世界(jie)上大多数民(min)(min)族的信(xin)仰为(wei)宗(zong)(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),故其(qi)终极价值是宗(zong)(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)性(xing)的和非(fei)理性(xing)的,如西方文(wen)(wen)明中的基督教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、伊斯兰文(wen)(wen)明中的伊斯兰教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)等(deng);而中国人(ren)的信(xin)仰则宗(zong)(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、人(ren)文(wen)(wen)并行,故其(qi)终极价值为(wei)宗(zong)(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)性(xing)和人(ren)文(wen)(wen)性(xing)并行,非(fei)理性(xing)与理性(xing)齐驱,而尤以人(ren)文(wen)(wen)信(xin)仰或理性(xing)信(xin)仰为(wei)主。我归之于五(wu)个部(bu)分(fen):华教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、儒家(jia)(jia)、道(dao)家(jia)(jia)、佛(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)和文(wen)(wen)学艺(yi)术,其(qi)中华教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)和佛(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)属(shu)(shu)宗(zong)(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)信(xin)仰,儒家(jia)(jia)、道(dao)家(jia)(jia)和文(wen)(wen)学艺(yi)术属(shu)(shu)人(ren)文(wen)(wen)信(xin)仰。这五(wu)个方面(mian)是中华民(min)(min)族精神(shen)家(jia)(jia)园的主要组成(cheng)部(bu)分(fen)。
何谓(wei)华教(jiao)(jiao)?有学(xue)者指出,在中(zhong)国(guo)(guo)传统社(she)会(hui),除了道教(jiao)(jiao)和(he)佛教(jiao)(jiao)外,还(hai)有另一种(zhong)更重要的(de)(de)宗教(jiao)(jiao)。它不但一直(zhi)是中(zhong)华民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)的(de)(de)主(zhu)体宗教(jiao)(jiao),而且一直(zhi)高居(ju)国(guo)(guo)教(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)地位,是最能反映中(zhong)华民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)宗教(jiao)(jiao)情怀的(de)(de)正(zheng)宗大教(jiao)(jiao)。如果说道教(jiao)(jiao)和(he)佛教(jiao)(jiao)是一种(zhong)团体性宗教(jiao)(jiao),只为部(bu)分中(zhong)国(guo)(guo)人所信仰,那么这种(zhong)宗教(jiao)(jiao)则是一种(zhong)全民(min)(min)(min)宗教(jiao)(jiao),为中(zhong)华民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)几乎(hu)所有成员所信仰。因此,我依(yi)照(zhao)犹太教(jiao)(jiao)、印度教(jiao)(jiao)等(deng)以民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)名(ming)称命名(ming)的(de)(de)先例,称之为“华教(jiao)(jiao)”。
华教(jiao)(jiao)包含以(yi)下主要内容。第(di)一,上天(tian)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)。“天(tian)”不仅是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自然之(zhi)天(tian)、宗教(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)天(tian),也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)义理之(zhi)天(tian)。它(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)信仰和(he)理性的(de)(de)(de)(de)统一体。第(di)二,祖(zu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)、民族(zu)(zu)(zu)始(shi)(shi)祖(zu)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)与圣贤崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)。祖(zu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)我们生命所由来(lai)。民族(zu)(zu)(zu)始(shi)(shi)祖(zu)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)由祖(zu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)衍化(hua)而(er)来(lai),民族(zu)(zu)(zu)祖(zu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)就(jiu)像(xiang)家(jia)族(zu)(zu)(zu)祖(zu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)佑其家(jia)族(zu)(zu)(zu)成员一样会保(bao)佑民族(zu)(zu)(zu)。