(zhu)夫子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):君(jun)子(zi)(zi)学(xue)道(dao)(dao)则爱人(ren)(ren),小(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)(ren)学(xue)道(dao)(dao)则易使也(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),子(zi)(zi)游见孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)笑(xiao)其(qi)治(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)用(yong)大(da),故称(cheng)名(ming)而(er)引昔闻夫子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)言(yan)以(yi)(yi)对之(zhi)。道(dao)(dao),谓礼(li)(li)乐(le)也(ye)。礼(li)(li)节人(ren)(ren)心,乐(le)和(he)人(ren)(ren)声。言(yan)若(ruo)在位君(jun)子(zi)(zi)学(xue)礼(li)(li)乐(le)则爱养下人(ren)(ren)也(ye),若(ruo)在下小(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)(ren)学(xue)礼(li)(li)乐(le)则人(ren)(ren)和(he)而(er)易使也(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):二三子(zi)(zi)”者(zhe)(zhe),呼其(qi)弟子(zi)(zi)从行者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。“偃之(zhi)言(yan)是也(ye)。前(qian)言(yan)戏之(zhi)耳”者(zhe)(zhe),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)语其(qi)从者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)子(zi)(zi)游之(zhi)说是,我前(qian)言(yan)戏之(zhi)以(yi)(yi)治(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)而(er)用(yong)大(da)道(dao)(dao),其(qi)实用(yong)大(da)是也(ye)。

公山弗(fu)扰(rao)以费畔,召(zhao),子(zi)(zi)欲往(wang)。(孔曰:“弗(fu)扰(rao)为(wei)季氏(shi)宰,与阳虎共执季桓子(zi)(zi),而(er)召(zhao)孔子(zi)(zi)。”)子(zi)(zi)路(lu)不说,曰:“末之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)已,何(he)必公山氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)?”(孔曰:“之(zhi)(zhi),也(ye)。无可(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)则止(zhi),何(he)必公山氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)。”)子(zi)(zi)曰:“夫召(zhao)我(wo)者(zhe),而(er)岂(qi)徒哉!如有用我(wo)者(zhe),吾(wu)其为(wei)东(dong)周(zhou)乎?”(兴周(zhou)道(dao)於东(dong)方,故曰东(dong)周(zhou)。)

[疏]“公山”至“周乎”。
  ○正义曰:此章论孔子欲不避乱而兴周道也。“公山弗扰以费畔,召,子欲往”者,弗扰,即《左传》公山不狃也,字子氵曳,为季氏费邑宰,与阳虎共执季桓子,据邑以畔,来召孔子,孔子欲往从之也。“子路不说,曰:末之也已,何必公山氏之之也”者,上下二“之”俱训为。末,无也。已,止也。子路以为,君子当去乱就治,今孔子乃欲就乱,故不喜说,且曰:无可也则止之,何必公山氏之也?“子曰:夫召我者,而岂徒哉!如有用我者,吾其为东周乎”者,孔子答其欲往之意也。徒,空也。言夫人召我者,岂空然哉,必将用我道也。如有用我道者,我则兴周道於东方,其使鲁为周乎!吾是以不择地而欲往也。
  ○注“弗扰为季氏宰,与阳虎共执季桓子”。
  ○正义曰:案定五年《左传》曰:“六月,季平子行(xing)(xing)东野。还,未至(zhi),丙(bing)申(shen),卒于房。阳(yang)(yang)虎将以(yi)敛,仲梁(liang)怀(huai)弗(fu)与(yu),曰:‘改步改玉。’阳(yang)(yang)虎欲逐之,告公(gong)(gong)山(shan)不狃(niu)。不狃(niu)曰:‘彼为君也,子何(he)怨焉?’既葬,桓(huan)子行(xing)(xing)东野,及(ji)费(fei)(fei)。子氵(shui)(shui)曳为费(fei)(fei)宰,逆劳於郊,桓(huan)子敬(jing)之。劳仲梁(liang)怀(huai),仲梁(liang)怀(huai)弗(fu)敬(jing)。子氵(shui)(shui)曳怒,谓(wei)阳(yang)(yang)虎:‘子行(xing)(xing)之乎(hu)?’九月,乙亥,阳(yang)(yang)虎囚季桓(huan)子。”是其事(shi)也。至(zhi)八年,又与(yu)阳(yang)(yang)虎谋(mou)杀桓(huan)子。阳(yang)(yang)虎败而(er)出。至(zhi)十二年,“季氏将堕费(fei)(fei),公(gong)(gong)山(shan)不狃(niu)、叔孙辄率费(fei)(fei)人(ren)以(yi)袭鲁(lu)。国人(ren)败诸姑蔑。二子奔齐。”

子张问(wen)仁(ren)於孔(kong)子。孔(kong)子曰:“能行五者於天下(xia),为仁(ren)矣。”“请问(wen)之。”曰:“恭(gong)(gong),宽(kuan),信(xin),敏,惠。恭(gong)(gong)则(ze)不侮,(孔(kong)曰:“不见侮慢。”)宽(kuan)则(ze)得众,信(xin)则(ze)人(ren)任焉,敏则(ze)有功,(孔(kong)曰:“应事疾则(ze)多成(cheng)功。”)惠则(ze)足以(yi)使人(ren)。”

[疏]“子张”至“使人”。
  ○正(zheng)义曰:此章(zhang)明仁(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)张问仁(ren)於孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)”者(zhe),问何(he)如(ru)斯可谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)仁(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)曰:能行五(wu)(wu)者(zhe)於天下,为仁(ren)矣”者(zhe),言为仁(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)道有(you)五(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“请问之(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe),子(zi)张复请问五(wu)(wu)者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)目也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“曰:恭(gong)(gong),宽,信,敏(min),惠”者(zhe),此孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)略言为仁(ren)五(wu)(wu)者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)名也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“恭(gong)(gong)则(ze)(ze)不侮(wu)”者(zhe),此下孔(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)又历说五(wu)(wu)者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言己(ji)若恭(gong)(gong)以(yi)接人(ren),人(ren)亦恭(gong)(gong)以(yi)待己(ji),故不见侮(wu)慢(man)。“宽则(ze)(ze)得众”者(zhe),言行能宽简则(ze)(ze)为众所归也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“信则(ze)(ze)人(ren)任(ren)焉”者(zhe),言而有(you)信则(ze)(ze)人(ren)所委任(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“敏(min)则(ze)(ze)有(you)功”者(zhe),敏(min),疾(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye),应事敏(min)疾(ji)则(ze)(ze)多成(cheng)功也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“惠则(ze)(ze)足以(yi)使人(ren)”者(zhe),有(you)恩惠则(ze)(ze)人(ren)忘其(qi)劳也(ye)(ye)(ye)。

佛(fo)召,子(zi)(zi)(zi)欲往。(孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“晋大夫赵(zhao)简子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邑宰(zai)。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)路曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“昔(xi)者(zhe)(zhe),由也(ye)闻诸夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):‘亲於其(qi)身为不(bu)(bu)善者(zhe)(zhe),君子(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)入(ru)也(ye)。’(孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“不(bu)(bu)入(ru)其(qi)国。”)佛(fo)以(yi)(yi)中牟畔,子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)往也(ye),如(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何?”子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“然,有是言(yan)也(ye)。不(bu)(bu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)坚乎(hu),磨而不(bu)(bu)磷。不(bu)(bu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)白乎(hu),涅(nie)而不(bu)(bu)缁。(孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“磷,薄也(ye)。涅(nie),可以(yi)(yi)染皂。言(yan)至坚者(zhe)(zhe)磨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而不(bu)(bu)薄,至白者(zhe)(zhe)染之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於涅(nie)而不(bu)(bu)黑,喻君子(zi)(zi)(zi)虽在(zai)浊乱(luan),浊乱(luan)不(bu)(bu)能污(wu)。”)吾岂匏(pao)瓜也(ye)哉?焉(yan)能系而不(bu)(bu)食?”(匏(pao),瓠也(ye)。言(yan)瓠瓜得系一处者(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)(bu)食故也(ye)。吾自食物(wu),当东西南北,不(bu)(bu)得如(ru)不(bu)(bu)食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu),系滞(zhi)一处。)

[疏]“佛”至“不食”。
  ○正义曰:此(ci)章(zhang)亦(yi)言(yan)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)欲(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)择地而(er)(er)(er)(er)治也(ye)(ye)。“佛(fo)召,子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)欲(yu)往”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),佛(fo)为晋大(da)夫(fu)赵(zhao)简(jian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)牟邑宰,以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)牟畔,来召孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)欲(yu)往从之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路曰:昔者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),由(you)也(ye)(ye)闻(wen)诸夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰:亲(qin)於(wu)其(qi)身为不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)善(shan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)入也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)入不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)善(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)国也(ye)(ye)。“佛(fo)以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)牟畔,子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)往也(ye)(ye),如(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)今佛(fo)以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)牟畔,则是身为不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)善(shan),而(er)(er)(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)欲(yu)往,如(ru)前言(yan)何?“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰:然,有是言(yan)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)答云(yun),虽有此(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)入不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)善(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)也(ye)(ye)。“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)曰坚(jian)乎,磨(mo)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)磷(lin)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)曰白乎,涅而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)缁”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,虽言(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)入不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)善(shan),缘君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)见几而(er)(er)(er)(er)作(zuo),亦(yi)有可入之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,故(gu)(gu)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)譬。磷(lin),薄也(ye)(ye)。涅,水(shui)中(zhong)黑土(tu),可以(yi)(yi)染(ran)皂。缁,黑色(se)也(ye)(ye)。人(ren)岂不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)曰,至(zhi)坚(jian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)磨(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)薄,至(zhi)白者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)染(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)涅而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)黑,以(yi)(yi)喻(yu)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),虽居浊乱,浊乱不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)污也(ye)(ye)。“吾岂匏瓜也(ye)(ye)哉?焉(yan)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)食”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)又为言(yan)其(qi)欲(yu)往之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意也(ye)(ye)。匏,瓠也(ye)(ye)。瓠瓜得系(xi)(xi)一处者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)食故(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)。吾自食物(wu),当(dang)东西南北,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得如(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu),系(xi)(xi)滞一处。江(jiang)熙云(yun):夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)岂实之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公山佛(fo)乎?欲(yu)往之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,以(yi)(yi)示(shi)无(wu)系(xi)(xi),以(yi)(yi)观门人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意。如(ru)欲(yu)居九夷(yi),乘桴(fu)浮于海(hai)耳。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路见形而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji)道(dao),故(gu)(gu)闻(wen)乘桴(fu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)喜(xi)闻(wen),闻(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公山而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)说(shuo),升(sheng)堂而(er)(er)(er)(er)未入室,安得圣人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)趣?

