①“中庸(yong)(yong)”是(shi)(shi)儒(ru)家(jia)(jia)伦理学说的(de)(de)一(yi)个核心思(si)想,但在现(xian)实生(sheng)活中却常(chang)常(chang)被误解、误用,颇有辨析的(de)(de)必(bi)要。在有的(de)(de)人(ren)看来(lai),所(suo)谓“中庸(yong)(yong)”,就是(shi)(shi)做人(ren)要圆融(rong),善于“和(he)稀泥”、当“老好人(ren)”,搞折衷主义、模(mo)棱两可;做事要平庸(yong)(yong),不(bu)出头(tou)、不(bu)冒尖、守(shou)“本分”,满足(zu)于随(sui)大流(liu)、跟着走。但这(zhei)(zhei)种观(guan)点不(bu)仅(jin)违(wei)背了儒(ru)家(jia)(jia)关于“中庸(yong)(yong)”的(de)(de)原意,而且在一(yi)定程度(du)上(shang)误导(dao)了人(ren)们对儒(ru)家(jia)(jia)伦理学说的(de)(de)整(zheng)体认识和(he)评价。事实上(shang),这(zhei)(zhei)种是(shi)(shi)非(fei)不(bu)明、善恶不(bu)分、庸(yong)(yong)碌(liu)无为的(de)(de)“老好人(ren)”、“本分人(ren)”并非(fei)儒(ru)家(jia)(jia)所(suo)尊崇的(de)(de)“中庸(yong)(yong)”之人(ren),而是(shi)(shi)其所(suo)贬斥的(de)(de)“乡愿”,这(zhei)(zhei)种人(ren)格与(yu)品(pin)行(xing)也是(shi)(shi)儒(ru)家(jia)(jia)所(suo)极力反对的(de)(de)。孔子说:“乡原(愿),德之贼也。”
②将“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)(yong)(yong)”理解(jie)为“乡(xiang)愿”,除(chu)了(le)少数(shu)人(ren)(ren)是(shi)刻意而(er)(er)(er)为、混淆视听之(zhi)外,大多数(shu)人(ren)(ren)是(shi)出(chu)(chu)于对“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”、“庸(yong)(yong)(yong)”二字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)望(wang)文(wen)生义:将“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”理解(jie)为“走中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)间路线”,将“庸(yong)(yong)(yong)”理解(jie)为“平庸(yong)(yong)(yong)”。不(bu)(bu)过,这种理解(jie)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)符合儒(ru)家尤其(qi)是(shi)先秦儒(ru)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)本意。我们来看看相关(guan)(guan)文(wen)献中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)释(shi)(shi)。在(zai)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)(yong)(yong)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)书(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”与(yu)“和(he)”是(shi)放在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)表述的(de)(de)(de)(de),二者密切联(lian)系、不(bu)(bu)可分(fen)割,正所(suo)(suo)谓(wei)“喜怒哀乐之(zhi)未发,谓(wei)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);发而(er)(er)(er)皆中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)节,谓(wei)之(zhi)和(he)”。由(you)此可以(yi)看出(chu)(chu),“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”在(zai)这里是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)时(shi)间概(gai)念(nian)而(er)(er)(er)非距离概(gai)念(nian),是(shi)所(suo)(suo)谓(wei)“时(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”,即(ji)在(zai)合适(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)时(shi)机做(zuo)合适(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事、表达合适(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)感,而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)折中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)调和(he)或(huo)不(bu)(bu)分(fen)场合地(di)率性(xing)而(er)(er)(er)为。对此,《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)(yong)(yong)》进一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步解(jie)释(shi)(shi)道:“君子之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)(yong)(yong)也,君子而(er)(er)(er)时(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)(yong)(yong)也,小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)而(er)(er)(er)无(wu)忌(ji)惮也。” 关(guan)(guan)于“庸(yong)(yong)(yong)”,汉代学者郑玄的(de)(de)(de)(de)注释(shi)(shi)是(shi):“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)(yong)(yong)者,以(yi)其(qi)记中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)之(zhi)为用(yong)也;庸(yong)(yong)(yong),用(yong)也。”也就(jiu)是(shi)说,儒(ru)家所(suo)(suo)谓(wei)“庸(yong)(yong)(yong)”,就(jiu)是(shi)人(ren)(ren)伦(lun)(lun)日用(yong);所(suo)(suo)谓(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)(yong)(yong)”,就(jiu)是(shi)在(zai)日常生活中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)运用(yong)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)理念(nian),追求言行(xing)在(zai)时(shi)机、氛围等(deng)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)恰(qia)如其(qi)分(fen),不(bu)(bu)失礼、不(bu)(bu)失态、不(bu)(bu)偏激。