在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)文化(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),历史地 看,“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”与“信(xin)(xin)”首(shou)先(xian)并不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)(ge)合(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念。在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)古(gu)代典籍(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),“信(xin)(xin)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)(ge)比“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”出现得(de)更(geng)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念。这(zhei)在(zai)迄今的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)关(guan)考证中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也得(de)到了(le)证实(shi)(shi)。尽管(guan)如此, 从(cong)逻(luo)(luo)辑上(shang)(shang)看,“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”却是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“信(xin)(xin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)和(he)基础,也就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo),无“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”即(ji)(ji)无“信(xin)(xin)”。这(zhei)与中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)文化(hua)特别重视“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”以(yi)(yi)及中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)文化(hua)对(dui)(dui)(dui)诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)与信(xin)(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)关(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)证方(fang)式有(you)(you)关(guan)。在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong) 国(guo)(guo)(guo)文化(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”首(shou)先(xian)并不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)(ge)主体(ti)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范畴(chou)(chou),而是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)为(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)(ge)具有(you)(you)宇(yu)宙本(ben)(ben)体(ti)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)意(yi)蕴(yun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范畴(chou)(chou)提(ti)出来(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);并且(qie),作(zuo)为(wei)本(ben)(ben)体(ti)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)范畴(chou)(chou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”,制约(yue)着作(zuo)为(wei)主体(ti)性范畴(chou)(chou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) “诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸》说(shuo):“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)。”即(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)说(shuo),“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)本(ben)(ben)来(lai)(lai)即(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)性,对(dui)(dui)(dui)天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)这(zhei)种本(ben)(ben)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主体(ti)实(shi)(shi)践(“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,即(ji)(ji)“行”)即(ji)(ji)为(wei)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben) 性,人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)来(lai)(lai)源于天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)并由(you)天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所(suo)决(jue)定(ding)(ding)。《孟子(zi)》所(suo)说(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),思(si)诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)”,则从(cong)另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)(ge)角度(du),即(ji)(ji)对(dui)(dui)(dui)天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“思(si)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du),来(lai)(lai)说(shuo)明天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)根(gen)。发(fa)展到后来(lai)(lai),作(zuo)为(wei)本(ben)(ben)体(ti)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)转(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)为(wei)主体(ti)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),对(dui)(dui)(dui)于诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主体(ti)而言(yan)就(jiu)自然具有(you)(you)了(le)伦理道(dao)德的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)义,诸如朱熹所(suo)言(yan):“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者何?