子(zi)曰(yue):“由也(ye)(ye)!女闻六(liu)言(yan)六(liu)蔽(bi)矣乎?”(六(liu)言(yan)六(liu)蔽(bi)者(zhe),谓下(xia)六(liu)事(shi):仁,知(zhi)(zhi),信,直,勇,刚也(ye)(ye)。)对(dui)曰(yue):“未也(ye)(ye)。”“居!吾语女。(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“子(zi)路起对(dui),故使(shi)还坐。”)好(hao)仁不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)学(xue),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)也(ye)(ye)愚(yu)(yu)。(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“仁者(zhe)爱物,不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)裁之,则(ze)愚(yu)(yu)。”)好(hao)知(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)学(xue),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)也(ye)(ye)荡。(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“荡,无所守。”)好(hao)信不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)学(xue),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)也(ye)(ye)贼。(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“父子(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)相为隐之辈。”)好(hao)直不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)学(xue),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)也(ye)(ye)绞。好(hao)勇不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)学(xue),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)也(ye)(ye)乱。好(hao)刚不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)学(xue),其(qi)(qi)蔽(bi)也(ye)(ye)狂(kuang)。”(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“狂(kuang),妄抵触人(ren)。”)

[疏]“子曰”至“也狂”。
  ○正义(yi)曰(yue):此章劝学(xue)(xue)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)曰(yue):由也(ye)(ye)(ye)!女(nv)闻(wen)六言六蔽矣乎”者,蔽,谓蔽塞不(bu)(bu)(bu)自见其(qi)(qi)(qi)过也(ye)(ye)(ye)。孔子(zi)(zi)呼子(zi)(zi)路(lu)而问之(zhi)曰(yue):“汝尝闻(wen)六言不(bu)(bu)(bu)学(xue)(xue)而皆蔽塞者乎?”“对(dui)曰(yue):未也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者,子(zi)(zi)路(lu)对(dui)言,未曾闻(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“居(ju)!吾语(yu)女(nv)”者,居(ju),由坐(zuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。礼:“君子(zi)(zi)问更端,则起。”子(zi)(zi)路(lu)起对(dui),故(gu)使(shi)还坐(zuo)。吾将语(yu)女(nv)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“好(hao)(hao)(hao)仁不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)学(xue)(xue),其(qi)(qi)(qi)蔽也(ye)(ye)(ye)愚”者,此下历说(shuo)六言六蔽之(zhi)事也(ye)(ye)(ye)。学(xue)(xue)者,觉也(ye)(ye)(ye),所(suo)以(yi)觉寤(wu)未知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。仁之(zhi)为(wei)(wei)行,学(xue)(xue)则不(bu)(bu)(bu)固,是以(yi)爱物(wu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)与曰(yue)仁。若但好(hao)(hao)(hao)仁,不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)裁(cai)之(zhi),所(suo)施(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)当(dang),则如愚人(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“好(hao)(hao)(hao)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)学(xue)(xue),其(qi)(qi)(qi)蔽也(ye)(ye)(ye)荡”者,明照於(wu)事曰(yue)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),若不(bu)(bu)(bu)学(xue)(xue)以(yi)裁(cai)之(zhi),则其(qi)(qi)(qi)蔽在於(wu)荡逸无(wu)所(suo)守也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“好(hao)(hao)(hao)信不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)学(xue)(xue),其(qi)(qi)(qi)蔽也(ye)(ye)(ye)贼”者,人(ren)言不(bu)(bu)(bu)欺为(wei)(wei)信,则当(dang)信义(yi)。若但好(hao)(hao)(hao)信,而不(bu)(bu)(bu)学(xue)(xue)以(yi)裁(cai)之(zhi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)蔽在於(wu)贼害,父(fu)子(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相为(wei)(wei)隐之(zhi)辈也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“好(hao)(hao)(hao)直(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)学(xue)(xue),其(qi)(qi)(qi)蔽也(ye)(ye)(ye)绞”者,绞,切也(ye)(ye)(ye)。正人(ren)之(zhi)曲(qu)曰(yue)直(zhi),若好(hao)(hao)(hao)直(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)学(xue)(xue),则失於(wu)讥(ji)刺太切。“好(hao)(hao)(hao)勇(yong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)学(xue)(xue),其(qi)(qi)(qi)蔽也(ye)(ye)(ye)乱”者,勇(yong),谓果敢,当(dang)学(xue)(xue)以(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)。若好(hao)(hao)(hao)勇(yong)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)学(xue)(xue),则是有勇(yong)而无(wu)义(yi),则为(wei)(wei)贼乱。“好(hao)(hao)(hao)刚不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)学(xue)(xue),其(qi)(qi)(qi)蔽也(ye)(ye)(ye)狂”者,狂,犹(you)妄(wang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。刚者无(wu)欲,不(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)曲(qu)求(qiu)。若好(hao)(hao)(hao)恃其(qi)(qi)(qi)刚,不(bu)(bu)(bu)学(xue)(xue)以(yi)制之(zhi),则其(qi)(qi)(qi)蔽也(ye)(ye)(ye)妄(wang)抵触人(ren)。

子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“小子(zi)(zi)何莫学夫《诗》(包曰(yue)(yue):“小子(zi)(zi),门(men)人也。”)《诗》,可以(yi)兴,(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“兴,引(yin)譬(pi)连类。”)可以(yi)观(guan),(郑(zheng)曰(yue)(yue):“观(guan)风俗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盛衰。”)可以(yi)群(qun),(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“群(qun)居相切差(cha)。”)可以(yi)怨。(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“怨刺(ci)上政(zheng)。”)迩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)父,远之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)君(jun),(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“迩,近也。”)多识(shi)於(wu)鸟兽草木(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名。”子(zi)(zi)谓(wei)伯(bo)鱼曰(yue)(yue):“女(nv)为《周(zhou)南(nan)》、《召南(nan)》矣(yi)乎?人而不为《周(zhou)南(nan)》、《召南(nan)》,其犹(you)正墙面而立也与?”(马(ma)曰(yue)(yue):“《周(zhou)南(nan)》、《召南(nan)》、《国风》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始。乐(le)得淑女(nv)以(yi)配君(jun)子(zi)(zi),三(san)纲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)首,王教之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)端,故人而不为,如向(xiang)墙而立。”)

[疏]“子曰”至“也与”。
  ○正义曰:此章劝人学《诗》也。“子曰:小子何莫学夫《诗》”者,小子,门人也。莫,不也。孔子呼门人曰:何不学夫《诗》也。“《诗》,可以兴”者,又为说其学《诗》有益之理也。若能学《诗》,《诗》可以令人能引譬连类以为比兴也。“可以观”者,《诗》有诸国之风俗,盛衰可以观览知之也。“可以群”者,《诗》有“如切如磋”,可以群居相切磋也。“可以怨”者,《诗》有“君政不善则风刺之”,“言之者无罪,闻之者足以戒”,故可以怨刺上政。“迩之事父,远之事君”者,迩,近也。《诗》有《凯风》、《白华》,相戒以养,是有近之事父之道也。又有《雅》、《颂》君臣之法,是有远之事君之道也。言事父与君,皆有其道也。“多识於鸟兽草木之名”者,言诗人多记鸟兽草木之名以为比兴,则因又多识於此鸟兽草木之名也。“子谓伯鱼曰:女为《周南》、《召南》矣乎”者,为,犹学也。孔子谓其子伯鱼曰:女学《周南》、《召南》之诗矣乎?“人而不为《周南》、《召南》,其犹正墙面而立也与”者,又为说宜学《周南》、《召南》之意也。墙面,面向墙也。《周南》、《召南》,《国风》之始,三纲之首,王教之端,故人若学之,则可以观兴;人而不为,则如面正向墙而立,无所观见也。
  ○注“《周(zhou)南》”至“而立(li)”。正(zheng)义(yi)曰:云(yun)(yun)“《周(zhou)南》、《召南》,《国风(feng)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始”者(zhe)(zhe),《诗序》云(yun)(yun):“然(ran)则《关(guan)雎(ju)》、《麟趾》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化,王(wang)(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)风(feng),故(gu)(gu)系(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)周(zhou)公。南,言(yan)化自北而南也。《鹊巢》、《驺(zou)虞》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德,诸(zhu)侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)风(feng)也,先王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)教(jiao),故(gu)(gu)系(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)召公。《周(zhou)南》、《召南》,正(zheng)始之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),王(wang)(wang)化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基。”是以(yi)《周(zhou)南》、《召南》二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)五篇(pian)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)国风(feng),为(wei)十(shi)五国风(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始也。云(yun)(yun)“乐得淑女(nv)以(yi)配君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)”者(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)《诗·关(guan)雎(ju)序文》也。言(yan)《二(er)(er)(er)南》皆是正(zheng)始之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),先美家(jia)内之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化,是以(yi)《关(guan)雎(ju)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)篇(pian),说后(hou)妃心之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)乐,乐得此贤(xian)善之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)女(nv),以(yi)配己之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)也。云(yun)(yun)“三纲(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)首,王(wang)(wang)化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)端(duan)”者(zhe)(zhe),《白虎通》云(yun)(yun):“三纲(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)者(zhe)(zhe)何谓?谓君(jun)臣、父子(zi)(zi)(zi)、夫妇也。君(jun)为(wei)臣纲(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang),父为(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)纲(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang),夫为(wei)妻纲(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)。”有夫妇然(ran)後有父子(zi)(zi)(zi),有父子(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)後有君(jun)臣。《二(er)(er)(er)南》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诗,首论夫妇。文王(wang)(wang)刑于(yu)(yu)寡妻,至于(yu)(yu)兄弟,以(yi)御于(yu)(yu)家(jia)邦(bang),是故(gu)(gu)二(er)(er)(er)国之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诗以(yi)后(hou)妃夫人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德为(wei)首,终以(yi)《麟趾》、《驺(zou)虞》,言(yan)后(hou)妃夫人有斯德,兴助(zhu)其君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi),皆可以(yi)成功,至于(yu)(yu)致嘉瑞(rui),故(gu)(gu)为(wei)三纲(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)首,王(wang)(wang)教(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)端(duan)也。

子曰(yue):“礼(li)云礼(li)云,玉帛(bo)云乎(hu)哉?(郑曰(yue):“玉,圭璋之(zhi)属。帛(bo),束帛(bo)之(zhi)属。言(yan)礼(li)非但(dan)崇此玉帛(bo)而(er)已(yi),所贵(gui)者,乃贵(gui)其安上治民。”)乐云乐云,锺鼓(gu)云乎(hu)哉?”(马曰(yue):“乐之(zhi)所贵(gui)者,移风易俗(su),非谓锺鼓(gu)而(er)已(yi)。”)

[疏]“子曰”至“乎哉”。
  ○正义曰:此章(zhang)辨礼(li)(li)乐(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本也。“子(zi)曰:礼(li)(li)云(yun)(yun)礼(li)(li)云(yun)(yun),玉帛(bo)(bo)云(yun)(yun)乎(hu)哉(zai)(zai)(zai)”者,玉,圭璋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属(shu);帛(bo)(bo),束帛(bo)(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属(shu),皆行礼(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)也。言(yan)礼(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所云(yun)(yun),岂在此玉帛(bo)(bo)云(yun)(yun)乎(hu)哉(zai)(zai)(zai)者?言(yan)非但崇此玉帛(bo)(bo)而(er)已,所贵(gui)者,在於安(an)上治民。“乐(le)(le)(le)云(yun)(yun)乐(le)(le)(le)云(yun)(yun),锺鼓(gu)云(yun)(yun)乎(hu)哉(zai)(zai)(zai)”者,锺鼓(gu),乐(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器也。乐(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所贵(gui)者,贵(gui)其(qi)移(yi)风易俗,非谓贵(gui)此锺鼓(gu)铿锵而(er)已,故(gu)孔子(zi)叹(tan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。重言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者,深明乐(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本不在玉帛(bo)(bo)锺鼓(gu)也。

