●卷(juan)十二·颜渊第十二
[疏]正义曰:此篇论仁政(zheng)明达、君臣父子、辨惑折狱、君子文(wen)为,皆圣(sheng)贤之格(ge)言,仕进之阶路,故次先进也。
颜(yan)(yan)渊(yuan)问(wen)仁(ren)。子曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“克已复(fu)(fu)礼(li)为(wei)仁(ren)。(马曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“克已约身。”孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“复(fu)(fu),反也(ye)。身能(neng)反礼(li)则为(wei)仁(ren)矣(yi)。”)一日(ri)克已复(fu)(fu)礼(li),天下归仁(ren)焉。(马曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“一日(ri)犹见归,况终(zhong)身乎。”)为(wei)仁(ren)由已,而由人乎哉!”(孔曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“行(xing)善在己,不(bu)在人也(ye)。”)颜(yan)(yan)渊(yuan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“请问(wen)其目(mu)。”(包曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“知其必有条目(mu),故(gu)请问(wen)之。”)子曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“非(fei)礼(li)勿视,非(fei)礼(li)勿听,非(fei)礼(li)勿言,非(fei)礼(li)勿动。”(郑曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“此四者,克已复(fu)(fu)礼(li)之目(mu)。”)颜(yan)(yan)渊(yuan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“回(hui)虽不(bu)敏,请事斯语矣(yi)。”(王曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“敬事此语,必行(xing)之。”)
[疏]“颜渊”至“语矣”。
○正义曰:此并下三章,皆明仁也。“子曰:克已复礼为仁”者,克,约也。已,身也。复,反也。言能约身反礼则为仁矣。“一日克已复礼,天下归仁焉”者,言人君若能一日行克已复礼,则天下皆归此仁德之君也。一日犹见归,况终身行仁乎。“为仁由已,而由人乎哉”者,言行善由已,岂由他人乎哉。言不在人也。“颜渊曰:请问其目”者,渊意知其为仁必有条目,故请问之。“子曰:非礼勿视,非礼勿听,非礼勿言,非礼勿动”者,此四者,克已复礼之目也。《曲礼》曰“视瞻毋回”、“立视五”、“式视马尾”之类,是礼也。非此则勿视。《曲礼》云:“毋侧听”,侧听则非礼也。言无非礼,则口无择言也。动无非礼,则身无择行也。四者皆所以为仁。“颜渊曰:回虽不敏,请事斯语矣”者,此颜渊预谢师言也,言回虽不敏达,请敬事此语,必行之也。
○注“马曰:克已约身”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):此注“克(ke)”训为(wei)“约(yue)”。刘炫云:“克(ke)训胜(sheng)也(ye)(ye),已谓身(shen)也(ye)(ye)。身(shen)有嗜欲(yu),当以礼(li)(li)义(yi)齐之。嗜欲(yu)与(yu)礼(li)(li)义(yi)战,使礼(li)(li)义(yi)胜(sheng)其(qi)嗜欲(yu),身(shen)得归复於(wu)(wu)礼(li)(li),如是乃为(wei)仁也(ye)(ye)。复,反(fan)也(ye)(ye)。言情为(wei)嗜欲(yu)所逼,已离礼(li)(li),而更归复之。今刊定云:克(ke)训胜(sheng)也(ye)(ye),己谓身(shen)也(ye)(ye),谓能胜(sheng)去(qu)嗜欲(yu),反(fan)复於(wu)(wu)礼(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)。”
仲(zhong)弓问仁(ren)(ren)。子曰:“出门如(ru)见(jian)大(da)宾,使民如(ru)承大(da)祭(ji)。(孔曰:“为仁(ren)(ren)之道,莫尚(shang)乎敬(jing)。”)已所不(bu)欲,勿施於(wu)人。在邦(bang)无(wu)怨(yuan),在家(jia)无(wu)怨(yuan)。”(包曰:“在邦(bang)为诸(zhu)侯,在家(jia)为卿大(da)夫(fu)。”)仲(zhong)弓曰:“雍虽不(bu)敏,请事斯语矣。”
[疏]“仲弓问仁”至“语矣”。
○正义(yi)曰:此章明仁在(zai)敬(jing)恕也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子曰:出(chu)门(men)如(ru)(ru)见(jian)大(da)宾,使(shi)民如(ru)(ru)承大(da)祭”者,此言为(wei)仁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,莫尚乎敬(jing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。大(da)宾,公侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宾也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。大(da)祭,郊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)门(men),失在(zai)倨傲,故(gu)戒(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)门(men)如(ru)(ru)见(jian)公侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宾。使(shi)民失於(wu)骄易,故(gu)戒(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如(ru)(ru)承奉郊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祭。“已所(suo)不(bu)欲(yu),勿施於(wu)人”者,此言仁者必恕也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。已所(suo)不(bu)欲(yu),无(wu)施之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)於(wu)人,以他人亦(yi)不(bu)欲(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“在(zai)邦无(wu)怨,在(zai)家(jia)无(wu)怨”者,言既敬(jing)且(qie)恕,若在(zai)邦为(wei)诸侯必无(wu)人怨,在(zai)家(jia)为(wei)卿大(da)夫亦(yi)无(wu)怨也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“仲(zhong)弓曰:雍(yong)虽不(bu)敏,请事斯语(yu)矣”者,亦(yi)承谢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)语(yu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
司(si)马(ma)牛(niu)问仁(ren)。子曰(yue):“仁(ren)者,其言也(ye)(ye)讠刃。”(孔曰(yue):“讠刃,难(nan)(nan)也(ye)(ye)。牛(niu),宋人,弟子司(si)马(ma)犁。”)曰(yue):“其言也(ye)(ye)讠刃,斯谓(wei)之仁(ren)已乎?”子曰(yue):“为(wei)之难(nan)(nan),言之得(de)无讠刃乎?”(子曰(yue):“行仁(ren)难(nan)(nan),言仁(ren)亦不得(de)不难(nan)(nan)。”)
[疏]“司马牛问仁”至“讠刃乎”。
○正义曰:此章言仁之难也。“子曰:仁者,其言也讠刃”者,讠刃,难也。言仁道至大,非但行之难也,其言之亦难。“曰:其言也讠刃,斯谓之仁已乎”者,牛意嫌孔子所言未尽其理,故复问曰:“只此其言也讠刃,便谓仁已乎?”“子曰:为之难,言之得无讠刃乎”者,此孔子又为牛说言讠刃之意,行仁既难,言仁亦不得不难。
○注“孔子”曰至“马犁”。
○正(zheng)义曰:《史记·弟子(zi)传(chuan)》云:“司马(ma)耕字子(zi)牛。多言而躁。问(wen)仁於孔(kong)子(zi),孔(kong)子(zi)曰:‘仁者,其言也讠(yan)刃。’”是也。
司马牛问君(jun)子。子曰:“君(jun)子不忧不惧(ju)。”(孔(kong)曰:“牛兄桓将(jiang)为乱,牛自宋来学,常(chang)忧惧(ju),故孔(kong)子解之。”)曰:“不忧不惧(ju),斯谓(wei)之君(jun)子已乎?”子曰:“内(nei)省不疚(jiu)(jiu),夫何(he)忧何(he)惧(ju)?”(包曰:“疚(jiu)(jiu),病也。自省无罪恶,无可忧惧(ju)。”)