圣贤崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)对象(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)往(wang)圣先(xian)(xian)(xian)贤。他们是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)华民族(zu)(zu)(zu)文化(hua)意(yi)义上的(de)(de)(de)(de)祖(zu)先(xian)(xian)(xian),故圣贤崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)仍可(ke)看作祖(zu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)进(jin)一步衍化(hua)。第(di)三(san),图(tu)腾崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)、自然崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)与社(she)稷崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)。这(zhei)些都可(ke)归为(wei)(wei)自然神灵崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)。图(tu)腾崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)对象(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作为(wei)(wei)民族(zu)(zu)(zu)祖(zu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)动物(wu)和(he)植物(wu),而(er)社(she)稷崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)对象(xiang)则(ze)为(wei)(wei)土神和(he)谷神。至于日月、风(feng)雨、雷电(dian)、山川、树木等,都可(ke)成为(wei)(wei)自然崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)对象(xiang)。它(ta)们既是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人类(lei)赖以(yi)生存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理基础,也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人们的(de)(de)(de)(de)精神寄(ji)托。第(di)四(si),巫术(shu)、卜(bu)筮和(he)方术(shu)。第(di)五,郊社(she)制度(du)、宗庙制度(du)以(yi)及其他祭(ji)祀制度(du)。第(di)六(liu),经典。华教(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)经典为(wei)(wei)孔子(zi)(zi)编订的(de)(de)(de)(de)六(liu)经。《庄子(zi)(zi)?天(tian)下》曾说古(gu)之(zhi)道(dao)术(shu)“在于《诗》《书》《礼》《乐》者”。这(zhei)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)“古(gu)之(zhi)道(dao)术(shu)”实际上就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)国原生态的(de)(de)(de)(de)宗教(jiao)(jiao)母体。从《天(tian)下》的(de)(de)(de)(de)描述(shu)看,六(liu)经为(wei)(wei)华教(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)载体。第(di)七(qi),社(she)会习俗和(he)传统节(jie)日。这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上述(shu)种种宗教(jiao)(jiao)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表现形式,蕴涵着几千年的(de)(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)积淀。
华教的(de)至(zhi)上神是(shi)天(tian),而只(zhi)有(you)皇(huang)帝才可称为“天(tian)子”,有(you)权力(li)祭(ji)祀上天(tian),所(suo)以皇(huang)帝不但是(shi)最高(gao)的(de)政治统(tong)治者,也是(shi)最高(gao)的(de)宗教权威。
在漫长的(de)历史(shi)过程(cheng)中,华(hua)(hua)教(jiao)(jiao)又衍(yan)化出许多自(zi)成一体的(de)宗(zong)(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)形式。可以(yi)说,中国本土宗(zong)(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)多与华(hua)(hua)教(jiao)(jiao)存在血缘关系,属华(hua)(hua)教(jiao)(jiao)支裔(yi),应归为华(hua)(hua)教(jiao)(jiao)家(jia)族,其中最突出的(de)是儒(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)和道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao),但更多地被当今学者称为“民间宗(zong)(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)”。