用(yong)俗话说,“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)(yong)(yong)”则(ze)大致(zhi)(zhi)相当于 “看菜吃饭、量体裁衣”或(huo)“到(dao)什么山上(shang)唱什么歌”。“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)(yong)(yong)”或(huo)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)理念(nian)还可以(yi)超越人(ren)(ren)伦(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)领(ling)域(yu),运用(yong)到(dao)人(ren)(ren)与(yu)自然关(guan)(guan)系上(shang):人(ren)(ren)们通(tong)过对自然界万物生长与(yu)四时(shi)变化(hua)规律的(de)(de)(de)(de)领(ling)悟(wu)和(he)顺应,能(neng)够“赞天(tian)地(di)之(zhi)化(hua)育(yu)”,达到(dao)“天(tian)人(ren)(ren)合一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)境界。这就(jiu)是(shi)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)(yong)(yong)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)(suo)说的(de)(de)(de)(de)“致(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he),天(tian)地(di)位焉(yan),万物育(yu)焉(yan)”。
③儒(ru)家认为(wei),在人(ren)(ren)伦日用中做到“中庸”,即行(xing)所(suo)当(dang)行(xing)、止所(suo)当(dang)止,是(shi)(shi)一(yi)个极高的(de)(de)(de)境(jing)界(jie),需要 “究天人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)际、通(tong)古(gu)今之(zhi)变”、“道(dao)通(tong)天地有(you)形外,思入风云变态中”——对自(zi)然、社会和人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)运(yun)行(xing)规律、运(yun)行(xing)法则有(you)深刻的(de)(de)(de)体(ti)(ti)验和把握。这(zhei)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)般人(ren)(ren)能够达到的(de)(de)(de)。在孔子(zi)看来(lai),行(xing)“中庸之(zhi)道(dao)”至少需要做到四(si)点,即“毋(wu)意(yi),毋(wu)必(bi),毋(wu)固,毋(wu)我”,也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)破(po)除种(zhong)种(zhong)思维定势和主观(guan)成见(jian),通(tong)权(quan)达变、相时而(er)动。为(wei)此(ci),孔子(zi)在回答(da)其(qi)弟子(zi)关于什(shen)么(me)(me)是(shi)(shi)“仁(ren)”、什(shen)么(me)(me)是(shi)(shi)“义”、什(shen)么(me)(me)是(shi)(shi)“礼”、什(shen)么(me)(me)是(shi)(shi)“孝”等基本(ben)伦理问题时,总(zong)是(shi)(shi)避(bi)免(mian)给(ji)出(chu)概念(nian)(nian)化、程式化的(de)(de)(de)答(da)案(an),而(er)是(shi)(shi)根据不(bu)同(tong)弟子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)气质禀赋和不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)言语情境(jing),进行(xing)有(you)针对性的(de)(de)(de)说明(ming)和阐释。从教育学的(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度说,这(zhei)体(ti)(ti)现了孔子(zi)“因(yin)材施教”的(de)(de)(de)教育理念(nian)(nian);而(er)从伦理学的(de)(de)(de)视野观(guan)照,这(zhei)就是(shi)(shi)他引导弟子(zi)追求“中庸”境(jing)界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)具体(ti)(ti)实践。黑(hei)格尔(er)曾(ceng)因(yin)《论语》中缺乏概念(nian)(nian)和范畴的(de)(de)(de)思辩而(er)给(ji)予这(zhei)部经典以至孔子(zi)本(ben)人(ren)(ren)相当(dang)消极的(de)(de)(de)评价,其(qi)实,这(zhei)恰恰体(ti)(ti)现了儒(ru)家伦理智慧(hui)的(de)(de)(de)特色所(suo)在。
④人们(men)在特定的(de)时空情境(jing)中(zhong)生活,为(wei)人处世就(jiu)需要(yao)“与时偕行”、因时制宜、因地制宜,努力破除种(zhong)种(zhong)教条主义、主观主义和(he)形(xing)而上学的(de)束缚,这样(yang)才能(neng)不断实现(xian)从必(bi)然王国向自由(you)王国的(de)跨(kua)越。这,可能(neng)就(jiu)是儒家“中(zhong)庸”思(si)想(xiang)带给(ji)我们(men)的(de)最大启示。
(选自《人民(min)日(ri)报》,有删改(gai))
1.根(gen)据文意(yi),概括(kuo)第③段画线句中“这”所指代的内容(2分(fen))
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2.结(jie)合全文,分条(tiao)概括“中(zhong)庸”的内(nei)涵要点(3分)
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3.下列表(biao)述符合(he)原文意思(si)的一项(xiang)是( )(3分)
A.人们把“中(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)”理解为(wei)“乡(xiang)愿”是出于对(dui)“中(zhong)(zhong)”、“庸(yong)”二(er)字的望文(wen)生义:将“中(zhong)(zhong)”理解为(wei)“走中(zhong)(zhong)间(jian)路线(xian)”,将“庸(yong)”理解为(wei)“平庸(yong)”。
B.人们对儒家伦理学(xue)说的整体认识和评价发生错误(wu)(wu)的根源(yuan)就是对“中庸”原(yuan)意的误(wu)(wu)解。
C.作(zuo)者认为(wei)儒家“中庸”思想一定(ding)能(neng)带(dai)给我们为(wei)人处(chu)世需要因时制(zhi)宜、因地制(zhi)宜,努力(li)破除种种教条(tiao)主(zhu)义、主(zhu)观主(zhu)义和形而上(shang)学的束缚等启示。
D.孔子(zi)(zi)注重引导弟(di)子(zi)(zi)追求“中(zhong)庸(yong)”境界。他(ta)在回答其(qi)弟(di)子(zi)(zi)基(ji)本伦理问题时,总是(shi)避免给出概(gai)念(nian)化、程式(shi)化的(de)答案,而是(shi)根据不同弟(di)子(zi)(zi)的(de)气(qi)质禀(bing)赋和(he)不同的(de)言(yan)语情境,进(jin)行有针对性的(de)说明和(he)阐(chan)释的(de)做法,就说明了这一点(dian)。
参考答案:
1.《论语》中缺(que)乏概念(nian)和范畴的思辩。(2分(fen))
2.①“中庸”就是在人伦日用中行所当行、止所当止的极高的境界。 (或者是“中庸”,就是在日常生活中运用“中和”的理念,追求言行在时机、氛围等方…请点此查看本文完整答案(答案页第五页)…们对儒家伦理学说的整(zheng)体认识和(he)评价”;C最后一(yi)句“这,可能就是儒家‘中庸’思想带(dai)给我们的最大启示。”)