[疏]“司马”至“何惧”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):此章(zhang)明(ming)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)。“司马牛(niu)问君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”者(zhe),问於孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)言(yan)(yan)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之行(xing)何(he)如也(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)忧(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)惧(ju)”者(zhe),言(yan)(yan)君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之人,不(bu)(bu)(bu)忧(you)愁,不(bu)(bu)(bu)恐(kong)惧(ju)。时牛(niu)兄桓将为乱,牛(niu)自宋(song)来学,常(chang)忧(you)惧(ju),故孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)解(jie)之也(ye)。“曰(yue)(yue):不(bu)(bu)(bu)忧(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)惧(ju),斯(si)谓之君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)已乎”者(zhe),亦意(yi)少其言(yan)(yan),故复问之。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):内省不(bu)(bu)(bu)疚(jiu),夫何(he)忧(you)何(he)惧(ju)”者(zhe),此孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)更为牛(niu)说不(bu)(bu)(bu)忧(you)惧(ju)之理。疚(jiu),病(bing)也(ye)。自省无罪恶,则无可忧(you)惧(ju)。
司马牛(niu)(niu)忧(you)曰:“人皆有(you)兄(xiong)(xiong)弟(di),我独亡(wang)。”(郑曰:“牛(niu)(niu)兄(xiong)(xiong)桓行恶,死(si)亡(wang)无(wu)(wu)日,我为无(wu)(wu)兄(xiong)(xiong)弟(di)。”)子夏曰:“商(shang)闻(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi):死(si)生有(you)命(ming),富贵在天(tian)。君(jun)子敬而无(wu)(wu)失(shi),与人恭而有(you)礼,四海之(zhi)(zhi)内皆兄(xiong)(xiong)弟(di)也。君(jun)子何患乎无(wu)(wu)兄(xiong)(xiong)弟(di)也?”(包曰:“君(jun)子疏恶而友贤(xian),九州之(zhi)(zhi)人皆可以礼亲。”)
[疏]“司马”至“弟也”。
○正义曰:此章言人当任命友贤也。“司马牛忧曰:人皆有兄弟,我独亡”者,亡,无也。牛兄桓行恶,死亡无日,故牛常忧而告人曰:“他人皆有兄弟,若桓死亡之後,我为独无兄弟也。”“子夏曰:商闻之矣:死生有命,富贵在天。君子敬而无失,与人恭而有礼,四海之内皆兄弟也。君子何患乎无兄弟也”者,子夏见牛忧无兄弟,以此言解之也。商,子夏名,谦,故云商闻之矣,示非妄谬也。言人死生短长,各有所禀之命,财富位贵则在天之所予,君子但当敬慎而无过失,与人结交恭谨而有礼。能此疏恶而友贤,则东夷、西戎、南蛮、北狄,四海之内,九州之人,皆可以礼亲之为兄弟也。君子何须忧患於无兄弟也。
○注“郑曰”至“兄弟”。
○正(zheng)义曰:云(yun)“牛兄桓(huan)行(xing)(xing)恶,死亡无日”者,案哀十四年《左传》云(yun):“宋(song)桓(huan)之宠(chong)害於(wu)(wu)公(gong),公(gong)将(jiang)讨之。未及,先(xian)谋公(gong)。公(gong)知之,召(zhao)皇司(si)马子仲及左师向巢,以命其徒攻桓(huan)氏(shi)。向遂入於(wu)(wu)曹以叛(pan)。民叛(pan)之,而奔卫,遂奔齐。”是其行(xing)(xing)恶死亡之事也。桓(huan)氏(shi)即向也,又谓之桓(huan)司(si)马,即此桓(huan)也。
子(zi)张问明(ming)。子(zi)曰:“浸润(run)之(zhi)谮(jian),肤受(shou)之(zhi),不行焉(yan)(yan),可谓明(ming)也(ye)已(yi)矣。(郑曰:“谮(jian)人之(zhi)言,如水之(zhi)浸润(run),渐以成(cheng)之(zhi)。”马曰:“肤受(shou)之(zhi),皮肤外(wai)语,非其内实。”)浸润(run)之(zhi)谮(jian),肤受(shou)之(zhi),不行焉(yan)(yan),可谓远(yuan)也(ye)已(yi)矣。”(马曰:“无此二者,非但为明(ming),其德行高远(yuan),人莫能(neng)及。”)
[疏]“子张”至“已矣”。
○正义曰:此章论人之明德。“子张问明”者,问於孔子,何如可谓之明德也。“子曰:浸润之谮,肤受之,不行焉,可谓明也已矣”者,此答为明也。夫水之浸润,渐以坏物,皮肤受尘,渐成垢秽。谮人之言,如水之浸润,皮肤受尘,亦渐以成之,使人不觉知也。若能辨其情伪,使谮之言不行,可谓明德也。“浸润之谮,肤受之不行焉,可谓远也已矣”者,言人若无此二者,非但为明,其德行可谓高远矣,人莫能及之也。
○注“马曰:肤受之,皮肤外语,非其内实”。
○正义曰:亦(yi)谮也(ye),变其(qi)(qi)文耳(er)。皮肤受(shou)尘(chen),垢秽其(qi)(qi)外,不能入(ru)内也(ye),以喻(yu)谮毁之语,但在外萋斐构成其(qi)(qi)过恶,非其(qi)(qi)人内实有罪也(ye)。
子(zi)贡问政。子(zi)曰(yue):“足(zu)食(shi)(shi),足(zu)兵,民信之矣(yi)。”子(zi)贡曰(yue):“必不(bu)得已而去,於斯三者(zhe)何先(xian)?”曰(yue):“去兵。”子(zi)贡曰(yue):“必不(bu)得已而去,於斯二者(zhe)何先(xian)?”曰(yue):“去食(shi)(shi)。自古皆有死(si),民无(wu)信不(bu)立。”(孔曰(yue):“死(si)者(zhe),古今常道,人皆有之。治邦(bang)不(bu)可失(shi)信。”)
[疏]“子(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)(gong)问(wen)(wen)政”至“不(bu)立”。正义曰(yue)(yue):此(ci)章贵信也(ye)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):足(zu)食(shi),足(zu)兵,民(min)(min)信之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)答为政之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)。足(zu)食(shi)则人(ren)知礼节,足(zu)兵则不(bu)轨(gui)畏(wei)威,民(min)(min)信之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则服命(ming)从化。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue):必(bi)不(bu)得(de)已(yi)而(er)去(qu)(qu)(qu),於(wu)(wu)斯三者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)何(he)先(xian)(xian)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),子(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)(gong)复问(wen)(wen)曰(yue)(yue):若(ruo)不(bu)获已(yi)而(er)除去(qu)(qu)(qu),於(wu)(wu)此(ci)三者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中何(he)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)为先(xian)(xian)?“曰(yue)(yue):去(qu)(qu)(qu)兵”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)答言(yan),先(xian)(xian)去(qu)(qu)(qu)兵。