不(bu)自欺不(bu)妄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)也。”正 是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”从(cong)本(ben)(ben)体(ti)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)向(xiang)主体(ti)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)转(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua),才使“信(xin)(xin)”这(zhei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)作(zuo)为(wei)纯粹伦理道(dao)德的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范畴(chou)(chou)得(de)以(yi)(yi)奠定(ding)(ding)在(zai)“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基础上(shang)(shang),并与“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”合(he)二为(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。换言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),信(xin)(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)可能(neng), 从(cong)根(gen)源上(shang)(shang)说(shuo)它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)经(jing)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所(suo)前定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。从(cong)这(zhei)个(ge)(ge)(ge)意(yi)义上(shang)(shang)说(shuo),诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)比信(xin)(xin)具有(you)(you)更(geng)根(gen)本(ben)(ben)、更(geng)本(ben)(ben)原的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)义。于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)与信(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下述关(guan)系(xi)便是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)文化(hua)对(dui)(dui)(dui)诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)与信(xin)(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)关(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)(ge)强 有(you)(you)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逻(luo)(luo)辑推(tui)论(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun):(1)“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“信(xin)(xin)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)(ben),“信(xin)(xin)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用;(2)“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)个(ge)(ge)(ge)自然之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)实(shi)(shi),信(xin)(xin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)个(ge)(ge)(ge)所(suo)为(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)实(shi)(shi)”;(3)“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”则“信(xin)(xin)”,“信(xin)(xin)”不(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding) “诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)(guo)(guo)文化(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),只有(you)(you)理解了(le)诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)与信(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)述关(guan)系(xi),才能(neng)对(dui)(dui)(dui)“诚(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)信(xin)(xin)”这(zhei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)合(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念有(you)(you)较贴切的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理解。
在(zai)(zai)西方(fang)文(wen)化和文(wen)献中(zhong), 很难看到(dao)“诚(cheng)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)”这一合一的(de)(de)(de)(de)概念(nian),在(zai)(zai)英文(wen)中(zhong)更(geng)没(mei)有与“诚(cheng)”相(xiang)对应的(de)(de)(de)(de)统一的(de)(de)(de)(de)单(dan)词,更(geng)多(duo)看到(dao)和使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)却是包(bao)含着“信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)各种概念(nian),如信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)、信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)任(ren)等等。这也许(xu)是 语(yu)言差异(yi)及转(zhuan)译的(de)(de)(de)(de)困难所致。但在(zai)(zai)西方(fang)语(yu)义(yi)中(zhong),相(xiang)较(jiao)于“诚(cheng)”而(er)言,“信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)更(geng)为突出,对“信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)频率更(geng)高(gao)。这在(zai)(zai)某种意义(yi)上(shang)意味着,信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)并不非(fei)以诚(cheng)为前(qian) 提(ti)(ti)和根(gen)(gen)据(ju)。西方(fang)对“信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)规定(ding)并没(mei)有像中(zhong)国古代那样,非(fei)去追索(suo)“信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)“诚(cheng)”之形而(er)上(shang)前(qian)提(ti)(ti)和伦理(li)道德基础,而(er)是把“信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)根(gen)(gen)基奠(dian)定(ding)在(zai)(zai)契约(yue)(yue)观念(nian)之上(shang)。他(ta)们(men)把 “信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)”、“信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)任(ren)”建基于契约(yue)(yue)观念(nian)之上(shang),它不非(fei)必以具有浓厚道德色彩的(de)(de)(de)(de)“诚(cheng)”为依据(ju),而(er)是充分体(ti)现了契约(yue)(yue)观念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)刻内(nei)涵(han)和基本特征(zheng),并最终演变(bian)为法律原(yuan) 则(ze)。