在这里,我(wo)们需要厘(li)清“儒(ru)(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)”这个概念(nian)。“儒(ru)(ru)(ru)学(xue)(xue)”和“儒(ru)(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)”这两个概念(nian)并行不(bu)悖,“儒(ru)(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)”不(bu)能代(dai)替或涵(han)盖“儒(ru)(ru)(ru)学(xue)(xue)”,因为(wei)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)和儒(ru)(ru)(ru)学(xue)(xue)有(you)各自的(de)界(jie)限,二者的(de)关系(xi)犹如(ru)道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)和道(dao)家的(de)关系(xi),即儒(ru)(ru)(ru)学(xue)(xue)是一种学(xue)(xue)术体系(xi),而(er)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)是一种宗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。就(jiu)像佛教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)有(you)庙宇、道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)有(you)道(dao)观(guan)一样,儒(ru)(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)也有(you)宗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)场所(suo)孔庙(文庙)。
儒(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)和(he)(he)道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一方(fang)面(mian)孕(yun)育于华教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),另一方(fang)面(mian)又(you)分别是(shi)儒(ru)学(xue)和(he)(he)道(dao)家的宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化,所以(yi)有两(liang)个源头。因此,既可以(yi)归之(zhi)(zhi)于华教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)系统(tong),又(you)可以(yi)归之(zhi)(zhi)于儒(ru)家或道(dao)家系统(tong)。
儒(ru)(ru)、释、道是(shi)中(zhong)国(guo)人(ren)的信(xin)仰系统(tong)。中(zhong)国(guo)古(gu)代的文学(xue)艺术已经(jing)为华教、儒(ru)(ru)家(jia)、道家(jia)和佛教所(suo)浸润,甚(shen)至可(ke)以说就(jiu)是(shi)这些信(xin)仰系统(tong)的表现形式,所(suo)以也(ye)起到了(le)信(xin)仰的作用。当遇到挫折时(shi),人(ren)们(men)去拜神,但中(zhong)国(guo)古(gu)代的许多士大夫却去读《庄(zhuang)子(zi)》、唐诗(shi)、宋词(ci)、元(yuan)曲等文学(xue)作品和欣(xin)赏(shang)书(shu)画、古(gu)玩等艺术品,从中(zhong)获得精神寄托,这样(yang)文学(xue)艺术也(ye)可(ke)以归到信(xin)仰里边了(le)。
宗(zong)(zong)(zong)教(jiao)信仰(yang)(yang)和(he)人文(wen)(wen)信仰(yang)(yang)相(xiang)辅相(xiang)成(cheng)。一(yi)(yi)方面二(er)者(zhe)相(xiang)互学习,相(xiang)互渗透。中国(guo)的(de)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)教(jiao)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)种人文(wen)(wen)主(zhu)(zhu)义(yi)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)教(jiao),中国(guo)的(de)人文(wen)(wen)主(zhu)(zhu)义(yi)则是(shi)一(yi)(yi)种宗(zong)(zong)(zong)教(jiao)人文(wen)(wen)主(zhu)(zhu)义(yi)。另一(yi)(yi)方面宗(zong)(zong)(zong)教(jiao)信仰(yang)(yang)和(he)人文(wen)(wen)信仰(yang)(yang)分别(bie)成(cheng)为不同人群的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要信仰(yang)(yang)形式。以士大夫为代(dai)表的(de)社会上层(ceng)(ceng)多倾向(xiang)于人文(wen)(wen)信仰(yang)(yang),而以百姓为主(zhu)(zhu)体(ti)的(de)社会下层(ceng)(ceng)更青睐宗(zong)(zong)(zong)教(jiao)信仰(yang)(yang)。
12.下列关于“华教”的理解和分析,不符合(he)原文意思的两项是(shi)( )( )(5分)
A.华教即中(zhong)华民族(zu)的(de)宗(zong)教,如同印度教、犹太教一样以(yi)民族(zu)命(ming)名,是与其他民族(zu)宗(zong)教并列的(de)主(zhu)体宗(zong)教。
B.华教(jiao)、道(dao)教(jiao)、佛(fo)教(jiao)为几乎(hu)所有中国(guo)人所信仰(yang),是一直(zhi)高居于(yu)国(guo)教(jiao)地位的(de)全(quan)民族性的(de)宗教(jiao)体系。