以兵者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)凶器,民(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)残也(ye),财(cai)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蠹也(ye),故先(xian)(xian)去(qu)(qu)(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。“子(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue):必(bi)不(bu)得(de)已(yi)而(er)去(qu)(qu)(qu),於(wu)(wu)斯二者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)何(he)先(xian)(xian)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),子(zi)(zi)(zi)贡(gong)(gong)复问(wen)(wen):设若(ruo)事不(bu)获已(yi),须要去(qu)(qu)(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),於(wu)(wu)此(ci)食(shi)与信二者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中先(xian)(xian)去(qu)(qu)(qu)何(he)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)?“曰(yue)(yue):去(qu)(qu)(qu)食(shi)。自古皆(jie)有死(si),民(min)(min)无信不(bu)立”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)答言(yan),二者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中先(xian)(xian)去(qu)(qu)(qu)食(shi)。夫食(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),人(ren)命(ming)所须,去(qu)(qu)(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则人(ren)死(si)。而(er)去(qu)(qu)(qu)食(shi)不(bu)去(qu)(qu)(qu)信者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)死(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)古今(jin)常道,人(ren)皆(jie)有之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),治国不(bu)可失信,失信则国不(bu)立也(ye)。
棘(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)成曰(yue):“君子(zi)(zi)(zi)质(zhi)而已矣,何(he)以文(wen)为?”(郑(zheng)曰(yue):“旧(jiu)说云:棘(ji)子(zi)(zi)(zi)成,卫大夫。”)子(zi)(zi)(zi)贡曰(yue):“惜乎!夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说君子(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye),驷不(bu)及舌。(郑(zheng)曰(yue):“惜乎!夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说君子(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye),过言一出,驷马追之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)及。”)文(wen)犹质(zhi)也(ye),质(zhi)犹文(wen)也(ye)。虎(hu)豹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)享(xiang)(xiang),犹犬羊(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)享(xiang)(xiang)。”(孔曰(yue):“皮(pi)去毛曰(yue)享(xiang)(xiang)。虎(hu)豹与犬羊(yang)别者(zhe),正以毛文(wen)异(yi)耳。今使文(wen)质(zhi)同者(zhe),何(he)以别虎(hu)豹与羊(yang)犬邪?”)
[疏]“棘子”至“之享”。
○正义曰(yue)(yue):此(ci)章(zhang)贵尚文(wen)章(zhang)也(ye)(ye)。“棘子(zi)(zi)成(cheng)曰(yue)(yue):君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)质(zhi)(zhi)而已矣(yi),何以(yi)文(wen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)”者(zhe)(zhe),卫大夫(fu)(fu)(fu)棘子(zi)(zi)成(cheng)言曰(yue)(yue):君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),淳(chun)质(zhi)(zhi)而已,则(ze)可矣(yi),何用文(wen)章(zhang)乃为(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)?意疾时(shi)多文(wen)章(zhang)。“子(zi)(zi)贡曰(yue)(yue):惜乎!夫(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye),驷不及舌”者(zhe)(zhe),夫(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)指子(zi)(zi)成(cheng)也(ye)(ye)。子(zi)(zi)贡闻子(zi)(zi)成(cheng)言君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)不以(yi)文(wen),为(wei)(wei)(wei)其言过(guo)谬,故(gu)叹曰(yue)(yue):可惜乎!棘子(zi)(zi)成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye),过(guo)言一出於舌,驷马追之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不及。“文(wen)犹质(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye),质(zhi)(zhi)犹文(wen)也(ye)(ye)。虎豹(bao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)享,犹犬(quan)羊(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)享”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)子(zi)(zi)贡举喻,言文(wen)章(zhang)不可去也(ye)(ye)。皮(pi)去毛曰(yue)(yue)享。言君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)、野人(ren)异(yi)者(zhe)(zhe),质(zhi)(zhi)、文(wen)不同故(gu)也(ye)(ye)。虎豹(bao)与(yu)犬(quan)羊(yang)别(bie)者(zhe)(zhe),正以(yi)毛文(wen)异(yi)耳(er)。今(jin)若文(wen)犹质(zhi)(zhi),质(zhi)(zhi)犹文(wen),使(shi)文(wen)质(zhi)(zhi)同者(zhe)(zhe),则(ze)君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)与(yu)鄙(bi)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)何以(yi)别(bie)乎?如虎豹(bao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皮(pi),去其毛文(wen),以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)享,与(yu)犬(quan)羊(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)享同处,何以(yi)别(bie)虎豹(bao)与(yu)犬(quan)羊(yang)也(ye)(ye)?
