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 秦屈膝,重用亲(qin)(qin)秦派(pai)子兰(lan)等(deng)人(ren),放逐(zhu)屈原。后来楚竟为秦所灭。这些事实(shi)充分表明(ming)了楚国(guo)亲(qin)(qin)齐,秦国(guo)就(jiu)不(bu)敢侵犯;亲(qin)(qin)秦,就(jiu)吃秦国(guo)的大亏。

司(si)(si)马(ma)迁(qian)对屈(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)异(yi)常推崇(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。本传说(shuo)(shuo)屈(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《离(li)骚》是(shi)(shi)“上称帝喾(ku),下(xia)(xia)道(dao)齐桓,中(zhong)述汤武,以(yi)(yi)(yi)刺世(shi)事。明(ming)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)广(guang)崇(chong),治(zhi)乱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)条贯,靡不(bu)(bu)毕见。”他(ta)(ta)还慨叹说(shuo)(shuo):“人君无愚智贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)不(bu)(bu)肖,莫不(bu)(bu)欲求忠(zhong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)自为(wei)(wei),举(ju)(ju)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)自佐(zuo)。然亡(wang)(wang)国破家相随属,而(er)(er)圣君治(zhi)国累世(shi)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)见者(zhe),其所(suo)谓忠(zhong)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)忠(zhong),而(er)(er)所(suo)谓贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)也。”可(ke)见司(si)(si)马(ma)迁(qian)认(ren)为(wei)(wei)屈(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)所(suo)理想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)唐虞三代那样的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi),认(ren)为(wei)(wei)屈(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)主(zhu)(zhu)张举(ju)(ju)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)授能(neng)(neng)(neng)。从(cong)屈(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作品中(zhong),我们(men)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)看出屈(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)这种政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)倾向是(shi)(shi)强烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。《离(li)骚》里说(shuo)(shuo):“皇(huang)天(tian)无私(si)阿(a)兮(xi),览民(min)德(de)(de)(de)焉错辅。夫惟圣哲(zhe)以(yi)(yi)(yi)茂(mao)行兮(xi),苟得用(yong)此下(xia)(xia)土(tu)。瞻前而(er)(er)顾后兮(xi),相观民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)计极。夫孰非义(yi)而(er)(er)可(ke)用(yong)兮(xi),孰非善而(er)(er)可(ke)服?”屈(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)反复(fu)地论述历代兴(xing)亡(wang)(wang),认(ren)为(wei)(wei)亡(wang)(wang)是(shi)(shi)由于(yu)(yu)残害忠(zhong)良,而(er)(er)兴(xing)是(shi)(shi)由于(yu)(yu)举(ju)(ju)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)授能(neng)(neng)(neng)。他(ta)(ta)主(zhu)(zhu)张要替人民(min)打算,要选贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)与能(neng)(neng)(neng),这是(shi)(shi)有(you)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)思(si)想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。因此,司(si)(si)马(ma)迁(qian)说(shuo)(shuo)他(ta)(ta)能(neng)(neng)(neng)够明(ming)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)广(guang)崇(chong),治(zhi)乱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)条贯,是(shi)(shi)正确的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。司(si)(si)马(ma)迁(qian)不(bu)(bu)仅赞成他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)张,并且认(ren)为(wei)(wei)屈(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)贤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)兼备的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人。他(ta)(ta)说(shuo)(shuo):“怀王以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)忠(zhong)臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分,故(gu)内(nei)惑(huo)于(yu)(yu)郑袖,外(wai)欺于(yu)(yu)张仪,疏屈(qu)平而(er)(er)信(xin)上官大夫、令尹子(zi)兰,兵(bing)挫地削,亡(wang)(wang)其六郡,身客死于(yu)(yu)秦,为(wei)(wei)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)笑。此不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祸也。”

然(ran)而(er)司马迁对屈(qu)(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)推崇,最主要的(de)(de)(de)还在(zai)(zai)于屈(qu)(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)高尚(shang)人格和(he)斗争(zheng)精(jing)神。因(yin)为楚怀(huai)王(wang)昏庸贪婪,对外(wai)则亲齐亲秦摇摆不(bu)(bu)(bu)定,对内则宠任奸佞,听信(xin)谗(chan)言(yan)。屈(qu)(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)虽(sui)系(xi)贵(gui)族(zu),并非近亲;虽(sui)有(you)远(yuan)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi)(zhi)眼(yan)光和(he)卓越(yue)的(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi)(zhi)才能(neng),并没得(de)到长(zhang)久的(de)(de)(de)重用。《离骚》里(li)说:“世溷浊而(er)嫉贤兮(xi)(xi)(xi),好(hao)蔽美(mei)而(er)称(cheng)恶。闺(gui)中(zhong)既以(yi)邃远(yuan)兮(xi)(xi)(xi),哲王(wang)又不(bu)(bu)(bu)悟。”正深(shen)刻地(di)反映了他所处的(de)(de)(de)时(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)楚国政治(zhi)(zhi)情况。屈(qu)(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)为了坚(jian)持自己的(de)(de)(de)理想,挽救楚国的(de)(de)(de)危(wei)亡(wang),坚(jian)决(jue)地(di)起(qi)来斗争(zheng)。他愤怒地(di)控诉了贵(gui)族(zu)当(dang)权派的(de)(de)(de)无(wu)耻:“众皆竞进以(yi)贪婪兮(xi)(xi)(xi),凭不(bu)(bu)(bu)厌乎求(qiu)索。”“固时(shi)俗之(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)巧兮(xi)(xi)(xi),规矩而(er)改(gai)错。背绳墨以(yi)追曲兮(xi)(xi)(xi),竞周容以(yi)为度。”他痛斥(chi)他们弄(nong)得(de)黑白不(bu)(bu)(bu)分,是非颠倒。《怀(huai)沙》里(li)说:“玄文幽处兮(xi)(xi)(xi),?谓之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)章;离娄微睇兮(xi)(xi)(xi),瞽以(yi)为无(wu)明。变白而(er)为黑兮(xi)(xi)(xi),倒上以(yi)为下;凤皇在(zai)(zai)兮(xi)(xi)(xi),鸡雉(zhi)翔舞。”他指斥(chi)他们将要把国家(jia)弄(nong)到濒于危(wei)亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)步:“惟夫党人之(zhi)(zhi)偷(tou)乐(le)兮(xi)(xi)(xi),路幽昧以(yi)险(xian)隘。”因(yin)此,他宣称(cheng)他决(jue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)妥协(xie):“何方圜之(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)周兮(xi)(xi)(xi)?夫孰异(yi)道(dao)而(er)相安?”屈(qu)(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)修德立行(xing),忠心耿(geng)耿(geng),原(yuan)(yuan)想导君(jun)于尧舜之(zhi)(zhi)治(zhi)(zhi),可是怀(huai)王(wang)竟(jing)然(ran)不(bu)(bu)(bu)识,反而(er)信(xin)谗(chan)疏(shu)远(yuan):“荃不(bu)(bu)(bu)察余(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)情兮(xi)(xi)(xi),反信(xin)谗(chan)

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