子曰:“色厉而内(nei)荏,(孔曰:“荏,柔也。为外自矜厉而内(nei)柔佞(ning)。”)譬诸小人(ren),其犹穿窬之盗(dao)也与?”(孔曰:“为人(ren)如此,犹小人(ren)之有盗(dao)心。穿,穿壁。窬,窬墙。”)

[疏]“子曰:色厉而内荏,譬诸小人,其犹穿窬之盗也与?”
  ○正义曰:此章疾时人体与情(qing)反也。厉,矜(jin)(jin)庄也。荏,柔佞也。穿(chuan),穿(chuan)壁。窬,窬墙(qiang)也。言外自矜(jin)(jin)厉,而内(nei)柔佞,为人如此,譬之犹小人,外虽持正,内(nei)常有穿(chuan)壁窬墙(qiang)窃(qie)盗之心也与。

子(zi)曰(yue):“乡(xiang)原,德之(zhi)贼(zei)也。”(周(zhou)曰(yue):“所(suo)(suo)至(zhi)之(zhi)乡(xiang),辄原其人(ren)情(qing),而(er)为意以(yi)待之(zhi),是贼(zei)乱德也。。”一曰(yue):“乡(xiang),向也,古字同。谓人(ren)不能刚(gang)毅,而(er)见(jian)人(ren)辄原其趣向,容媚而(er)合之(zhi),言此所(suo)(suo)以(yi)贼(zei)德。”)

[疏]“子曰:乡原,德之贼也”。
  ○正义曰(yue):此章疾时人(ren)之(zhi)诡随也。旧解有二:周曰(yue):“所至之(zhi)乡,辄(zhe)原(yuan)其人(ren)情,而为意以待之(zhi),是贼(zei)乱德(de)也。”何晏(yan)云(yun):“一曰(yue):乡,向也,古(gu)字同(tong)。谓人(ren)不能刚毅,而见人(ren)辄(zhe)原(yuan)其趣向,容媚而合之(zhi)言,此所以贼(zei)德(de)也。”

子(zi)曰:“道听而涂说,德之弃也。”(马曰:“闻之於道路,则(ze)传而说之。”)

[疏]“子曰:道听而涂说,德之弃也”。
  ○正(zheng)义曰:此章疾(ji)时人不(bu)习而(er)传之(zhi)也。涂(tu)亦道也。言闻(wen)之(zhi)於道路,则(ze)於道路传而(er)说(shuo)之(zhi),必多谬妄(wang),为有德者所弃也。

子曰(yue):“鄙夫可(ke)与(yu)(yu)事君(jun)也(ye)与(yu)(yu)哉?(孔曰(yue):“言(yan)不(bu)可(ke)与(yu)(yu)事君(jun)。”)其未得(de)之(zhi)也(ye),患得(de)之(zhi)。(患得(de)之(zhi)者(zhe),患不(bu)能(neng)得(de)之(zhi),楚俗言(yan)。)既得(de)之(zhi),患失之(zhi)。苟患失之(zhi),无所不(bu)至(zhi)(zhi)矣。”(郑曰(yue):“无所不(bu)至(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe),言(yan)其邪(xie)媚,无所不(bu)为。”)

[疏]“子曰鄙夫”至“至矣”。
  ○正义曰:此(ci)章(zhang)论鄙(bi)(bi)夫(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)也(ye)(ye)。“子曰:鄙(bi)(bi)夫(fu)(fu)可(ke)与事(shi)(shi)(shi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)也(ye)(ye)与哉”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)凡鄙(bi)(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人不(bu)可(ke)与之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)也(ye)(ye)。“其未(wei)得(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye),患(huan)得(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)下(xia)明(ming)鄙(bi)(bi)夫(fu)(fu)不(bu)可(ke)与事(shi)(shi)(shi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由也(ye)(ye)。患(huan)得(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),患(huan)不(bu)能(neng)得(de)(de)也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)其初未(wei)得(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)也(ye)(ye),时(shi)常(chang)患(huan)己不(bu)能(neng)得(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)也(ye)(ye)。“既得(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),患(huan)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)不(bu)能(neng)任直守道,常(chang)忧(you)(you)患(huan)失其禄位(wei)也(ye)(ye)。“苟患(huan)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),无所(suo)不(bu)至(zhi)矣”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),苟,诚(cheng)也(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)诚(cheng)忧(you)(you)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则用心(xin)顾(gu)惜,窃位(wei)偷安,言(yan)其邪(xie)媚(mei)无所(suo)不(bu)为(wei)也(ye)(ye)。以此(ci)故不(bu)可(ke)与事(shi)(shi)(shi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)也(ye)(ye)。

子曰(yue)(yue):“古(gu)者民有三疾(ji),今(jin)(jin)也或是之(zhi)(zhi)亡也。(包曰(yue)(yue):“言(yan)古(gu)者民疾(ji)与今(jin)(jin)时异。”)古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)狂(kuang)也肆(si),(包曰(yue)(yue):“肆(si),极意敢言(yan)。”)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)狂(kuang)也荡;(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“荡,无所据(ju)。”)古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)矜也廉,(马曰(yue)(yue):“有廉隅。”)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)矜也忿(fen)戾(li);(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“恶理多(duo)怒(nu)。”)古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)愚也直(zhi),今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)愚也诈(zha)而已(yi)矣。”

[疏]“子曰”至“已矣”。
  ○正(zheng)义曰(yue):此章(zhang)论今(jin)(jin)人(ren)浇薄,不如古人(ren)也(ye)(ye)。“子曰(yue):古者(zhe)民(min)有(you)三疾(ji),今(jin)(jin)也(ye)(ye)或(huo)是(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)亡也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),亡,无也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)古者(zhe)淳朴之(zhi)(zhi)时,民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)行有(you)三疾(ji),今(jin)(jin)也(ye)(ye)浇薄,或(huo)是(shi)亦无也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)古者(zhe)民(min)疾(ji)与今(jin)(jin)时异。“古之(zhi)(zhi)狂也(ye)(ye)肆”者(zhe),此下历言(yan)三疾(ji)也(ye)(ye)。肆,谓(wei)(wei)极(ji)意敢言(yan),多(duo)抵触人(ren)也(ye)(ye)。“今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)狂也(ye)(ye)荡”者(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)忿怒而(er)(er)多(duo)弗(fu)戾,恶理多(duo)怒。“古之(zhi)(zhi)愚也(ye)(ye)直(zhi)”者(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)心直(zhi)而(er)(er)无邪曲。“今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)愚也(ye)(ye)诈而(er)(er)已矣(yi)”者(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)多(duo)行欺诈自利也(ye)(ye)。

子曰:“巧言令(ling)色,鲜矣仁。”(王(wang)曰:“巧言无(wu)实,令(ling)色无(wu)质。”)

[疏]“子曰:巧言令色,鲜矣仁”。
  ○正(zheng)义(yi)曰:此章与《学(xue)而(er)篇》同。弟子各记所闻,故(gu)重出之。

子曰(yue):“恶(e)(e)紫之夺朱(zhu)也,(孔曰(yue):“朱(zhu),正(zheng)色(se)。紫,间色(se)之好者(zhe)。恶(e)(e)其(qi)邪好而夺正(zheng)色(se)。”)恶(e)(e)郑声(sheng)之乱(luan)雅乐也,(包曰(yue):“郑声(sheng),淫声(sheng)之哀(ai)者(zhe)。恶(e)(e)其(qi)乱(luan)雅乐。”)恶(e)(e)利口(kou)(kou)之覆邦家者(zhe)。”(孔曰(yue):“利口(kou)(kou)之人,多言少实,苟能(neng)悦媚时君(jun),倾覆国家。”)

[疏]“子曰”至“家者”。
  ○正义曰:此章记孔子恶邪夺正也。“恶紫之夺朱也”者,朱,正色。紫,间色之好者。恶其邪好而夺正色也。“恶郑声之乱雅乐也”者,郑声,淫声之哀者。恶其淫声乱正乐也。“恶利口之覆邦家”者,利口之人,多言少实,苟能悦媚时君,倾覆国家也。
  ○注“孔曰”至“正色”。
  ○正义曰:云(yun)(yun)“朱,正色(se)(se)(se)。紫,间(jian)色(se)(se)(se)”者,皇氏云(yun)(yun):正,谓青赤(chi)田(tian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)黑(hei)五(wu)方(fang)正色(se)(se)(se)。不正,谓五(wu)方(fang)间(jian)色(se)(se)(se),绿红(hong)碧紫骝黄(huang)色(se)(se)(se)是(shi)也(ye)。青是(shi)东(dong)方(fang)正,绿是(shi)东(dong)方(fang)间(jian)。东(dong)为(wei)木(mu)(mu)(mu),木(mu)(mu)(mu)色(se)(se)(se)青。木(mu)(mu)(mu)克(ke)(ke)(ke)土,土色(se)(se)(se)黄(huang),并以(yi)所(suo)克(ke)(ke)(ke)为(wei)间(jian),故绿色(se)(se)(se)青黄(huang)也(ye)。朱是(shi)南方(fang)正,红(hong)是(shi)南方(fang)间(jian)。南为(wei)火(huo),火(huo)色(se)(se)(se)赤(chi)。火(huo)克(ke)(ke)(ke)金,金色(se)(se)(se)白(bai)(bai)(bai),故红(hong)色(se)(se)(se)赤(chi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)也(ye)。白(bai)(bai)(bai)是(shi)西方(fang)正,碧是(shi)西方(fang)间(jian)。西为(wei)金,金色(se)(se)(se)白(bai)(bai)(bai)。金克(ke)(ke)(ke)木(mu)(mu)(mu),木(mu)(mu)(mu)色(se)(se)(se)青,故碧色(se)(se)(se)青白(bai)(bai)(bai)也(ye)。黑(hei)是(shi)北(bei)方(fang)正,紫是(shi)北(bei)方(fang)间(jian)。北(bei)方(fang)水(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)色(se)(se)(se)黑(hei)。水(shui)(shui)克(ke)(ke)(ke)火(huo),火(huo)色(se)(se)(se)赤(chi),故紫色(se)(se)(se)赤(chi)黑(hei)也(ye)。黄(huang)是(shi)中央正,骝黄(huang)是(shi)中央间(jian)。中央土,土色(se)(se)(se)黄(huang)。土克(ke)(ke)(ke)水(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)色(se)(se)(se)黑(hei),故骝黄(huang)色(se)(se)(se)黄(huang)黑(hei)也(ye)。

子(zi)(zi)曰:“予(yu)欲无言(yan)。”子(zi)(zi)贡曰:“子(zi)(zi)如不言(yan),则小子(zi)(zi)何述焉?”(言(yan)之为益少,故欲无言(yan)。)子(zi)(zi)曰:“天(tian)何言(yan)哉(zai)?四时行(xing)焉,百(bai)物(wu)生焉,天(tian)何言(yan)哉(zai)?”