哀公问(wen)於有若(ruo)曰(yue)(yue):“年饥,用不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu),如(ru)(ru)之(zhi)何(he)?”有若(ruo)对(dui)曰(yue)(yue):“盍彻(che)(che)(che)乎?”(郑曰(yue)(yue):“盍,何(he)不(bu)(bu)也(ye)。周法什(shen)一而税(shui)谓(wei)之(zhi)彻(che)(che)(che),彻(che)(che)(che),通也(ye),为天下之(zhi)通法。”)曰(yue)(yue):“二,吾犹不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu),如(ru)(ru)之(zhi)何(he)其彻(che)(che)(che)也(ye)?”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“二谓(wei)什(shen)二而税(shui)。”)对(dui)曰(yue)(yue):“百姓(xing)足(zu)(zu),君(jun)孰与不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)?百姓(xing)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu),君(jun)孰与足(zu)(zu)?”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“孰,谁也(ye)。”)
[疏]“哀公”至“与足”。
○正义曰:此章明税法也。“哀公问於有若曰:年饥,用不足,如之何”者,鲁君哀公问於孔子弟子有若曰:“年不熟,国用不足,如之何使国用得足也?“有若对曰:盍彻乎”者,盍犹何不也。周法什一而税谓之彻,彻,通也,为天下之通法。有若意讥哀公重敛,故对曰:既国用不足,何不依通法而税取乎?“曰:二,吾犹不足,如之何其彻也”者,二谓什二而税。哀公不觉其讥,故又曰:什而税二,吾之国用犹尚不足,如之何其依彻法什而税一乎?“对曰:百姓足,君孰与不足?百姓不足,君孰与足”者,孰,谁也。哀公既言重敛之实,故有若又对以盍彻足用之理。言若依通法而税,则百姓家给人足。百姓既足,上命有求则供,故曰:君孰与不足也。今君重敛,民则困穷,上命所须,无以供给,故曰:百姓不足,君孰与足也。
○注“郑曰”至“通法”。
○正义(yi)曰:云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“周(zhou)法(fa)什(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)税(shui)谓(wei)之(zhi)彻(che)”者(zhe),《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊传(chuan)》曰:“古(gu)者(zhe)什(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)藉。古(gu)者(zhe)曷为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)什(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)藉?什(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe),天(tian)下之(zhi)中(zhong)正也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)乎什(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),大(da)桀小(xiao)桀。寡乎什(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),大(da)貉小(xiao)貉。什(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe),天(tian)下之(zhi)中(zhong)正也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。什(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)行而(er)(er)(er)颂声(sheng)作矣。”何休云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)取於民,比於桀。蛮貉无(wu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)官制度之(zhi)费,税(shui)薄。”《梁传(chuan)》亦云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“古(gu)者(zhe)什(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)藉。”《孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“夏后(hou)氏五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)贡,殷(yin)人(ren)七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),周(zhou)人(ren)百(bai)(bai)(bai)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)而(er)(er)(er)彻(che),其(qi)(qi)(qi)实(shi)皆什(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”赵岐注云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“民耕五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)者(zhe)贡上五亩(mu)(mu)(mu),耕七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)者(zhe)以(yi)七(qi)(qi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)家(jia),耕百(bai)(bai)(bai)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)者(zhe)彻(che)取十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)赋,虽异名(ming)义(yi),多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)少(shao)同,故(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)皆什(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”书(shu)(shu)传(chuan)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)矣,故(gu)杜预云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“古(gu)者(zhe)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)法(fa),十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)取其(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),谓(wei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)内(nei)(nei)取一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。”旧法(fa)既已十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)取一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)矣,《春秋》鲁宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五年初税(shui)亩(mu)(mu)(mu),又(you)(you)履其(qi)(qi)(qi)馀(yu)亩(mu)(mu)(mu),更复十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)收其(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),乃(nai)是(shi)(shi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)取其(qi)(qi)(qi)二(er),故(gu)此哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曰:二(er),吾犹不足。谓(wei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)内(nei)(nei)税(shui)二(er),犹尚不足,则(ze)从宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)後,遂以(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)常,故(gu)曰初。言(yan)初税(shui)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)自宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)始(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。诸(zhu)(zhu)书(shu)(shu)皆言(yan)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)税(shui),而(er)(er)(er)《周(zhou)礼(li)·载师(shi)》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)凡(fan)任地,“近郊(jiao)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),远郊(jiao)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)三,甸(dian)稍(shao)县都(dou)皆无(wu)过十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er),漆林之(zhi)征(zheng)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)五”者(zhe),彼(bi)谓(wei)王畿(ji)之(zhi)内(nei)(nei)所共多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo),故(gu)赋税(shui)重;诸(zhu)(zhu)书(shu)(shu)所言(yan)什(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),皆谓(wei)畿(ji)外(wai)(wai)(wai)之(zhi)国(guo),故(gu)此郑(zheng)玄(xuan)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“什(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)税(shui)谓(wei)之(zhi)彻(che),彻(che),通(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)下之(zhi)通(tong)法(fa)。”言(yan)天(tian)下皆什(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)耳,不言(yan)畿(ji)内(nei)(nei)亦什(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。《孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)》又(you)(you)曰:“方(fang)里为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)井(jing),井(jing)九百(bai)(bai)(bai)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)田(tian)(tian)(tian),八家(jia)皆私百(bai)(bai)(bai)亩(mu)(mu)(mu),同养公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)事(shi)毕,然後敢治(zhi)私事(shi)。”《汉书(shu)(shu)·食货(huo)志(zhi)》取彼(bi)意(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)文云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“井(jing)田(tian)(tian)(tian)方(fang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)里,是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)九夫(fu)(fu)(fu)。八家(jia)共之(zhi),各受私田(tian)(tian)(tian)百(bai)(bai)(bai)亩(mu)(mu)(mu),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu),是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)八百(bai)(bai)(bai)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu),馀(yu)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)庐(lu)舍。”