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)当(dang)前的(de)诚(cheng)(cheng)信(xin)缺失(shi), 在(zai)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)上可以(yi)(yi)从上述中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)对诚(cheng)(cheng)信(xin)的(de)不(bu)同理(li)解(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)得到(dao)解(jie)释:从中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)来(lai)看(kan)(kan),作为(wei)道(dao)德(de)之根(gen)基的(de)“诚(cheng)(cheng)”,日渐被(bei)市场经(jing)济的(de)“信(xin)用(yong)”所替代(dai)乃至淡化(hua)(hua),经(jing)济信(xin)用(yong)似 乎(hu)可以(yi)(yi)代(dai)替一(yi)切,“诚(cheng)(cheng)”在(zai)强大的(de)市场经(jing)济面(mian)(mian)前显得十(shi)分脆(cui)弱,以(yi)(yi)致(zhi)不(bu)堪一(yi)击,于(yu)是“信(xin)”与本来(lai)决定它的(de)“诚(cheng)(cheng)”出(chu)现(xian)了(le)割裂。这样(yang),在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)看(kan)(kan)来(lai),“信(xin)”缺失(shi) 了(le)“诚(cheng)(cheng)”这一(yi)形(xing)而上的(de)终极(ji)依据(ju)和伦理(li)道(dao)德(de)根(gen)基,从而沦落为(wei)一(yi)种纯粹(cui)实用(yong)的(de)经(jing)济理(li)性(xing)的(de)工具(ju),进(jin)而可能走向“信(xin)”自(zi)身的(de)反面(mian)(mian)。从西(xi)方(fang)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)来(lai)看(kan)(kan),西(xi)方(fang)的(de)“信(xin)”并(bing) 不(bu)非以(yi)(yi)“诚(cheng)(cheng)”为(wei)根(gen)基和依据(ju),它是建基于(yu)契(qi)约观(guan)念之上的(de)。但(dan)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo),一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)历(li)史上缺乏契(qi)约观(guan)念的(de)传统,另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian),现(xian)代(dai)契(qi)约观(guan)念还远远没有(you)树立起来(lai),因此, “信(xin)”同样(yang)缺失(shi)契(qi)约观(guan)念的(de)依据(ju)和基础。这样(yang),从中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)上看(kan)(kan),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)国(guo)当(dang)前诚(cheng)(cheng)信(xin)缺失(shi)也许就具(ju)有(you)了(le)一(yi)定的(de)必然(ran)性(xing)。
(节选自(zi)《光(guang)明日(ri)报》2014年8月24日(ri))
6.下列(lie)有(you)关(guan)中国文(wen)化对于(yu)“诚信”的理解,不符合原(yuan)文(wen)意思的一项是
A.在中(zhong)国传统文化中(zhong)“信(xin)”比“诚(cheng)”出现的(de)更(geng)早,与“诚(cheng)”的(de)关(guan)系(xi)密(mi)切,具有一定的(de)伦理(li)道德色彩。
B.在(zai)中(zhong)国文(wen)化(hua)中(zhong),重视“诚”的(de)重要性,将其(qi)提升至宇宙本体论的(de)高度(du),将其(qi)视作(zuo)是上(shang)天的(de)本性。
C.在中国传统文化里(li)“诚”首先不是做(zuo)为(wei)一个(ge)伦理(li)道德范畴(chou)而(er)出现(xian)的,而(er)是做(zuo)为(wei)一个(ge)本体论范畴(chou)而(er)呈现(xian)的。
D.在(zai)中国文化(hua)里,“诚(cheng)”是“信(xin)”的(de)根(gen)基,“信(xin)”是“诚(cheng)”的(de)运用,有了“诚(cheng)”则一定(ding)有“信(xin)”,有了“信(xin)”,就(jiu)一定(ding)有“诚(cheng)”。
7.下列(lie)关于中国当前(qian)“诚信危机”原因(yin)的分析,不(bu)正(zheng)确(que)的一项是(shi)
A.改革开(kai)放以(yi)来,市场(chang)经济迅猛发展,市场(chang)经济所倡导(dao)的(de)(de)“信(xin)用(yong)”完全替代了(le)具有(you)浓郁的(de)(de)伦理道(dao)德色彩的(de)(de)“诚”。
B.市场(chang)经济迅猛发展,功利主(zhu)义(yi)(yi)、实用主(zhu)义(yi)(yi)盛行,“信(xin)”丧(sang)失(shi)了“诚(cheng)”的基础,与“诚(cheng)”产生了严重背离。
C.在(zai)中(zhong)国(guo)传统文(wen)化之中(zhong),缺(que)少西(xi)方的契(qi)约观念,当前国(guo)人的观念、心(xin)态及(ji)行(xing)为(wei)取向等方面(mian),缺(que)少现代的“信用(yong)”理(li)念。
D.当前的社会转型时(shi)期,缺少西方的契约(yue)传统,有关于(yu)“信用”的各(ge)种(zhong)法律规章(zhang)尚不健全,还存在很多漏洞。
8.下列表述,符合原(yuan)文意思(si)的(de)一项是
A.与中国文化传统不同,西(xi)方的(de)(de)“诚信”更(geng)侧重于对“信”的(de)(de)理(li)(li)解(jie)与运用,这表明西(xi)万的(de)(de)“信”不以“诚”为根基,不具备任何的(de)(de)伦理(li)(li)道德色彩。
B.与西方文(wen)化传(chuan)(chuan)统(tong)不(bu)同,中国传(chuan)(chuan)统(tong)文(wen)化将“诚(cheng)信”作(zuo)为一个(ge)整体(ti)概念来理解(jie)和运用,“诚(cheng)信”是一个(ge)颇具有中国文(wen)化特(te)色的范畴(chou)。
C.“诚者何?不自(zi)欺不妄(wang)之(zhi)谓也。”表(biao)明朱熹已赋予“诚”以伦(lun)理道德意(yi)义,诚与(yu)信(xin)合(he)而为一,“诚”完成了从主(zhu)体论向(xiang)本体论的转化。
D.由(you)于(yu)对“诚”重(zhong)视,使得中(zhong)国的“信用(yong)观”更(geng)多地(di)崇尚道德(de)自律,由(you)此不(bu)可避(bi)免地(di)造成了中(zhong)国现(xian)代杜会法律建设的缺失和不(bu)足(zu)。
参考答案:
6.D
7.A
8.B