[疏]“子曰”至“言哉”。
  ○正义曰(yue)(yue):此(ci)章戒人慎言(yan)(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):予欲无(wu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)”者,君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)讷於言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)敏於行,以(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)为益少,故(gu)欲无(wu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue):子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)如(ru)不言(yan)(yan)(yan),则(ze)小子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)何(he)述(shu)焉(yan)”者,小子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)(gong)闻孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不欲言(yan)(yan)(yan),故(gu)告(gao)曰(yue)(yue):“夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)若不言(yan)(yan)(yan),则(ze)弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)等何(he)所传述(shu)?”“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)何(he)言(yan)(yan)(yan)哉(zai)(zai)(zai)?四(si)时(shi)行焉(yan),百物(wu)生焉(yan),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)何(he)言(yan)(yan)(yan)哉(zai)(zai)(zai)”者,此(ci)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)举天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)亦不言(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)令行以(yi)为譬也(ye)(ye)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)何(he)尝(chang)有言(yan)(yan)(yan)语(yu)哉(zai)(zai)(zai)?而(er)四(si)时(shi)之(zhi)令递行焉(yan),百物(wu)皆依时(shi)而(er)生焉(yan),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)何(he)尝(chang)有言(yan)(yan)(yan)语(yu)教(jiao)命哉(zai)(zai)(zai)?以(yi)喻人若无(wu)言(yan)(yan)(yan),但有其行,不亦可乎!

孺(ru)(ru)悲(bei)欲见(jian)(jian)孔子(zi),孔子(zi)辞(ci)以疾。将命者(zhe)出(chu)户(hu),取瑟而(er)歌,使(shi)之闻之。(孺(ru)(ru)悲(bei),鲁人也。孔子(zi)不欲见(jian)(jian),故辞(ci)之以疾。为其将命者(zhe)不已,故歌令将命者(zhe)悟(wu),所以令孺(ru)(ru)悲(bei)思之。)

[疏]“孺悲”至“闻之”。
  ○正义曰(yue):此(ci)章盖言孔子疾(ji)(ji)恶(e)也(ye)。“孺悲(bei)欲见(jian)(jian)孔子,孔子辞以(yi)(yi)疾(ji)(ji)”者,孺悲(bei),鲁(lu)人(ren)也(ye)。来欲见(jian)(jian)孔子,孔子不(bu)欲见(jian)(jian),故(gu)辞之(zhi)以(yi)(yi)疾(ji)(ji)也(ye)。“将命(ming)者出户,取瑟而歌,使之(zhi)闻之(zhi)”者,将犹奉(feng)也(ye)。奉(feng)命(ming)者,主(zhu)人(ren)传辞出入人(ren)也(ye)。初,将命(ming)者来,入户言孺悲(bei)求见(jian)(jian),夫子辞之(zhi)以(yi)(yi)疾(ji)(ji)。又(you)为(wei)将命(ming)者不(bu)已(yi),故(gu)取瑟而歌,令(ling)将命(ming)者闻之(zhi)而悟,己无疾(ji)(ji),但(dan)不(bu)欲见(jian)(jian)之(zhi),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)令(ling)孺悲(bei)思之(zhi)。

宰我(wo)问:“三(san)(san)年之(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang),期已久矣。君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)三(san)(san)年不(bu)(bu)为(wei)礼(li),礼(li)必(bi)坏;三(san)(san)年不(bu)(bu)为(wei)乐,乐必(bi)崩(beng)。旧既没,新既升,钻(zuan)燧改火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),期可已矣。”(马(ma)曰(yue)(yue):“《周书·月令》有更火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)文。春取榆柳之(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),夏取枣(zao)杏之(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),季(ji)夏取桑(sang)柘(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),秋取柞酋(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),冬(dong)取槐(huai)檀之(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)。一年之(zhi)(zhi)中,钻(zuan)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)各异木,故(gu)曰(yue)(yue)改火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)也(ye)。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“食(shi)夫(fu)稻,衣夫(fu)锦(jin),於女(nv)安(an)(an)乎(hu)?”曰(yue)(yue):“安(an)(an)。”“女(nv)安(an)(an),则(ze)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)。夫(fu)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)居丧(sang),食(shi)旨不(bu)(bu)甘,闻乐不(bu)(bu)乐,居处不(bu)(bu)安(an)(an),故(gu)不(bu)(bu)为(wei)也(ye)。今女(nv)安(an)(an),则(ze)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)!”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“旨,美也(ye)。责其无(wu)仁恩(en)於亲,故(gu)再(zai)言(yan)‘女(nv)安(an)(an),则(ze)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)’。”)宰我(wo)出。子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“予(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)仁也(ye)!子(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)三(san)(san)年,然後免於父(fu)母之(zhi)(zhi)怀。(马(ma)曰(yue)(yue):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)未三(san)(san)岁,为(wei)父(fu)母所(suo)怀抱。”)夫(fu)三(san)(san)年之(zhi)(zhi)丧(sang),天(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)通丧(sang)也(ye),(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“自天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)达於庶人。”)予(yu)也(ye)有三(san)(san)年之(zhi)(zhi)爱於其父(fu)母乎(hu)!”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“言(yan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)於父(fu)母,‘欲报之(zhi)(zhi)恩(en),昊天(tian)(tian)罔极’,而予(yu)也(ye)有三(san)(san)年之(zhi)(zhi)爱乎(hu)!”)

[疏]“宰我”至“母乎”。
  ○正义曰:此章论三年丧礼也。“宰我问:三年之丧,期已久矣”者,《礼·丧服》为至亲者三年。宰我嫌其期月大远,故问於夫子曰:“三年之丧,期已久矣乎?”“君子三年不为礼,礼必坏;三年不为乐,乐必崩”者,此宰我又说丧不可三年之义也。言礼检人迹,乐和人心,君子不可斯须去身。惟在丧则皆不为也。不为既久,故礼坏而乐崩也。“旧既没,新既升,钻燧改火,期可已矣”者,宰我又言,三年之丧,一期为足之意也。夫人之变迁,本依天道。一期之间,则旧已没,新已成。钻木出火谓之燧。言钻燧者又已改变出火之木。天道万物既已改新,则人情亦宜从旧,故丧礼但一期而除,亦可已矣。“子曰:食夫稻,衣夫锦,於女安乎”者,孔子见宰我言至亲之丧,欲以期断,故问之。言礼为父母之丧,既殡,食粥,居倚庐,斩衰三年。期而小祥,食菜果,居垩室,练冠纟原缘,要不除。今女既期之後,食稻衣锦,於女之心,得安否乎?“曰:安”者,宰我言,既期除丧,即食稻衣锦,其心安也。“女安,则为之”者,孔子言,女心安,则自为之。“夫君子之居丧,食旨不甘,闻乐不乐,居处不安,故不为也。今女安,则为之”者,孔子又为说不可安之礼。旨,美也。言君子之居丧也疾,即饮酒食肉,虽食美味,不以为甘,虽闻乐声,不以为乐,寝苫枕块,居处不求安也。故不为食稻衣锦之事。今女既心安,则任自为之。责其无仁恩於亲,故再言“女安,则为之”。“宰我出。子曰:予之不仁也!子生三年,然後免於父母之怀”者,予,宰我名。宰我方当愚执,夫子不欲面斥其过,故宰我既问而出去,孔子对二三子言曰:夫宰予不仁於父母也!凡人子生未三岁,常为父母所怀抱,既三年,然後免离父母之怀。是以圣人制丧礼,为父母三年。“夫三年之丧,天下之通丧也”者,通,达也。谓上自天子,下达庶人,皆为父母三年,故曰通丧也。“予也有三年之爱於其父母乎”者,为父母爱己,故丧三年。今予也不欲行三年之服,是有三年之恩爱於父母乎?
  ○注“马曰”至“火也”。
  ○正义曰:云“《周礼·月令》有更火之文”者,《周书》,孔子所删《尚书》百篇之馀也,晋成康中得之汲冢,有《月令》篇,其辞今亡。案《周礼》“司掌行火之政令,四时变国火,以救时疾”。郑玄注云:“行犹用也。变犹易也。”郑司农说以《鄹子》曰:“春取榆柳之火,夏取枣杏之火,季夏取桑柘之火,秋取柞酋之火,冬取槐檀之火。”其文与此正同。释者云:“榆柳青故春用之,枣杏赤故夏用之,桑柘黄故季夏用之,柞酋白故秋用之,槐檀黑故冬用之。”
  ○注“孔曰:自天子达於庶人”。
  ○正义曰:《礼记·三年问》云:“夫三年之丧,天下之通丧也。”郑玄云:“达,谓自天子至於庶人。”《丧服四制》曰:“此丧之所以三年,贤者不得过,不肖者不得不及。”《檀弓》曰:“先王制礼也,过之者俯而就之,不至焉者而及之也。”圣人虽以三年为文,其实二十五月而毕,若驷之过隙,然而遂之,则是无穷也,故先王为之立中制节,壹使足以成文理则释之矣。《丧服四制》曰:“始死,三日不怠,三月不解,期悲哀。三年忧,恩之杀也。”故孔子云:“子生三年,然後免於父母之怀。夫三年之丧,天下之达丧也。”所以丧必三年为制也。
  ○注“孔曰”至“爱乎”。
  ○正义曰:云“欲报之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德,昊天(tian)罔极”者,《小雅(ya)·蓼莪》文。郑(zheng)笺(jian)云:“之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)犹(you)是也(ye)(ye)。我欲报父母是德,昊天(tian)乎,我心无极。”云“予也(ye)(ye)有三年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)爱乎”者,言宰予不欲服丧三年(nian),是无三年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)爱也(ye)(ye)。缪协云:“尔时礼(li)坏(huai)乐(le)崩,三年(nian)不行。宰我大惧(ju)其往(wang),以(yi)为(wei)圣(sheng)人无微旨以(yi)戒将来,故(gu)假时人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei),启愤於夫子,义在屈己(ji)以(yi)明道也(ye)(ye)。”

子(zi)曰:“饱食终日(ri),无所用心,难矣(yi)哉!不有博奕(yi)者乎(hu)?为(wei)(wei)之,犹贤(xian)乎(hu)已。”(马(ma)曰:“为(wei)(wei)其无所据乐,善生淫欲(yu)。”)

[疏]“子曰”至“乎已”。
  ○正(zheng)义曰:此(ci)章疾人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不学也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)曰:饱食(shi)(shi)终(zhong)日,无(wu)所(suo)用心,难矣(yi)哉(zai)”者(zhe),言人饱食(shi)(shi)终(zhong)日,於(wu)善道无(wu)所(suo)用心,则(ze)难以(yi)(yi)为(wei)处矣(yi)哉(zai)。“不有(you)博(bo)奕者(zhe)乎(hu)?为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),犹(you)(you)贤乎(hu)已”者(zhe),贤,胜也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。已,止也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。博(bo),《说(shuo)文》作{博(bo)},扃戏也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),六箸十二也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。古者(zhe)乌胄(zhou)作{博(bo)}。围谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奕。《说(shuo)文》弈(yi)从廾(gong),言竦两手而(er)执(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。棋者(zhe)所(suo)执(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi),以(yi)(yi)子(zi)围而(er)相杀(sha),故谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)围棋。围称弈(yi)者(zhe),又(you)取(qu)其落(luo)弈(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。夫子(zi)为(wei)其饱食(shi)(shi)终(zhong)日,无(wu)所(suo)据(ju)乐,善生淫欲,故教之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰:“不有(you)博(bo)弈(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戏者(zhe)乎(hu)?若其为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),犹(you)(you)胜乎(hu)止也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”欲令据(ju)此(ci)为(wei)乐,则(ze)不生淫欲也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。