诸(zhu)(zhu)儒多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)用彼(bi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)义(yi)。如彼(bi)所言(yan),则(ze)家(jia)别一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu),是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)外(wai)(wai)(wai)税(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。郑(zheng)玄(xuan)《诗笺》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“井(jing)税(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)夫(fu)(fu)(fu),其(qi)(qi)(qi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)百(bai)(bai)(bai)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)。”则(ze)九而(er)(er)(er)税(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)意(yi)(yi)异於《汉书(shu)(shu)》,不以(yi)《志(zhi)》为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)说也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。又(you)(you)孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)对滕(teng)文公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“请野九一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),国(guo)中(zhong)什(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)使自赋。”郑(zheng)玄(xuan)《周(zhou)礼(li)·匠人(ren)注》引《孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)》此言(yan)乃(nai)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“是(shi)(shi)邦国(guo)亦异外(wai)(wai)(wai)内(nei)(nei)之(zhi)法(fa)。”则(ze)郑(zheng)玄(xuan)以(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)郊(jiao)外(wai)(wai)(wai)郊(jiao)内(nei)(nei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)法(fa)不同,郊(jiao)内(nei)(nei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)使自赋其(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi);郊(jiao)外(wai)(wai)(wai)九而(er)(er)(er)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),是(shi)(shi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)税(shui)二(er)。故(gu)郑(zheng)玄(xuan)又(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“诸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)谓(wei)之(zhi)彻(che)者(zhe),通(tong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)率以(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)正。”言(yan)郊(jiao)内(nei)(nei)郊(jiao)外(wai)(wai)(wai)相(xiang)通(tong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)率为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)税(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。杜预直云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)取其(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),则(ze)又(you)(you)异於郑(zheng),唯谓(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)亩(mu)(mu)(mu),以(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)归(gui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。赵岐不解夏五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、殷(yin)七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)意(yi)(yi),盖古(gu)者(zhe)人(ren)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)田(tian)(tian)(tian)少(shao),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)唯得五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu)耳。五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)贡,贡五亩(mu)(mu)(mu);七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)七(qi)(qi)亩(mu)(mu)(mu),好恶(e)取於此。郑(zheng)注《考工记》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“周(zhou)人(ren)畿(ji)内(nei)(nei)用夏之(zhi)贡法(fa),邦国(guo)用殷(yin)之(zhi)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”
子张问崇德(de)辨(bian)惑。(孔曰(yue):“辨(bian)别(bie)也(ye)。”)子曰(yue):“主忠信(xin),徙义,崇德(de)也(ye)。(包(bao)曰(yue):“徙义,见义则徙意(yi)而从之(zhi)。”)爱之(zhi)欲(yu)(yu)其生,恶(e)之(zhi)欲(yu)(yu)其死(si)。既欲(yu)(yu)其生,又欲(yu)(yu)其死(si),是惑也(ye)。(包(bao)曰(yue):“爱恶(e)当有常。一(yi)欲(yu)(yu)生之(zhi),一(yi)欲(yu)(yu)死(si)之(zhi),是心惑也(ye)。”)诚不以(yi)富,亦祗以(yi)异。”(郑(zheng)曰(yue):“此《诗·小雅》也(ye)。祗,也(ye)。言此行诚不可以(yi)致富,足以(yi)为异耳。取此《诗》之(zhi)异义以(yi)非之(zhi)。”)
[疏]“子张”至“以异”。
○正义曰:此章言人当有常德也。“子张问崇德辨惑”者,崇,充也;辨,别也。言欲充盛道德,别疑惑,何为而可也。“子曰:主忠信,徙义,崇德也”者,主,亲也。徙,迁也。言人有忠信者则亲友之,见义事则迁意而从之,此所以充盛其德也。“爱之欲其生,恶之欲其死。既欲其生,又欲其死,是惑也”者,言人心爱恶当须有常。若人有顺己,己即爱之,便欲其生;此人忽逆於己,己即恶之,则原其死,一欲生之,一欲死之,用心无常,是惑也。既能别此是惑,则当之,“诚不以富,亦祗以异”者,此《诗·小雅·我行其野篇》文也。祗,也。言此行诚不足以致富,足以为异耳。取此诗之异义,以非人之惑也。
○注“郑曰”至“非之”。
○正义曰:案诗(shi)刺(ci)淫昏之俗,不(bu)思旧姻,而求新昏也,彼(bi)诚作成。郑笺云:“女不(bu)以礼为室家,成事不(bu)足以得富也,女亦(yi)以此(ci)自异於人道,言可恶也。”此(ci)引《诗(shi)》断章,故不(bu)与本义同也。
齐(qi)(qi)景(jing)公问政於孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)对曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“君(jun)君(jun),臣(chen)臣(chen),父父,子(zi)(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“当此之时,陈桓制齐(qi)(qi),君(jun)不(bu)(bu)君(jun),臣(chen)不(bu)(bu)臣(chen),父不(bu)(bu)父,子(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)子(zi)(zi)(zi),故以对。”)公曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“善哉!信如(ru)君(jun)不(bu)(bu)君(jun),臣(chen)不(bu)(bu)臣(chen),父不(bu)(bu)父,子(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)子(zi)(zi)(zi),虽有粟,吾(wu)得而食诸?”(孔(kong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“言将危也。陈氏果(guo)灭齐(qi)(qi)。”)
[疏]“齐景”至“食诸”。
○正义曰:此章明治国之政也。“齐景公问政於孔子”者,齐君景公问为国之政於夫子也。“孔子对曰:君君,臣臣,父父,子子”者,言政者正也,若君不失君道,乃至子不失子道,尊卑有序,上下不失,而後国家正也。当此之时,陈桓为齐大夫以制齐国,君不君,臣不臣,父不父,子不子,故孔子以此对之。“公曰:善哉!信如君不君,臣不臣,父不父,子不子,虽有粟,吾得而食诸”者,诸,之也。景公闻孔子之言而信服之,故叹曰:“善哉!信如夫子之言,而今齐国君不君,以至子不子,虽有其粟,吾得而食之乎?”言将见危亡,必不得食之也。
○注“陈氏果灭齐”。
○正义曰:《史记(ji)·田完(wan)(wan)世家(jia)(jia)》:完(wan)(wan)卒,谥为敬仲,仲生(sheng)犀孟夷,夷生(sheng)泯孟庄,庄生(sheng)文子(zi)(zi)须(xu)无(wu),文子(zi)(zi)生(sheng)桓子(zi)(zi)无(wu)宇,桓子(zi)(zi)生(sheng)武子(zi)(zi)启及(ji)僖子(zi)(zi)乞;乞卒;子(zi)(zi)当代之,是为田成子(zi)(zi);成子(zi)(zi)弑简公(gong),专齐(qi)政;成子(zi)(zi)生(sheng)襄子(zi)(zi)盘,盘生(sheng)庄子(zi)(zi)白,白生(sheng)大公(gong)和(he)(he)(he),和(he)(he)(he)迁齐(qi)康公(gong)於海上;和(he)(he)(he)立(li)为齐(qi)侯;和(he)(he)(he)孙威王称王,四世而秦灭之。是陈(chen)氏灭齐(qi)也。《世家(jia)(jia)》云敬仲之如齐(qi),以陈(chen)子(zi)(zi)为田氏,《左传》终始称陈(chen),则田必非敬仲所改(gai),未知何时改(gai)耳。
子(zi)曰:“片(pian)言可以折狱者,其由也(ye)与?”(孔曰:“片(pian)犹偏也(ye)。听讼必须两辞以定是(shi)非,偏信(xin)一言以折狱者,唯子(zi)路可。”)子(zi)路无宿诺(nuo)。(宿,犹豫也(ye)。子(zi)路笃(du)信(xin),恐临时多故,故不豫诺(nuo)。)
[疏]“子曰”至“宿诺”。
○正义曰:此章言子路有明断笃信之德也。“子曰:片言可以折狱者,其由也与”者,片,犹偏也。折,犹决断也。凡听讼必须两辞以定是非,偏信一言以决断狱讼者,唯子路可,故云其由也。“与子路无宿诺”者,宿,犹豫也。子路笃信,恐临时多故,故不豫也。或分此别为一章,今合之。
○注“孔曰”至“路可”。
○正义(yi)曰:云“听讼(song)必须(xu)两(liang)辞以(yi)定(ding)是(shi)(shi)非”者(zhe)(zhe),《周(zhou)礼·秋官·大司寇职》云:“以(yi)两(liang)造(zao)禁(jin)民讼(song),以(yi)两(liang)剂禁(jin)民狱(yu)。”注云:“讼(song)谓以(yi)财货(huo)相告者(zhe)(zhe)。狱(yu)谓相告以(yi)罪名(ming)者(zhe)(zhe)。造(zao),至(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。剂,今券(quan)书也(ye)。使讼(song)者(zhe)(zhe)两(liang)至(zhi)(zhi),狱(yu)者(zhe)(zhe)各赍券(quan)书,既两(liang)至(zhi)(zhi)、两(liang)券(quan)书,乃治之(zhi)。不至(zhi)(zhi)及不券(quan)书,则是(shi)(shi)自服不直(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。”故(gu)(gu)知(zhi)听讼(song)必须(xu)两(liang)辞方定(ding)是(shi)(shi)非。偏(pian)信一言(yan),则是(shi)(shi)非难(nan)决。唯子(zi)路(lu)才性明辨,能(neng)听偏(pian)言(yan)决断狱(yu)讼(song),故(gu)(gu)云唯子(zi)路(lu)可。
子(zi)曰:“听讼,吾犹(you)人也(ye)。(包曰:“与人等(deng)。”)必(bi)也(ye),使无讼乎(hu)!(王曰:“化之(zhi)在前。”)
[疏]“子曰:听讼,吾犹人也。必也,使无讼乎!”