C.华教中的(de)自然神灵崇(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)包括图腾崇(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)、自然崇(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)与(yu)社稷崇(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai),祖先崇(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)衍化出(chu)圣贤崇(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)、民族始祖崇(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)。
D.华教以天(tian)为(wei)至上神,以孔子编订的六经为(wei)载体,以社会习(xi)俗和(he)传统节(jie)日等为(wei)表现形式。
E.华教(jiao)既是一(yi)(yi)种宗(zong)教(jiao)信仰,也(ye)是一(yi)(yi)种人文信仰,两种信仰相辅相成,相互渗透。
13.根据本文(wen)的内容,下列分析推断(duan)合(he)理的一项是( )(3分)
A.多数民族(zu)信(xin)仰(yang)宗教,中(zhong)华民族(zu)主(zhu)要信(xin)仰(yang)人文,因此,中(zhong)国(guo)传统(tong)信(xin)仰(yang)的(de)地(di)(di)位高于其他民族(zu)信(xin)仰(yang)的(de)地(di)(di)位。
B.儒教(jiao)是一种脱胎于(yu)华教(jiao)的宗教(jiao)体系,儒教(jiao)又孕育了儒学这种学术体系,因此,儒学包含(han)于(yu)儒教(jiao)的范畴(chou)之中(zhong)。
C.无论是华教、佛教,还是儒家(jia)、道家(jia)和文(wen)学艺术,都(dou)在中(zhong)华民族精神文(wen)化中(zhong)居于重要地位(wei)。
D.因为(wei)中(zhong)国(guo)古代(dai)的(de)许多士大夫常从(cong)文学(xue)(xue)艺术作品中(zhong)获得精(jing)神寄托,所以,中(zhong)国(guo)古代(dai)文学(xue)(xue)艺术也可(ke)以归(gui)入信仰之中(zhong)。
14.根据文章内容,请简述“儒(ru)学”与“华(hua)教”的关系(xi)。(4分)
15.为什么说中国传统信仰“宗教性(xing)和人文性(xing)并(bing)行”?请(qing)作简析。(4分(fen))
参考答案:
12.(5分)B.E.【B.为几乎(hu)所(suo)有中国(guo)人(ren)所(suo)信(xin)(xin)仰,一直高居于(yu)国(guo)教(jiao)地位的全民族性的宗(zong)教(jiao)体系是(shi)华(hua)教(jiao),道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)、佛(fo)教(jiao)只为部分人(ren)所(suo)信(xin)(xin)仰。E.华(hua)教(jiao)是(shi)一种宗(zong)教(jiao)信(xin)(xin)仰,不是(shi)一种人(ren)文(wen)(wen)信(xin)(xin)仰。儒家、道(dao)(dao)家和文(wen)(wen)学艺术(shu)属于(yu)人(ren)文(wen)(wen)信(xin)(xin)仰。】
13.(3分)C.【A“中(zhong)国(guo)传统信(xin)仰的(de)地位高(gao)于其他民族信(xin)仰的(de)地位”在(zai)原(yuan)文(wen)中(zhong)缺乏(fa)依(yi)据;B“儒(ru)教(jiao)孕育了儒(ru)学(xue)”,“儒(ru)学(xue)包含于儒(ru)教(jiao)”错;D归因(yin)不当(dang),把表现、事例(li)当(dang)原(yuan)因(yin)。原(yuan)因(yin)是(shi)“中(zhong)国(guo)古代的(de)文(wen)学(xue)艺术已经(jing)为华教(jiao)、儒(ru)家(jia)(jia)、道家(jia)(jia)和佛教(jiao)所浸润(run)”。】
14.(4分)【(1)它们都是中(zhong)华(hua)民(min)族(zu)精神家园的主要组成(cheng)部分(都是中(zhong)国传统(tong)信(xin)(xin)仰(yang)的组成(cheng)部分)。(2)儒(ru)(ru)学(xue)是儒(ru)(ru)教(jiao)的源头之一(儒(ru)(ru)教(jiao)是儒(ru)(ru)学(xue)的宗教(jiao)化),而(er)儒(ru)(ru)教(jiao)是华(hua)教(jiao)的支裔。(3)儒(ru)(ru)学(xue)是一种(zhong)人文信(xin)(xin)仰(yang),华(hua)教(jiao)是一种(zhong)宗教(jiao)信(xin)(xin)仰(yang),它们相互渗(shen)透。(每答对1点得(de)2分,本题最多(duo)得(de)4分)】
15.(4分(fen))【①在中(zhong)国传统(tong)信(xin)(xin)仰(yang)(yang)中(zhong),华教和(he)佛(fo)教属(shu)宗(zong)教信(xin)(xin)仰(yang)(yang),儒家、道(dao)家和(he)文学艺(yi)术属(shu)人(ren)文信(xin)(xin)仰(yang)(yang);②在中(zhong)国传统(tong)信(xin)(xin)仰(yang)(yang)中(zhong),宗(zong)教信(xin)(xin)仰(yang)(yang)和(he)人(ren)文信(xin)(xin)仰(yang)(yang)相(xiang)辅相(xiang)成;二者相(xiang)互学习(xi),相(xiang)互渗透。③中(zhong)国传统(tong)信(xin)(xin)仰(yang)(yang)为(wei)中(zhong)华民族几(ji)乎所有(you)成员所信(xin)(xin)仰(yang)(yang),有(you)的阶(jie)(jie)层(ceng)倾(qing)向于人(ren)文信(xin)(xin)仰(yang)(yang),有(you)的阶(jie)(jie)层(ceng)青睐宗(zong)教信(xin)(xin)仰(yang)(yang)。(每答对1点得2分(fen),本题最多得4分(fen))】