子(zi)(zi)路曰:“君子(zi)(zi)尚(shang)勇(yong)乎?”子(zi)(zi)曰:“君子(zi)(zi)义(yi)以(yi)为(wei)上,君子(zi)(zi)有勇(yong)而(er)无义(yi)为(wei)乱,小人有勇(yong)而(er)无义(yi)为(wei)盗。”

[疏]“子路”至“为盗”。
  ○正义(yi)曰:此章抑(yi)子(zi)(zi)路也(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)路曰:君子(zi)(zi)尚(shang)(shang)勇乎”者(zhe)(zhe),子(zi)(zi)路有(you)勇,意(yi)谓勇可崇尚(shang)(shang),故(gu)问(wen)於(wu)夫子(zi)(zi)曰:“君子(zi)(zi)当(dang)尚(shang)(shang)勇乎?“子(zi)(zi)曰:君子(zi)(zi)义(yi)以为(wei)上”者(zhe)(zhe),言君子(zi)(zi)不(bu)尚(shang)(shang)勇而上义(yi)也(ye)。上即尚(shang)(shang)也(ye)。“君子(zi)(zi)有(you)勇而无(wu)义(yi)为(wei)乱(luan),小(xiao)人有(you)勇而无(wu)义(yi)为(wei)盗(dao)”者(zhe)(zhe),君子(zi)(zi)指在(zai)位(wei)者(zhe)(zhe),合宜为(wei)义(yi)。言在(zai)位(wei)之人,有(you)勇而无(wu)义(yi),则为(wei)乱(luan)逆。在(zai)下小(xiao)人,有(you)勇而无(wu)义(yi),则为(wei)盗(dao)贼。

子(zi)贡曰:“君子(zi)亦有恶(e)(e)乎(hu)?”子(zi)曰:“有恶(e)(e):恶(e)(e)称人之(zhi)恶(e)(e)者(zhe),(包曰:“好称说人之(zhi)恶(e)(e),所以(yi)(yi)为恶(e)(e)。”)恶(e)(e)居下流而(er)讪(shan)上者(zhe),(孔(kong)曰:“讪(shan),谤毁。”)恶(e)(e)勇而(er)无(wu)礼者(zhe),恶(e)(e)果敢而(er)窒(zhi)者(zhe)。”(马曰:“窒(zhi),窒(zhi)塞也(ye)。”)曰:“赐也(ye)亦有恶(e)(e)乎(hu)?”“恶(e)(e)徼以(yi)(yi)为知(zhi)者(zhe),(孔(kong)曰:“徼,抄也(ye)。抄人之(zhi)意,以(yi)(yi)为己有。”)恶(e)(e)不孙(sun)以(yi)(yi)为勇者(zhe),恶(e)(e)讦以(yi)(yi)为直者(zhe)。”(包曰:“讦,谓攻发人之(zhi)阴(yin)私(si)。”)

[疏]“子贡”至“直者”。
  ○正义曰(yue):此章(zhang)论人有(you)(you)恶(e)(e)(e)行可憎(zeng)恶(e)(e)(e)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)贡曰(yue):君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)亦(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)恶(e)(e)(e)乎”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)谓(wei)夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)贡问:夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)亦(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)憎(zeng)恶(e)(e)(e)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)乎?“子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):有(you)(you)恶(e)(e)(e)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),答言有(you)(you)所憎(zeng)恶(e)(e)(e)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“恶(e)(e)(e)称人之(zhi)(zhi)恶(e)(e)(e)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)好称说人之(zhi)(zhi)恶(e)(e)(e),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)恶(e)(e)(e)之(zhi)(zhi)。“恶(e)(e)(e)居(ju)下流而讪上”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),讪,谤(bang)毁(hui)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。谓(wei)人居(ju)下位而谤(bang)毁(hui)在(zai)上,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)恶(e)(e)(e)之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“恶(e)(e)(e)勇(yong)(yong)而无礼”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),勇(yong)(yong)而无礼义为(wei)(wei)乱(luan),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)恶(e)(e)(e)之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“恶(e)(e)(e)果(guo)敢而窒(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),窒(zhi),谓(wei)窒(zhi)塞。谓(wei)好为(wei)(wei)果(guo)敢,窒(zhi)塞人之(zhi)(zhi)善道,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)恶(e)(e)(e)之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“曰(yue):赐也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)亦(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)恶(e)(e)(e)乎”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),子(zi)(zi)(zi)贡言,赐也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)亦(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)所憎(zeng)恶(e)(e)(e)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“恶(e)(e)(e)徼以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)知”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),徼,抄也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。礼“毋抄说”,若(ruo)抄人之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)己(ji)有(you)(you),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)恶(e)(e)(e)之(zhi)(zhi)。“恶(e)(e)(e)不(bu)孙以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)勇(yong)(yong)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孙,顺也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)义以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)勇(yong)(yong)。若(ruo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)顺为(wei)(wei)勇(yong)(yong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)(yi)可恶(e)(e)(e)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“恶(e)(e)(e)讦以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)直”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),讦,谓(wei)攻(gong)发人之(zhi)(zhi)阴(yin)私也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。人之(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)直,当自直。己(ji)若(ruo)攻(gong)发他人阴(yin)私之(zhi)(zhi)事,以(yi)(yi)(yi)成已之(zhi)(zhi)直者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)(yi)可恶(e)(e)(e)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。

子曰:“唯女子与小人为难养(yang)也,近之则(ze)不(bu)孙,远(yuan)之则(ze)怨(yuan)。”

[疏]“子曰:唯女子与小人为难养也,近之则不孙,远之则怨”。
  ○正(zheng)义曰:此章言女子(zi)与小人皆无(wu)正(zheng)性,难(nan)畜(chu)养(yang)。所以(yi)难(nan)养(yang)者,以(yi)其亲(qin)近之则(ze)多不(bu)孙顺,疏远之则(ze)好生怨恨。此言女子(zi),举其大率耳(er)。若其禀性贤明,若文母之类(lei),则(ze)非所论(lun)也。

子曰(yue):“年四(si)十(shi)而见恶焉,其终(zhong)也(ye)已。”(郑曰(yue):“年在(zai)不(bu)惑(huo)而为(wei)人(ren)所恶,终(zhong)无善行。”)

[疏]“子曰:年四十而见恶焉,其终也已”。
  ○正(zheng)义曰:此章言(yan)人年四十犹为恶(e)行,而见憎恶(e)於(wu)人者,则是其(qi)终无善行也已。以其(qi)年在不惑(huo),而犹为人所恶(e),必不能追改故(gu)也。

●卷十八·微(wei)子第十八

[疏]正义曰:此篇论天下(xia)无道,礼坏乐崩,君子仁人或(huo)去或(huo)死,否则(ze)隐(yin)沦岩野,周(zhou)流(liu)四方,因记周(zhou)公戒鲁(lu)公之语,四乳生八士之名(ming)。以前篇言(yan)群小在(zai)位,则(ze)必致仁人失所,故以此篇次之。

微(wei)子(zi)(zi)去之,箕(ji)子(zi)(zi)为(wei)之奴,比干谏而死。(马曰:“微(wei)、箕(ji),二国名。子(zi)(zi),爵也。微(wei)子(zi)(zi),纣之庶(shu)兄。箕(ji)子(zi)(zi)、比干,纣之诸父。微(wei)子(zi)(zi)见(jian)纣无(wu)道,早去之。箕(ji)子(zi)(zi)佯(yang)狂为(wei)奴,比干以谏见(jian)杀。”)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)曰:“殷(yin)有三仁焉(yan)。”(仁者爱人。三人行异而同称(cheng)仁,以其俱在忧乱宁民。)

[疏]“微子”至“仁焉”。
  ○正义曰:此章论殷有三仁,志同行异也。“微子去之,箕子为之奴,比干谏而死”者,微子,纣之庶兄。箕子、比干、纣之诸父。见纣无道,微子去之,箕子佯狂为奴,比干以谏见杀。“孔子曰:殷有三仁焉”者,爱人谓之仁。三人所行异而同称仁,以其俱在忧乱宁民也。
  ○注“马曰”至“见杀”。
  ○正义(yi)曰(yue)(yue):云(yun)“微(wei)(wei)、箕(ji),二(er)国(guo)名(ming)(ming)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),爵(jue)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),孔安国(guo)云(yun):“微(wei)(wei),圻内(nei)国(guo)名(ming)(ming),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)爵(jue),为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)卿士(shi),去(qu)无(wu)道(dao)。”郑玄(xuan)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)微(wei)(wei)与(yu)(yu)箕(ji)俱在圻内(nei),孔虽不(bu)言(yan)箕(ji),亦(yi)当在圻内(nei)。王(wang)(wang)肃(su)云(yun):“微(wei)(wei),国(guo)名(ming)(ming),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)爵(jue),入为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)王(wang)(wang)卿士(shi)。”肃(su)意盖以(yi)(yi)微(wei)(wei)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)圻外(wai),故言(yan)入也(ye)(ye)。微(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)名(ming)(ming)启(qi),《世(shi)家》作开,辟(pi)汉景帝名(ming)(ming)也(ye)(ye)。“微(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庶兄(xiong)。箕(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、比(bi)(bi)干,纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诸父”者(zhe),启(qi)与(yu)(yu)其弟仲衍皆纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)同(tong)母庶兄(xiong)也(ye)(ye)。《吕氏春秋·仲冬纪(ji)》云(yun):“纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)母生(sheng)微(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)启(qi)与(yu)(yu)仲衍,其时尤(you)尚(shang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)妾。改而为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)妻,後(hou)生(sheng)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)父欲立(li)(li)微(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)启(qi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),太(tai)(tai)史据法而争(zheng)曰(yue)(yue):‘有妻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),不(bu)可立(li)(li)妾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。’故立(li)(li)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)後(hou)。”遍检书(shu)传,不(bu)见箕(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)。惟司(si)马彪注《庄子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》云(yun):“箕(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),名(ming)(ming)胥馀。”不(bu)知出何书(shu)也(ye)(ye)。《家语》曰(yue)(yue)“比(bi)(bi)干于纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),亲则(ze)诸父”,知比(bi)(bi)干是(shi)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诸父耳。箕(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)则(ze)无(wu)文。《宋世(shi)家》云(yun):“箕(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe),纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亲戚也(ye)(ye)。”言(yan)亲戚,不(bu)知为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)父为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)兄(xiong)也(ye)(ye)。郑玄(xuan)、王(wang)(wang)肃(su)皆以(yi)(yi)箕(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诸父,服虔、杜(du)预以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庶兄(xiong),既(ji)无(wu)正文,各以(yi)(yi)意言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耳。云(yun)“微(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)见纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)无(wu)道(dao),早(zao)去(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。箕(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)佯(yang)狂为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)奴(nu)(nu),比(bi)(bi)干以(yi)(yi)谏(jian)见杀”者(zhe),《尚(shang)书(shu)·微(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)篇(pian)》备有去(qu)殷(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)。《本纪(ji)》云(yun):“西伯既(ji)卒,周(zhou)武王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)东伐,至(zhi)盟津。诸侯叛殷(yin),会周(zhou)者(zhe)八百(bai)。诸侯皆曰(yue)(yue):‘纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)可伐矣(yi)。’武王(wang)(wang)曰(yue)(yue):‘尔未知天命。’乃复(fu)归。纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)愈淫乱不(bu)止。微(wei)(wei)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)数谏(jian)不(bu)听,乃与(yu)(yu)太(tai)(tai)师(shi)谋(mou),遂去(qu)。比(bi)(bi)干曰(yue)(yue):‘为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)臣者(zhe),不(bu)得不(bu)以(yi)(yi)死争(zheng)。’乃强谏(jian)纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)怒(nu)曰(yue)(yue):‘吾闻圣人(ren)(ren)心(xin)有七窍。’剖比(bi)(bi)干,观其心(xin)。箕(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)惧(ju),乃佯(yang)狂为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)奴(nu)(nu),纣(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)又囚(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。