○正义曰:此章孔子言已至诚也。言听断狱讼之时,备两造,吾亦犹如常人,无以异也。言与常人同。必也,在前以道化之,使无争讼乃善。
○注“王曰:化之在前”。
○正义曰:案(an)《周易·讼卦·象》曰:“天与(yu)(yu)水(shui)违行(xing),讼。君子以(yi)作事(shi)谋始。”王弼云(yun)(yun):“听讼,吾(wu)犹(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye),必(bi)也(ye)(ye),使(shi)无(wu)(wu)讼乎!无(wu)(wu)讼在於谋始,谋始在於作制。契(qi)之不(bu)(bu)(bu)明,讼之所(suo)以(yi)生也(ye)(ye)。物有(you)其(qi)分,职不(bu)(bu)(bu)相滥(lan),争何由兴?讼之所(suo)以(yi)起,契(qi)之过也(ye)(ye)。故有(you)德司契(qi)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)责(ze)於人(ren)(ren)(ren)。”是化之在前也(ye)(ye)。又(you)案(an):《大(da)学(xue)》云(yun)(yun):“子曰:‘听讼,吾(wu)犹(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)。必(bi)也(ye)(ye),使(shi)无(wu)(wu)讼乎!’无(wu)(wu)情(qing)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得尽其(qi)辞(ci)(ci),大(da)畏(wei)民(min)志。”郑注云(yun)(yun):“情(qing)犹(you)实也(ye)(ye)。无(wu)(wu)实者(zhe)(zhe)多虚诞之辞(ci)(ci),圣人(ren)(ren)(ren)之听讼与(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)同耳。必(bi)使(shi)民(min)无(wu)(wu)实者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)尽其(qi)辞(ci)(ci),大(da)畏(wei)其(qi)心志,使(shi)诚(cheng)其(qi)意(yi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)讼。”然则“听讼,吾(wu)犹(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye),必(bi)也(ye)(ye),使(shi)无(wu)(wu)讼乎”,是夫子辞(ci)(ci)。“无(wu)(wu)情(qing)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得尽其(qi)辞(ci)(ci),大(da)畏(wei)民(min)志”,是记者(zhe)(zhe)释(shi)夫子无(wu)(wu)讼之事(shi),意(yi)与(yu)(yu)此注及王弼不(bu)(bu)(bu)同,未知谁(shei)是,故具载之。
子张问政(zheng)。子曰:“居之(zhi)无倦,行之(zhi)以忠。”(王曰:“言(yan)为政(zheng)之(zhi)道,居之(zhi)於身(shen),无得(de)解倦,行之(zhi)於民(min),必(bi)以忠信。”)
[疏]“子张问政。子曰:居之无倦,行之以忠。”
○正义曰:此章言为政之道(dao),若居之於身,无解倦(juan),行之於民(min),必以忠信也。
子(zi)曰:“博学(xue)於文,约之以(yi)礼,亦可以(yi)弗(fu)畔矣夫。”(郑曰:“弗(fu)畔,不违(wei)道。”)
[疏]“子曰”至“弗畔矣夫”。
○正义曰:此章及(ji)注(zhu)与(yu)《雍也篇(pian)》同,当是弟子各(ge)记所闻,故(gu)重(zhong)载之。或本(ben)亦有作“君子博学於文”。
子曰(yue):“君子成人(ren)(ren)之美,不成人(ren)(ren)之恶。小人(ren)(ren)反是(shi)。”
[疏]“子曰:君子成人之美,不成人之恶。小人反是。”
○正义曰(yue):此章(zhang)言君(jun)子之(zhi)於(wu)人(ren),嘉善而矜不(bu)能,又复仁(ren)恕,故成人(ren)之(zhi)美,不(bu)成人(ren)之(zhi)恶也。小人(ren)则嫉贤乐祸,而成人(ren)之(zhi)恶,不(bu)成人(ren)之(zhi)美,故曰(yue)反是。
季康子(zi)问政於孔子(zi)。孔子(zi)对曰:“政者(zhe),正也。子(zi)帅以正,孰敢不正!”(郑曰:“康子(zi),鲁上卿(qing),诸臣之(zhi)帅也。”)
[疏]“季康子问政”至“不正”。
○正(zheng)(zheng)义曰:此章言为政(zheng)在乎修已。“对曰:政(zheng)者,正(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)”者,言政(zheng)教(jiao)者在於(wu)齐(qi)正(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)。“子帅以(yi)正(zheng)(zheng),孰敢不正(zheng)(zheng)”者,言康子为鲁上(shang)卿,诸臣(chen)之帅也(ye),若已能每(mei)事(shi)以(yi)正(zheng)(zheng),则已下之臣(chen)民谁敢不正(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)。
季康子患盗,问(wen)於(wu)孔子。孔子对曰(yue):“苟子之不欲(yu)(yu),虽赏之不窃。”(孔曰(yue):“欲(yu)(yu),多情欲(yu)(yu)。言民化於(wu)上,不从其令,从其所好。”)
[疏]“季康子”至“不窃”。
○正义曰:此章言民从上化也。“季康子患盗,问於孔子”者,时鲁多盗贼,康子患之,问於孔子,欲以谋去也。“孔子对曰:苟子之不欲,虽赏之不窃”者,孔子言,民化於上,不从其令,从其所好。苟,诚也。诚如子之不贪欲,则民亦不窃盗。非但不为,假令赏之,民亦知耻而不窃也。今多盗贼者,正由子之贪欲故耳。
○注“孔曰”至“所好”。
○正义曰:云“民化(hua)於上(shang),不从(cong)其令,从(cong)其所好(hao)”者(zhe),《大(da)学(xue)》曰:“尧、舜率天下以仁而民从(cong)之,桀(jie)、纣率天下以暴而民从(cong)之。其所令反其所好(hao),而民不从(cong)。”注云:言民化(hua)君行也。君若好(hao)货,而禁(jin)民淫於财(cai)利,不能(neng)正也。”
