至于(yu)屈(qu)原的文学(xue)才能,司马迁也(ye)理(li)解得非常深(shen)刻,推崇(chong)得非常高。他(ta)首先探究了作者创作的动机和意图。他(ta)认为《离骚(sao)》是(shi)有为而(er)作,自怨(yuan)而(er)生。这(zhei)(zhei)种怨(yuan)是(shi)出自一(yi)片(pian)爱国心。他(ta)反复地在(zai)作品中(zhong)所(suo)表达的思想是(shi)“冀幸君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)悟,俗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)改”。因此,它兼有国风、小雅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)长。它的内(nei)容(rong)(rong)是(shi)陈述先王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,“以(yi)刺世(shi)事,明道德(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)广崇(chong),治乱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)条(tiao)贯”。这(zhei)(zhei)样的内(nei)容(rong)(rong)是(shi)完美的。司马迁认为这(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)最主要之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)点。司马迁在(zai)肯定了《离骚(sao)》的内(nei)容(rong)(rong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,接着又把屈(qu)原的人(ren)格和作品的风格结合起来评论。他(ta)说(shuo):“其(qi)(qi)文约(yue),其(qi)(qi)辞(ci)(ci)微;其(qi)(qi)志洁(jie),其(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)廉(lian)。其(qi)(qi)称(cheng)文小而(er)其(qi)(qi)指极(ji)大(da);举(ju)类(lei)(lei)(lei)迩(er)而(er)见义远。其(qi)(qi)志洁(jie),故其(qi)(qi)称(cheng)物芳;其(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)廉(lian),故死而(er)不容(rong)(rong)。”志行(xing)(xing)文辞(ci)(ci)同(tong)时并(bing)举(ju),并(bing)且(qie)认为人(ren)品是(shi)起决(jue)定作用的。所(suo)谓(wei)“其(qi)(qi)称(cheng)文小而(er)其(qi)(qi)指极(ji)大(da);举(ju)类(lei)(lei)(lei)迩(er)而(er)见义远”,也(ye)就是(shi)“作辞(ci)(ci)以(yi)讽谏,连类(lei)(lei)(lei)以(yi)争义”。王(wang)逸(yi)也(ye)认为“《离骚(sao)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文,依《诗》取(qu)兴,引类(lei)(lei)(lei)譬谕”。《离骚(sao)》的内(nei)容(rong)(rong)与形(xing)式是(shi)和谐而(er)统(tong)一(yi)的。
总(zong)之,司马(ma)迁对屈(qu)(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)真是(shi)(shi)推崇极了。从(cong)政(zheng)治(zhi)上(shang)说,他(ta)(ta)(ta)认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)屈(qu)(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一身系楚国(guo)(guo)的(de)安(an)危。怀王不能用(yong)他(ta)(ta)(ta),以(yi)至兵挫地削,身死于秦。而(er)(er)且传末还(hai)叙(xu)屈(qu)(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)既死之后,楚国(guo)(guo)地日(ri)以(yi)削,竟为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)秦所灭。从(cong)人(ren)格上(shang)说,他(ta)(ta)(ta)认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)他(ta)(ta)(ta)志洁行(xing)廉(lian),可(ke)以(yi)与日(ri)月争(zheng)光(guang)。从(cong)著作(zuo)上(shang)说,他(ta)(ta)(ta)认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《离骚(sao)》可(ke)兼风雅。司马(ma)迁评论屈(qu)(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)作(zuo)品(pin)的(de)艺术价(jia)值,是(shi)(shi)把(ba)内(nei)容(rong)和(he)形式结(jie)合(he)起来,把(ba)人(ren)品(pin)和(he)作(zuo)品(pin)结(jie)合(he)起来。并认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)最根本的(de)是(shi)(shi)作(zuo)品(pin)的(de)内(nei)容(rong)和(he)作(zuo)者的(de)人(ren)品(pin)。所谓(wei)“悲其志”,“想见其为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)”。他(ta)(ta)(ta)认(ren)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宋玉等人(ren)虽(sui)然能够(gou)“祖(zu)屈(qu)(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之从(cong)容(rong)辞(ci)令,终莫敢直谏(jian)”,因而(er)(er)不足(zu)以(yi)继(ji)(ji)承屈(qu)(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。能够(gou)继(ji)(ji)承屈(qu)(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)在他(ta)(ta)(ta)以(yi)前(qian)只(zhi)有(you)贾(jia)(jia)谊,因而(er)(er)以(yi)贾(jia)(jia)谊与屈(qu)(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)同传。这(zhei)不仅是(shi)(shi)因为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)贾(jia)(jia)谊也是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)当代皇(huang)帝所疏远,曾经“渡湘(xiang)水,为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)赋以(yi)吊屈(qu)(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,“不仅是(shi)(shi)由于他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)辞(ci)赋私淑(shu)屈(qu)(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),而(er)(er)更主要的(de)是(shi)(shi)由于他(ta)(ta)(ta)有(you)政(zheng)治(zhi)抱(bao)负(fu)而(er)(er)能‘痛哭流涕’地直言(yan)敢谏(jian)。”这(zhei)也是(shi)(shi)司马(ma)迁现实主义思想的(de)一种表现。
司马(ma)迁是(shi)(shi)这样(yang)推崇屈原(yuan)(yuan)的(de),我们现代人也是(shi)(shi)这样(yang)推崇屈原(yuan)(yuan)的(de),虽然并非毫无差别。所以司马(ma)迁这篇(pian)传记和其他(ta)篇(pian)同样(yang)是(shi)(shi)实录(lu),对屈原(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)(shi)不虚(xu)美的(de)。司马(ma)迁为(wei)什么这样(yang)推崇屈原(yuan)(yuan)呢?当然最主要的(de)还(hai)是(shi)(shi)屈原(yuan)(yuan)本来就是(shi)(shi)值得崇敬的(de),而(er)《史记》又是(shi)(shi)法《春秋(qiu)》“善善恶恶,贤(xian)贤(xian)贱不肖(xiao)”的(de)。除此而(er)外(wai),我以为(wei)还(hai)由于(yu)司马(ma)迁和屈原(yuan)(yuan)有某些相通处和