柳下惠为士师(shi),(孔曰(yue):“士师(shi),典狱(yu)之官(guan)。”)三(san)黜。人(ren)曰(yue):“子未可(ke)以去(qu)乎?”曰(yue):“直道(dao)而(er)(er)事人(ren),焉往(wang)而(er)(er)不三(san)黜?(孔曰(yue):“苟直道(dao)以事人(ren),所至之国(guo)俱当复(fu)三(san)黜。”)枉道(dao)而(er)(er)事人(ren),何必(bi)去(qu)父母之邦?”

[疏]“柳下”至“之邦”。
  ○正义曰:此一章论柳下惠之行也。“柳下惠为士师”者,士师,典狱之官也。“三黜”者,时柳下惠为鲁典狱之官,任其直道,群邪丑直,故三被黜退。“人曰:子未可以去乎”者,或人谓柳下惠曰:吾子数被黜辱,未可以去离鲁乎?“曰:直道而事人,焉往而不三黜?枉道而事人,何必去父母之邦”者,答或人不去之意也。焉,何也。枉,曲也。时世皆邪,已用直道以事於人,则何往而不三黜乎?言苟直道以事人,所至之国俱当复三黜。若舍其直道,而曲以事人,则在鲁亦不见黜,何必去父母所居之国也?
  ○注“士师,典狱之官”。
  ○正义曰(yue):士(shi)(shi)师,即《周礼》司寇之(zhi)(zhi)属,有士(shi)(shi)师、卿(qing)士(shi)(shi),皆以士(shi)(shi)为官名。郑(zheng)玄云:“士(shi)(shi),察也,主(zhu)察狱讼之(zhi)(zhi)事。”是士(shi)(shi)师为典狱之(zhi)(zhi)官也。

齐景公(gong)待孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)曰(yue):“若季氏,则吾(wu)不(bu)能(neng),以(yi)季、孟之(zhi)(zhi)间待之(zhi)(zhi)。”(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue):“鲁(lu)三(san)卿(qing),季氏为(wei)上卿(qing),最(zui)贵;孟氏为(wei)下(xia)卿(qing),不(bu)用事。言待之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)二者之(zhi)(zhi)间。”)曰(yue):“吾(wu)老矣,不(bu)能(neng)用也(ye)。”孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)行。(以(yi)圣道难(nan)成,故(gu)云吾(wu)老不(bu)能(neng)用。)

[疏]“齐景”至“子行”。正义曰:此章言孔子失所也。“齐景公待孔子”者,待,遇也,谓以禄位接过孔子也。“曰:若季氏,则吾不能,以季、孟之间待之”者,鲁三卿,季氏为上卿,最贵;孟氏为下卿,不用事。景公言,我待孔子以上卿之位,若鲁季氏,则不能,以其有田氏专政故也。又不可使其位卑,若鲁孟氏。故欲待之以季、孟二者之间。“曰:吾老矣,不能用也”者,时景公为臣下所制,虽说孔子之道,而终不能用,故云圣道难成,吾老不能用也。“孔子行”者,去齐而归鲁也。
  ○注“以圣道难成,故云吾老不能用”。
  ○正义曰(yue):案(an)《世家》云:“鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)昭(zhao)公(gong)奔(ben)齐。顷之(zhi),鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)乱(luan)。孔子(zi)齐。景公(gong)数(shu)问(wen)政。景公(gong)说,将以尼田封孔子(zi)。晏婴谏(jian)而止(zhi)之(zhi)。异曰(yue),景公(gong)止(zhi)孔子(zi)曰(yue):‘奉子(zi)以季氏,吾不能。以季、孟(meng)之(zhi)间待之(zhi)。’齐大夫欲害孔子(zi),孔子(zi)闻之(zhi)。景公(gong)曰(yue):‘吾老(lao)矣,弗能用也(ye)。’孔子(zi)遂(sui)行(xing),反(fan)乎鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)。”是其(qi)事也(ye)。

齐人(ren)归女乐,季(ji)桓子受之,三(san)日(ri)不(bu)朝(chao),孔子行。(孔曰:“桓子,季(ji)孙(sun)斯也(ye),使定(ding)公受齐之女乐,君(jun)臣相与观之,废朝(chao)礼三(san)日(ri)。”)

[疏]“齐人归女乐,季桓子受之,三日不朝,孔子行”。
  ○正(zheng)义曰:此(ci)章(zhang)言孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)去无道(dao)也(ye)。桓子(zi)(zi),季(ji)(ji)孙斯(si)也(ye),使定(ding)公受齐(qi)之(zhi)女(nv)(nv)乐(le),君臣(chen)相(xiang)(xiang)与(yu)观之(zhi),废朝礼三日(ri),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)遂(sui)行(xing)也(ye)。案《世家》:“定(ding)公十四(si)年,孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)年五十六,由(you)大(da)司寇行(xing)摄相(xiang)(xiang)事(shi)。於(wu)(wu)是诛(zhu)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)大(da)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)乱政者(zhe)少正(zheng)卯。与(yu)闻(wen)国政三月,粥羔豚(tun)者(zhe)弗饰贾(jia);男女(nv)(nv)行(xing)者(zhe)别於(wu)(wu)涂(tu);涂(tu)不(bu)拾遗;四(si)方之(zhi)客(ke)至乎(hu)邑者(zhe),不(bu)求有司,皆予之(zhi)以(yi)归。齐(qi)人(ren)闻(wen)之(zhi)而惧,曰:‘孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)为政必(bi)霸(ba),霸(ba)则(ze)吾地近(jin)焉,我之(zhi)为先并矣。盍(he)致地?’犁(li)Θ:‘请先尝(chang)沮之(zhi),沮之(zhi)而不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)则(ze)致地,庸迟乎(hu)?’於(wu)(wu)是选齐(qi)国中(zhong)女(nv)(nv)子(zi)(zi)好者(zhe)八(ba)十人(ren),皆衣(yi)文衣(yi)而舞(wu)《康乐(le)》,文马三十驷(si),遗鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)君。陈(chen)女(nv)(nv)乐(le)文马於(wu)(wu)鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)城南(nan)高(gao)门外。季(ji)(ji)桓子(zi)(zi)微服往观再(zai)三,将受,乃(nai)语鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)君为周道(dao)游(you)(you),往观终(zhong)日(ri),怠於(wu)(wu)政事(shi)。子(zi)(zi)路曰:‘夫(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)行(xing)矣。’孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)曰:‘鲁(lu)(lu)(lu)今且郊,如致番(fan)乎(hu)大(da)夫(fu)(fu)(fu),则(ze)吾犹可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)止。’桓子(zi)(zi)卒(zu)(zu)受齐(qi)女(nv)(nv)乐(le),三日(ri)不(bu)听政。郊,又不(bu)致番(fan)俎於(wu)(wu)大(da)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)遂(sui)行(xing),宿乎(hu)屯(tun)。而师己(ji)送(song),曰:‘夫(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)则(ze)非罪。’孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)曰:‘吾歌可(ke)(ke)(ke)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)?’歌曰:‘彼(bi)妇人(ren)之(zhi)口(kou),可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)出走;彼(bi)妇人(ren)之(zhi)谒,可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)死败(bai)。盖(gai)优哉游(you)(you)哉,维以(yi)卒(zu)(zu)岁。’师己(ji)反,桓子(zi)(zi)曰:‘孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)亦何言?’师己(ji)以(yi)实告。桓子(zi)(zi)喟(kui)然叹曰:‘夫(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)罪我以(yi)群(qun)婢也(ye)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)!’孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)遂(sui)卫。”

楚狂(kuang)(kuang)接舆(yu)歌而(er)(er)过孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi),(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“接舆(yu),楚人。佯狂(kuang)(kuang)而(er)(er)来(lai)歌,欲以感切(qie)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)。”)曰(yue)(yue):“凤兮凤兮,何德之(zhi)衰(shuai)?(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“比孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)於凤鸟。凤鸟待圣君乃(nai)见,非孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)周(zhou)行(xing)求合(he),故曰(yue)(yue)衰(shuai)。”)往(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)可谏,(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“已往(wang)所行(xing),不(bu)(bu)可复(fu)(fu)谏止(zhi)(zhi)。”)来(lai)者(zhe)(zhe)犹可追。(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“自今已来(lai),可追自止(zhi)(zhi),辟(pi)乱(luan)隐居。”)已而(er)(er),已而(er)(er),今之(zhi)从政者(zhe)(zhe)殆而(er)(er)!”(孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“已而(er)(er)已而(er)(er)者(zhe)(zhe),言世乱(luan)已甚(shen),不(bu)(bu)可复(fu)(fu)治也(ye)。再言之(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe),伤(shang)之(zhi)深也(ye)。”)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子(zi)下,欲与(yu)之(zhi)言。趋(qu)而(er)(er)辟(pi)之(zhi),不(bu)(bu)得与(yu)之(zhi)言。(包曰(yue)(yue):“下,下车。”)