季康(kang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)问政(zheng)於孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“如杀无(wu)道(dao)(dao),以(yi)就有道(dao)(dao),何如?”(孔(kong)曰(yue):“就,成也。欲多杀以(yi)止奸。”)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)对(dui)曰(yue):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)为(wei)政(zheng),焉用杀?子(zi)(zi)(zi)欲善而民(min)善矣。君子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)德风,小(xiao)人(ren)之(zhi)德草。草上之(zhi)风,必偃。”(孔(kong)曰(yue):“亦欲令(ling)康(kang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)先自正。偃,仆(pu)也。加草以(yi)风,无(wu)不(bu)仆(pu)者(zhe),犹民(min)之(zhi)化於上。”)
[疏]“季康子”至“必偃”。
○正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)义曰:此章(zhang)言(yan)(yan)为(wei)(wei)政(zheng)不(bu)须刑(xing)杀,但(dan)在上自正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),则(ze)民化(hua)(hua)(hua)之也(ye)(ye)。“季(ji)康子问政(zheng)於孔子曰:如(ru)杀无道(dao),以就有(you)道(dao),何如(ru)”者(zhe)(zhe),就,成也(ye)(ye)。康子之意(yi),欲多杀止奸,以成为(wei)(wei)有(you)道(dao)也(ye)(ye)。“孔子对曰:子为(wei)(wei)政(zheng),焉用(yong)杀”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)子为(wei)(wei)执(zhi)政(zheng),安(an)用(yong)刑(xing)杀也(ye)(ye)。“子欲善(shan)而(er)民善(shan)矣”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)子若为(wei)(wei)善(shan),则(ze)民亦化(hua)(hua)(hua)之为(wei)(wei)善(shan)矣。“君子之德风,小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)之德草(cao)(cao)。草(cao)(cao)上之风,必偃”者(zhe)(zhe),此为(wei)(wei)康子设譬(pi)也(ye)(ye)。偃,仆(pu)也(ye)(ye)。在上君子为(wei)(wei)政(zheng)之德若风,在下(xia)小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)从化(hua)(hua)(hua)之德如(ru)草(cao)(cao),加草(cao)(cao)以风,无不(bu)仆(pu)者(zhe)(zhe)。犹化(hua)(hua)(hua)民以正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),无不(bu)从者(zhe)(zhe)。亦欲令康子先自正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)也(ye)(ye)。
子张问(wen):“士(shi)何如斯可(ke)谓之达(da)矣?”子曰(yue):“何哉,尔所谓达(da)者?”子张对(dui)曰(yue):“在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)邦(bang)必(bi)(bi)闻,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)家必(bi)(bi)闻。”(郑曰(yue):“言士(shi)之所在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai),皆能有名誉。”)子曰(yue):“是闻也(ye),非达(da)也(ye)。夫(fu)达(da)也(ye)者,质直而(er)(er)好义,察言而(er)(er)观色,虑(lv)以下(xia)人。(马曰(yue):“常(chang)有谦退之志,察言语,观颜色,知其(qi)所欲,其(qi)志虑(lv)常(chang)欲以下(xia)人。”)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)邦(bang)必(bi)(bi)达(da),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)家必(bi)(bi)达(da)。(马曰(yue):“谦尊而(er)(er)光,卑而(er)(er)不(bu)可(ke)逾。”)夫(fu)闻也(ye)者,色取仁(ren)而(er)(er)行(xing)违(wei),居之不(bu)疑(yi)。(马曰(yue):“此言佞(ning)人假仁(ren)者之色,行(xing)之则违(wei),安居其(qi)伪而(er)(er)不(bu)自疑(yi)。”)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)邦(bang)必(bi)(bi)闻,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)家必(bi)(bi)闻。”(马曰(yue):“佞(ning)人党多(duo)。”)
[疏]“子张”至“必闻”。
○正义曰:此章论士行。“子张问:士何如斯可谓之达矣”者,士,有德之称。问士行何如可谓通达也。“子曰:何哉,尔所谓达者”者,夫子复问子张,何者是汝意所谓达者。欲使试言之也。“子张对曰:在邦必闻,在家必闻”者,闻谓有名誉,使人闻之也。言士有德行,在邦臣於诸侯,必有名闻;在家臣於卿大夫,亦必有名闻。言士之所在,皆有名誉,意谓此为达也。“子曰:是闻也,非达也”者,言汝所陈,正是名闻之士,非是通达之士也。“夫达也者,质直而好义,察言而观色,虑以下人”者,此孔子又说达士之行也,为性正直,所好义事,察人言语,观人颜色,知其所欲,其念虑常欲以下人。言常有谦退之志也。“在邦必达,在家必达”者,以其谦退,故所在通达也。“夫闻也者,色取仁而行违,居之不疑”者,此言佞人色则假取仁者之色,而行则违之,安居其伪而不自疑也。“在邦必闻,在家必闻”者,言佞人党多,妄相称誉,故所在皆有名闻也。
○注“马曰:谦尊而光,卑而不可逾。”
○正义曰(yue):此(ci)《周易·谦(qian)(qian)卦·彖辞(ci)》也(ye)。言尊者(zhe)有(you)谦(qian)(qian)而更光明(ming)盛大(da),卑者(zhe)有(you)谦(qian)(qian)而不(bu)可逾(yu)越。引证士有(you)谦(qian)(qian)德则所在必达也(ye)。
樊迟从游於舞(wu)雩(yu)之(zhi)下(xia),(包曰:“舞(wu)雩(yu)之(zhi)处有坛单树木,故(gu)下(xia)可游焉。”)曰:“敢(gan)问崇(chong)(chong)德、慝(ni)、辨惑。”(孔曰:“慝(ni),恶(e)也。,治也。治恶(e)为善。”)子(zi)曰:“善哉问!先(xian)事後得(de),非崇(chong)(chong)德与?(孔曰:“先(xian)劳於事,然後得(de)报(bao)。”)攻(gong)其(qi)恶(e),无攻(gong)人之(zhi)恶(e),非慝(ni)与?一(yi)朝(chao)之(zhi)忿,忘(wang)其(qi)身,以及其(qi)亲,非惑与?”