[疏]“楚狂”至“之言”。
  ○正义曰:此章记接舆(yu)佯狂(kuang)感(gan)切孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)也。“楚(chu)狂(kuang)接舆(yu)歌而(er)(er)(er)(er)过孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)”者,接舆(yu),楚(chu)人(ren),姓陆名通,字(zi)接舆(yu)也。昭(zhao)王时,政(zheng)令(ling)无常,乃(nai)被发佯狂(kuang),不(bu)(bu)仕(shi),时人(ren)谓(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)楚(chu)狂(kuang)也。时孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)楚(chu),与接舆(yu)相遇,而(er)(er)(er)(er)接舆(yu)行(xing)歌从孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)边过,欲(yu)(yu)感(gan)切孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)也。“曰:凤兮凤兮,何(he)德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衰?往者不(bu)(bu)可谏(jian),来者犹可追(zhui)。已而(er)(er)(er)(er),已而(er)(er)(er)(er),今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)从政(zheng)者殆而(er)(er)(er)(er)”者,此其歌辞(ci)也。知孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)有圣德,故比孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)於凤。但凤鸟(niao)待圣君乃(nai)见,今(jin)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)周行(xing)求合诸国,而(er)(er)(er)(er)每不(bu)(bu)合,是凤德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衰也。谏(jian),止(zhi)也。言(yan)(yan)(yan)已往所(suo)行(xing)者,不(bu)(bu)可复(fu)谏(jian)止(zhi)也。自(zi)(zi)今(jin)已来,犹可追(zhui)而(er)(er)(er)(er)自(zi)(zi)止(zhi)。欲(yu)(yu)劝孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)辟乱隐居(ju)也。“已而(er)(er)(er)(er),已而(er)(er)(er)(er)”者,言(yan)(yan)(yan)世乱已甚,不(bu)(bu)可复(fu)治(zhi)也。再言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者,伤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)也。殆,危也。言(yan)(yan)(yan)今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)从政(zheng)者皆(jie)(jie)无德,自(zi)(zi)将危亡无日,故曰殆而(er)(er)(er)(er)。而(er)(er)(er)(er)皆(jie)(jie)语辞(ci)也。“孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)下(xia)(xia),欲(yu)(yu)与之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)”者,下(xia)(xia),谓(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia)车(che)。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)感(gan)其言(yan)(yan)(yan),故下(xia)(xia)车(che),欲(yu)(yu)与语。“而(er)(er)(er)(er)辟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)得与之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)”者,,谓(wei)(wei)疾行(xing)也。疾行(xing)以辟孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi),故孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)得与之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)也。

长(zhang)沮(ju)、桀溺耦而(er)(er)耕,孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)过之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),使子(zi)(zi)(zi)路问(wen)(wen)津(jin)(jin)焉(yan)。(郑曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“长(zhang)沮(ju)、桀溺,隐(yin)者(zhe)也(ye)。耜(si)广五寸,二(er)耜(si)为(wei)(wei)(wei)耦。津(jin)(jin),济(ji)渡处。”)长(zhang)沮(ju)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“夫执(zhi)舆(yu)者(zhe)为(wei)(wei)(wei)谁(shei)?”子(zi)(zi)(zi)路曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“为(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)丘(qiu)。”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“是鲁孔(kong)丘(qiu)与(yu)(yu)?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“是也(ye)。”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“是知津(jin)(jin)矣。”(马(ma)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“言数周流,自(zi)知津(jin)(jin)处。”)问(wen)(wen)於(wu)桀溺。桀溺曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)谁(shei)?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“为(wei)(wei)(wei)仲由。”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“是鲁孔(kong)丘(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒与(yu)(yu)?”对(dui)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“然(ran)。”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“滔滔者(zhe)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)皆是也(ye),而(er)(er)谁(shei)以易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“滔滔,周流之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貌。言当今(jin)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)治乱同(tong),空舍此(ci)彼,故曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)谁(shei)以易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”)且而(er)(er)与(yu)(yu)其(qi)从(cong)(cong)辟(pi)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)也(ye),岂若从(cong)(cong)辟(pi)世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)哉(zai)?”(士(shi)(shi)有(you)辟(pi)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa),有(you)辟(pi)世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)。长(zhang)沮(ju)、桀溺谓孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)士(shi)(shi),从(cong)(cong)辟(pi)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa);已(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)士(shi)(shi),则从(cong)(cong)辟(pi)世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)。)而(er)(er)不辍(chuo)。(郑曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“,覆(fu)种(zhong)也(ye)。辍(chuo),止(zhi)也(ye)。覆(fu)种(zhong)不止(zhi),不以津(jin)(jin)告。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)路行(xing)以告。夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)怃然(ran),(为(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)不达已(yi)意(yi)而(er)(er)便非己也(ye)。)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“鸟(niao)兽不可与(yu)(yu)同(tong)群(qun),(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“隐(yin)於(wu)山林是同(tong)群(qun)。”)吾非斯人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒与(yu)(yu)而(er)(er)谁(shei)与(yu)(yu)?(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“吾自(zi)当与(yu)(yu)此(ci)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)人同(tong)群(qun),安能去人从(cong)(cong)鸟(niao)兽居(ju)乎?”)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)有(you)道(dao),丘(qiu)不与(yu)(yu)易(yi)也(ye)。”(言凡天(tian)(tian)下(xia)有(you)道(dao)者(zhe),丘(qiu)皆不与(yu)(yu)易(yi)也(ye),己大(da)而(er)(er)人小故也(ye)。)

[疏]“长沮”至“易也”。
  ○正义曰:此章记孔子周流,为隐者所讥也。“长沮、桀溺耦而耕,孔子过之,使子路问津焉”者,长沮、桀溺,隐者也。耜,耕器也。二耜为耦。津,济渡之处也。长沮、桀溺并二耜而耕,孔子道行於旁过之,使子路往问济渡之处也。“长沮曰:夫执舆者为谁”者,执舆,谓执辔在车也。时子路为御,既使问津,孔子代之而执辔,故长沮见而问子路曰:夫执辔者为谁人?“子路曰:为孔丘”者,子路以其师名闻於天下,故举师之姓名以答长沮也。“曰:是鲁孔丘与”者,长沮旧闻夫子之名,见子路之答,又恐非是,故复问之曰:“是鲁国之孔丘与?与是疑而未定之辞。“曰:是也”者,子路言,是鲁孔丘也。”曰:是知津矣”者,长沮言,既是鲁孔丘,是人数周流天下,自知津处,故乃不告。“问於桀溺”者,长沮不告津处,故子路复问桀溺。“桀溺曰:子为谁”者,不识子路,故问之。“曰:为仲由”者,子路称姓名以答也。“曰:是鲁孔丘之徒与”者,桀溺旧闻鲁孔丘之门徒有仲由,有恐非是,故复问之曰是与?“曰:然”者,然尤是也。子路言已是鲁孔丘之徒也。“曰:滔滔者天下皆是也,而谁以易之”者,此讥孔子周流天下也。滔滔,周流之貌。言孔子何事滔滔然周流者乎?当今天下治乱同,皆是无道也,空舍此彼,谁以易之为有道者也?“且而与其从辟人之士也,岂若从辟世之士哉”者,士有辟人、辟世之法,谓孔子从辟人之法,长沮、桀溺自谓从辟世之法。且而皆语辞,与犹等也。既言天下皆乱,无以易之,则贤者皆合隐辟。且等其隐辟,从辟人之法则有周流之劳,从辟世之法则有安逸之乐,意令孔子如已也。“而不辍”者,,覆种也。辍,止也。覆种不止,不以津告。“子路行以告”者,子路以长沮、桀溺之言告夫子。“夫子怃然”者,怃,失意貌。谓不达己意而便非己也。“曰:鸟兽不可与同群”者,孔子言其不可隐居避世之意也。山林多鸟兽,不可与同群。若隐於山林,是同群也。“吾非斯人之徒与而谁与”者,与,谓相亲与。我非天下人之徒众相亲与而更谁亲与?言吾自当与此天下人同群,安能去人从鸟兽居乎?天下有道,丘不与易也”者,言凡天下有道者,我皆不与易也,为其己大而人小故也。
  ○注“耜广五寸,二耜为耦”。
  ○正义(yi)曰:此《周礼·考工(gong)记》文也。郑注云:“古(gu)者耜一金,两(liang)(liang)人并发之。今之耜歧(qi)头两(liang)(liang)金,象古(gu)之耦也。”《月令》云:“耒耜。”郑注云:“耜者,耒之金。”

子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)从而後,遇丈(zhang)人以(yi)杖荷。(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue):“丈(zhang)人,老人也(ye)。,竹器(qi)。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)问曰(yue)(yue):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)见夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)乎?”丈(zhang)人曰(yue)(yue):“四(si)体不(bu)(bu)勤,五(wu)不(bu)(bu)分,孰为夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?”(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue):“丈(zhang)人云:不(bu)(bu)勤劳四(si)体,不(bu)(bu)分殖五(wu),谁为夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)而索之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邪?”)植其(qi)杖而芸。(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“植,倚也(ye)。除(chu)草曰(yue)(yue)芸。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)拱而立。(未(wei)知(zhi)所以(yi)答(da)。)止子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)宿,杀鸡为黍而食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),见其(qi)二(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)焉。明(ming)日,子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)行以(yi)告。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“隐者(zhe)也(ye)。”使子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)反见之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。至,则行矣(yi)。(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)反至其(qi)家,丈(zhang)人出行不(bu)(bu)在。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路(lu)(lu)曰(yue)(yue):“不(bu)(bu)仕无义(yi)。(郑曰(yue)(yue):“留言以(yi)语丈(zhang)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)二(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。”)长幼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)节,不(bu)(bu)可废(fei)(fei)(fei)也(ye);君(jun)臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi),如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何其(qi)废(fei)(fei)(fei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“言女知(zhi)父子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)相(xiang)养不(bu)(bu)可废(fei)(fei)(fei),反可废(fei)(fei)(fei)君(jun)臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)邪?”)欲其(qi)身(shen),而乱大伦。(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue):“伦,道(dao)理也(ye)。”)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仕也(ye),行其(qi)义(yi)也(ye)。道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)行,已(yi)知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)。”(包(bao)曰(yue)(yue):“言君(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仕,所以(yi)行君(jun)臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi),不(bu)(bu)必(bi)自己(ji)道(dao)得行。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)道(dao)不(bu)(bu)见用,自已(yi)知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”)

[疏]“子路”至“之矣”。
  ○正义曰:此章记隐者与子路相讥之语也。“子路从而後,遇丈人,以杖荷”者,子路随从夫子,行不相及而独在後,逢老人以杖担荷竹器。“子路问曰:子见夫子乎”者,夫子,孔子也。“丈人曰:四体不勤,五不分,孰为夫子”者,丈人责子路云:“不勤劳四体,不分殖五,谁为夫子,而来问我求索之邪?”“植其杖而芸”者,植,倚立也。芸,除草也。丈人既责子路,至於田中,倚其荷之杖而芸其苗。“子路拱而立”者,子路未知所以答,故随至田中,拱手而立也。“止子路宿,杀鸡为黍而食之,见其二子焉”者,丈人留子路宿,杀鸡为黍而食之。丈人知子路贤,故又以二子见於子路也。“明日,子路行以告”者,既宿之明日,子路行去,遂及夫子,以丈人所言及鸡、黍、见子之事△告之也。子曰:“隐者,也。使子路反见之。至则行矣”者,夫子言,此丈人必贤人之隐者也。使子路反求见之,欲语以己道。子路反而至其家,则丈人出行不在也。“子路曰:不仕无义”者,丈人既不在,留言以语丈人之二子,令其父还则述之。此下之言,皆孔子之意,言父子之道,天性也,君臣之义也,人性则皆当有之。若其不仕,是无君臣之义也。“长幼之节,不可废也;君臣之义,如之何其废之”者,言女知父子相养,是知长幼之节不可废也,反可废君臣之义而不仕浊世?欲清其身,则乱於君臣之义大道理也。“君子之仕也,行其义也。道之不行,已知之矣”者,言君子之仕,非苟利禄而已,所以行君臣之义,亦不必自己道得行。孔子道不见用,自已知之也。
  ○注“,竹器”。
  ○正义曰:《说文》作(zuo)莜,芸田器也。

逸民:伯夷、叔齐、虞仲(zhong)、夷逸、朱张、柳下惠、少连(lian)。(逸民者,节行(xing)超(chao)逸也。包曰(yue)(yue):“此七人皆逸民之(zhi)贤者。”)子曰(yue)(yue):“不降其(qi)志,不辱其(qi)身,伯夷、叔齐与!”(郑曰(yue)(yue):“言(yan)其(qi)直已之(zhi)心,不入庸君之(zhi)朝(chao)。”)谓(wei)“柳下惠、少连(lian),降志辱身矣(yi),言(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)伦,行(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)虑,其(qi)斯而已矣(yi)”。(孔曰(yue)(yue):“但(dan)能言(yan)应伦理,行(xing)应思(si)虑,如此而已。”)谓(wei)“虞仲(zhong)、夷逸,隐居放言(yan),(包曰(yue)(yue):“放,置(zhi)也。不复言(yan)世务(wu)。”)身中(zhong)(zhong)清(qing),废中(zhong)(zhong)权。(马曰(yue)(yue):“清(qing),纯洁(jie)也。遭(zao)世乱(luan),自(zi)废弃(qi)以免患,合於权也。”)我则(ze)异於是(shi),无可无不可”。(马曰(yue)(yue):“亦不必进,亦不必退,唯(wei)义所在(zai)。”)

[疏]“逸民”至“不可”。
  ○正义(yi)曰:此(ci)章论(lun)逸(yi)民(min)(min)(min)贤者之(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)。“逸(yi)民(min)(min)(min):伯(bo)夷(yi)(yi)、叔齐、虞(yu)仲(zhong)、夷(yi)(yi)逸(yi)、朱(zhu)张、柳下惠(hui)、少(shao)(shao)连”者,逸(yi)民(min)(min)(min),谓(wei)民(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)节行(xing)(xing)超逸(yi)者也(ye)(ye)。此(ci)七(qi)人(ren)(ren)皆(jie)逸(yi)民(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)贤者也(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)曰:不(bu)(bu)(bu)降(jiang)其(qi)志(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)辱(ru)(ru)其(qi)身,伯(bo)夷(yi)(yi)、叔齐与(yu)(yu)”者,此(ci)下孔(kong)子(zi)论(lun)其(qi)逸(yi)民(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)其(qi)直己之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin),不(bu)(bu)(bu)降(jiang)志(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye),不(bu)(bu)(bu)入庸君之(zhi)(zhi)朝(chao)(chao),不(bu)(bu)(bu)辱(ru)(ru)身也(ye)(ye),惟(wei)伯(bo)夷(yi)(yi)、叔齐有此(ci)行(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)。“谓(wei)柳下惠(hui)、少(shao)(shao)连,降(jiang)志(zhi)(zhi)辱(ru)(ru)身矣,言(yan)(yan)中(zhong)伦(lun)(lun),行(xing)(xing)中(zhong)虑,其(qi)斯(si)而(er)已(yi)矣”者,又(you)论(lun)此(ci)二人(ren)(ren)食禄(lu)乱(luan)朝(chao)(chao),是降(jiang)志(zhi)(zhi)辱(ru)(ru)身也(ye)(ye)。伦(lun)(lun),理也(ye)(ye)。中(zhong)伦(lun)(lun)中(zhong)虑,但(dan)能言(yan)(yan)应伦(lun)(lun)理,行(xing)(xing)应思虑,如此(ci)而(er)已(yi)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)以世务婴心(xin),故亦谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)逸(yi)民(min)(min)(min)。“谓(wei)虞(yu)仲(zhong)、夷(yi)(yi)逸(yi),隐(yin)居放(fang)言(yan)(yan),身中(zhong)清(qing),废中(zhong)权”者,放(fang),置(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。清(qing),纯洁(jie)也(ye)(ye)。权,反常合道也(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)子(zi)又(you)论(lun)此(ci)二人(ren)(ren)隐(yin)Т退居,放(fang)置(zhi)言(yan)(yan)语,不(bu)(bu)(bu)复言(yan)(yan)其(qi)世务,其(qi)身不(bu)(bu)(bu)仕(shi)浊世,应於(wu)纯洁(jie);遭世乱(luan),自废弃以免(mian)患,应於(wu)权也(ye)(ye)。“我(wo)则(ze)(ze)异(yi)於(wu)是,无(wu)(wu)可(ke)无(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)”者,孔(kong)子(zi)言(yan)(yan),我(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)所行(xing)(xing),则(ze)(ze)与(yu)(yu)此(ci)逸(yi)民(min)(min)(min)异(yi),亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)必进,亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)必退,唯义(yi)所在,故曰无(wu)(wu)可(ke)无(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)也(ye)(ye)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)论(lun)朱(zhu)张之(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)者,王弼(bi)云:“朱(zhu)张字子(zi)弓,荀(xun)卿以比(bi)孔(kong)子(zi)。”言(yan)(yan)其(qi)行(xing)(xing)与(yu)(yu)孔(kong)子(zi)同,故不(bu)(bu)(bu)论(lun)也(ye)(ye)。

大师(shi)(shi)挚齐,亚饭干(gan)楚,(孔曰(yue):“亚,次也。次饭,乐(le)师(shi)(shi)也。挚、干(gan)皆(jie)(jie)名(ming)(ming)。”)三饭缭(liao)蔡,四饭缺秦,(包曰(yue):“三饭、四饭,乐(le)章名(ming)(ming),各异师(shi)(shi)。缭(liao)、缺皆(jie)(jie)名(ming)(ming)也。”)鼓方叔入於(wu)河(he),(包曰(yue):“鼓,击鼓者。方叔,名(ming)(ming)。入,谓居其河(he)内。”)播(bo)鼗武入於(wu)汉(han),(孔曰(yue):“播(bo),摇也。武,名(ming)(ming)也。)少师(shi)(shi)阳、击磬襄入於(wu)海。(孔曰(yue):“鲁哀(ai)公时(shi),礼坏乐(le)崩,乐(le)人皆(jie)(jie)去。阳,襄皆(jie)(jie)名(ming)(ming)。”)

[疏]“大师”至“於海”。
  ○正义曰:此章(zhang)记鲁(lu)哀公时(shi),礼坏(huai)乐(le)崩,乐(le)人(ren)皆去(qu)也(ye)(ye)。“大师(shi)(shi)(shi)挚(zhi)齐”者(zhe)(zhe),太师(shi)(shi)(shi),乐(le)官之长,名(ming)挚(zhi),去(qu)鲁(lu)而齐也(ye)(ye)。“亚饭(fan)干楚(chu)”者(zhe)(zhe),亚,次(ci)也(ye)(ye)。天子诸侯每食奏乐(le),乐(le)章(zhang)各异,各有乐(le)师(shi)(shi)(shi)。次(ci)饭(fan)乐(le)师(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)干往楚(chu),三饭(fan)乐(le)师(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)缭往蔡(cai),四饭(fan)乐(le)师(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)缺往秦。“鼓方叔(shu)入於(wu)(wu)(wu)河(he)”者(zhe)(zhe),击鼓者(zhe)(zhe)名(ming)方叔(shu)入於(wu)(wu)(wu)河(he)内(nei)也(ye)(ye)。“播鼗(tao)武(wu)入於(wu)(wu)(wu)汉(han)”者(zhe)(zhe),播,摇(yao)也(ye)(ye)。鼗(tao)如(ru)鼓而小,有两(liang)耳,持其(qi)柄摇(yao)之,旁耳还(hai)自(zi)击。摇(yao)鼗(tao)鼓者(zhe)(zhe)名(ming)武(wu)入居於(wu)(wu)(wu)汉(han)中也(ye)(ye)。“少(shao)师(shi)(shi)(shi)阳(yang)、击磬(qing)襄入於(wu)(wu)(wu)海(hai)”者(zhe)(zhe),阳(yang)、襄皆名(ming),二人(ren)入居於(wu)(wu)(wu)海(hai)内(nei)也(ye)(ye)。

周公谓(wei)鲁(lu)公(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“鲁(lu)公,周公之子(zi)伯禽,封(feng)於(wu)鲁(lu)。”)曰(yue)(yue):“君(jun)子(zi)不(bu)(bu)施其亲(qin),(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“施,易也。不(bu)(bu)以(yi)他人(ren)之亲(qin)易已之亲(qin)。”)不(bu)(bu)使大臣怨(yuan)(yuan)乎不(bu)(bu)以(yi)。(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“以(yi),用也。怨(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)(bu)见听用。”)故旧无大故,则不(bu)(bu)弃也。无求备於(wu)一人(ren)!”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“大故,谓(wei)恶(e)逆之事。”)

[疏]“周公”至“故旧无大故,则不弃也。无求备於一人”。
  ○正(zheng)义曰:此(ci)一章(zhang)记周(zhou)公(gong)戒鲁(lu)公(gong)之(zhi)语(yu)也(ye)(ye)。“周(zhou)公(gong)谓鲁(lu)公(gong)”者(zhe),鲁(lu)公(gong),周(zhou)公(gong)之(zhi)子伯禽,封於(wu)鲁(lu)。将之(zhi)国,周(zhou)公(gong)戒之(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。“曰:君子不施(shi)其(qi)亲”者(zhe),施(shi),易也(ye)(ye)。言君子为(wei)国,不以他(ta)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)亲易己之(zhi)亲,当行博爱广(guang)敬也(ye)(ye)。“不使大(da)(da)(da)臣怨(yuan)乎(hu)不以”者(zhe),以,用(yong)也(ye)(ye)。既仕为(wei)大(da)(da)(da)臣,则(ze)当听用(yong)之(zhi),不得令大(da)(da)(da)臣怨(yuan)不见听用(yong)。“故旧(jiu)无(wu)大(da)(da)(da)故,则(ze)不弃”者(zhe),大(da)(da)(da)故,谓恶逆(ni)之(zhi)事也(ye)(ye)。故旧(jiu)朋(peng)友无(wu)此(ci)恶逆(ni)之(zhi)事,则(ze)不有遗(yi)弃也(ye)(ye)。“无(wu)求(qiu)备(bei)於(wu)一人(ren)(ren)(ren)”者(zhe),求(qiu),责(ze)也(ye)(ye)。任人(ren)(ren)(ren)当随(sui)其(qi)才,无(wu)得责(ze)备(bei)於(wu)一人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)。

周有(you)八士:伯达、伯适、仲(zhong)突、仲(zhong)忽、叔夜、叔夏、季随(sui)、季。(包曰(yue):“周时四乳生八子,皆为(wei)显(xian)士,故(gu)记之(zhi)尔。”)

[疏]“周有八士:伯达、伯适、仲突、仲忽、叔夜、叔夏、季随、季”。
  ○正义曰:此章(zhang)记(ji)异也。周时有人四(si)偏生子而乳(ru)(ru)之,每乳(ru)(ru)皆二(er)子,凡(fan)八子,皆为(wei)显士,故记(ji)之耳。郑玄以(yi)为(wei)成王时。刘(liu)向、马融(rong)皆以(yi)为(wei)宣王时。

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