[疏]“樊迟”至“惑与”。
○正义曰:此章言身之事也。樊迟从游於舞雩之处,有坛单树木,故弟子樊迟随从孔子游於其下也。曰:“敢问崇德、慝、辨惑”者,,治也。慝,恶也。此樊迟因从行而问孔子,曰:“敢问欲充盛其德,治恶为善,别疑惑,何为而可也?”“子曰:善哉问”者,其问皆身之要,故善之。“先事後得,非崇德与”者,言先劳於事,然後得报,是崇德也。“攻其恶,无攻人之恶,非慝与”者,攻,治也。言治其已过,无治人之过,是治恶也。“一朝之忿,忘其身,以及其亲,非惑与”者,言君子忿则思难。若人有犯己,一朝忿之,不思其难,则忘身也。辱其身则羞其亲,故曰:“以及其亲也,非惑与?”言是惑也。注“坛单”。
○正义曰(yue):封土为(wei)坛,除(chu)地为(wei)单。言(yan)雩坛在(zai)所除(chu)地中,故连言(yan)坛单。
樊迟(chi)(chi)问仁(ren)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“爱人。”问知。子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“知人。”樊迟(chi)(chi)未达。子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):“举(ju)直(zhi)(zhi)错(cuo)诸(zhu)枉(wang),能(neng)使(shi)枉(wang)者直(zhi)(zhi)。”(包(bao)曰(yue):“举(ju)正直(zhi)(zhi)之人用之,废置邪枉(wang)之人,则皆化(hua)为(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)。”)樊迟(chi)(chi)退,见(jian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)夏曰(yue):“乡也(ye)吾(wu)见(jian)於(wu)夫(fu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)而问知,子(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue):‘举(ju)直(zhi)(zhi)错(cuo)诸(zhu)枉(wang),能(neng)使(shi)枉(wang)者直(zhi)(zhi)。’何谓也(ye)?”子(zi)(zi)(zi)夏曰(yue):“富哉(zai)言乎!(孔曰(yue):“富,盛(sheng)也(ye)。”)舜有天(tian)(tian)下(xia),选於(wu)众(zhong)(zhong),举(ju)皋陶(tao),不(bu)(bu)仁(ren)者远(yuan)矣(yi)。汤(tang)有天(tian)(tian)下(xia),选於(wu)众(zhong)(zhong),举(ju)伊尹,不(bu)(bu)仁(ren)者远(yuan)矣(yi)。”(孔曰(yue):“言舜、汤(tang)有天(tian)(tian)下(xia),选择於(wu)众(zhong)(zhong),举(ju)皋陶(tao)、伊尹,则不(bu)(bu)仁(ren)者远(yuan)矣(yi),仁(ren)者至(zhi)矣(yi)。”)
[疏]“樊迟”至“远矣”。
○正义曰:此(ci)章明仁、知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“樊(fan)(fan)迟问(wen)仁。子(zi)曰:爱(ai)人(ren)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)爱(ai)济众是仁道也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“问(wen)知(zhi)。子(zi)曰:知(zhi)人(ren)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)知(zhi)人(ren)贤才(cai)而举(ju)(ju)之(zhi)(zhi),是知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“樊(fan)(fan)迟未(wei)达。子(zi)曰:举(ju)(ju)直(zhi)(zhi)错诸枉(wang)(wang),能(neng)使(shi)(shi)(shi)枉(wang)(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)直(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),樊(fan)(fan)迟未(wei)晓达知(zhi)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)意,故(gu)(gu)孔子(zi)复(fu)解(jie)之(zhi)(zhi),言(yan)举(ju)(ju)正直(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)而用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi),废置邪(xie)枉(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),则皆化(hua)为直(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)曰能(neng)使(shi)(shi)(shi)枉(wang)(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)直(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“樊(fan)(fan)迟退,见子(zi)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)曰:乡也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)吾见於(wu)(wu)夫子(zi)而问(wen)知(zhi),子(zi)曰:举(ju)(ju)直(zhi)(zhi)错诸枉(wang)(wang),能(neng)使(shi)(shi)(shi)枉(wang)(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)直(zhi)(zhi)。何谓也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe),樊(fan)(fan)迟虽问(wen)举(ju)(ju)直(zhi)(zhi)错枉(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)语,犹(you)自未(wei)喻,故(gu)(gu)复(fu)问(wen)子(zi)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“子(zi)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)曰:富(fu)哉言(yan)乎(hu)”者(zhe)(zhe),子(zi)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)闻言(yan)即解(jie),故(gu)(gu)叹美(mei)之(zhi)(zhi)曰:“富(fu)盛(sheng)哉,此(ci)言(yan)乎(hu)!”“舜(shun)有(you)天(tian)下,选於(wu)(wu)众,举(ju)(ju)皋陶(tao),不(bu)仁者(zhe)(zhe)远(yuan)(yuan)矣(yi)。汤有(you)天(tian)下,选於(wu)(wu)众,举(ju)(ju)伊尹,不(bu)仁者(zhe)(zhe)远(yuan)(yuan)矣(yi)”者(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)子(zi)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)为樊(fan)(fan)迟说(shuo)举(ju)(ju)直(zhi)(zhi)错枉(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)舜(shun)、汤有(you)天(tian)下,选择於(wu)(wu)众,举(ju)(ju)用(yong)皋陶(tao)、伊尹,则不(bu)仁者(zhe)(zhe)远(yuan)(yuan)矣(yi),仁者(zhe)(zhe)至(zhi)矣(yi)。是其能(neng)使(shi)(shi)(shi)邪(xie)枉(wang)(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)亦化(hua)为直(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
子(zi)贡问友。子(zi)曰(yue):“忠告而(er)善道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)可则(ze)(ze)止(zhi),毋自辱焉。”(包曰(yue):“忠告,以(yi)是(shi)非告之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。以(yi)善道导之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)见(jian)从则(ze)(ze)止(zhi)。必(bi)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),或见(jian)辱。”)
[疏]“子贡问友。子曰:忠告而善道之,不可则止,毋自辱焉”。
○正义曰(yue):此(ci)章论友也。言尽(jin)其忠以(yi)是非告(gao)之,又以(yi)善道导之,若不(bu)从己,则止而(er)不(bu)告(gao)不(bu)导也。毋得强(qiang)告(gao)导之,以(yi)自取困辱焉。以(yi)其必言之,或(huo)时见辱。
曾(ceng)子曰(yue)(yue):“君子以(yi)文(wen)会友,(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“友以(yi)文(wen)德合。”)以(yi)友辅(fu)(fu)仁(ren)。”(孔(kong)(kong)曰(yue)(yue):“友相切(qie)磋之道,所以(yi)辅(fu)(fu)成(cheng)己之仁(ren)。”)
[疏]“曾子曰:君子以文会友,以友辅仁。”
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰:此章(zhang)以(yi)论友,言君子之(zhi)人以(yi)文德会合(he)朋友,朋友有相切磋琢磨(mo)之(zhi)道,所以(yi)辅(fu)成已之(zhi)仁德也。