系辞上卷七
周易系辞上第七。
[疏]正义(yi)(yi)曰(yue)(yue):谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“系(xi)(xi)辞”者(zhe),凡有(you)二义(yi)(yi),论(lun)字(zi)取(qu)(qu)系(xi)(xi)属(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi)。圣(sheng)人系(xi)(xi)属(shu)(shu)此(ci)辞於(wu)(wu)爻卦(gua)(gua)(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia),故(gu)(gu)此(ci)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)第(di)(di)(di)六章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)云(yun):“系(xi)(xi)辞焉以(yi)断其(qi)(qi)吉凶。”第(di)(di)(di)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)云(yun):“系(xi)(xi)辞焉以(yi)尽(jin)其(qi)(qi)言。”是(shi)系(xi)(xi)属(shu)(shu)其(qi)(qi)辞於(wu)(wu)爻卦(gua)(gua)(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia),则(ze)(ze)(ze)上(shang)下(xia)(xia)二篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)《经(jing)》辞是(shi)也。文取(qu)(qu)系(xi)(xi)属(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi),故(gu)(gu)字(zi)体从“毄”。又(you)(you)音为(wei)(wei)系(xi)(xi)者(zhe),取(qu)(qu)刚系(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)(yi)。卦(gua)(gua)(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与(yu)爻,各(ge)有(you)其(qi)(qi)辞以(yi)释(shi)其(qi)(qi)义(yi)(yi),则(ze)(ze)(ze)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与(yu)爻,各(ge)有(you)刚系(xi)(xi),所以(yi)音谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)也。夫子(zi)本作《十(shi)(shi)(shi)翼(yi)》,申说上(shang)下(xia)(xia)二篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)《经(jing)》文,《系(xi)(xi)辞》条贯义(yi)(yi)理(li)(li),别自(zi)为(wei)(wei)卷,总曰(yue)(yue)《系(xi)(xi)辞》。分为(wei)(wei)上(shang)下(xia)(xia)二篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)者(zhe),何(he)氏云(yun):上(shang)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)明(ming)无(wu)(wu),故(gu)(gu)曰(yue)(yue)“易(yi)有(you)太(tai)(tai)(tai)极(ji)”,太(tai)(tai)(tai)极(ji)即无(wu)(wu)也。又(you)(you)云(yun)“圣(sheng)人以(yi)此(ci)洗心(xin),退藏於(wu)(wu)密(mi)”,是(shi)其(qi)(qi)无(wu)(wu)也。下(xia)(xia)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)明(ming)几,从无(wu)(wu)入有(you),故(gu)(gu)云(yun)“知(zhi)几其(qi)(qi)神(shen)乎”。今谓分为(wei)(wei)上(shang)下(xia)(xia),更无(wu)(wu)异义(yi)(yi),有(you)以(yi)简编重(zhong)大(da)(da),是(shi)以(yi)分之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。或(huo)以(yi)上(shang)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)论(lun)易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)理(li)(li),下(xia)(xia)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)论(lun)易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)理(li)(li)者(zhe),事必不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)通。何(he)则(ze)(ze)(ze)?案(an)上(shang)《系(xi)(xi)》云(yun):“君子(zi)出其(qi)(qi)言善(shan)(shan),则(ze)(ze)(ze)千里之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)应(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。出其(qi)(qi)言不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)善(shan)(shan),则(ze)(ze)(ze)千里之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)违(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”又(you)(you)云(yun):“藉用白(bai)(bai)茅(mao),无(wu)(wu)咎。”皆(jie)人言语(yu)小(xiao)事,及(ji)(ji)小(xiao)慎(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行,岂为(wei)(wei)易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)理(li)(li)?又(you)(you)下(xia)(xia)《系(xi)(xi)》云(yun):“天(tian)(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),贞观者(zhe)也。日月(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),贞明(ming)者(zhe)也。”岂复(fu)易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)事乎?明(ming)以(yi)大(da)(da)小(xiao)分之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),义(yi)(yi)必不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可。故(gu)(gu)知(zhi)圣(sheng)人既无(wu)(wu)其(qi)(qi)意,若欲强释(shi),理(li)(li)必不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)通。诸(zhu)儒(ru)所释(shi)上(shang)篇(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian),所以(yi)分段次下(xia)(xia),凡有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。周氏云(yun):“天(tian)(tian)尊地(di)卑”为(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“圣(sheng)人设卦(gua)(gua)(gua)观象”为(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)二章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“彖者(zhe)言乎象者(zhe)”为(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)三章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“精(jing)气为(wei)(wei)物”为(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)四章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“显(xian)诸(zhu)仁藏诸(zhu)用”为(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)五(wu)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“圣(sheng)人有(you)以(yi)见天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赜(ze)”为(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)六章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“初六藉用白(bai)(bai)茅(mao)”为(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)七章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“大(da)(da)衍(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数”为(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)八(ba)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“子(zi)曰(yue)(yue)知(zhi)变化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)”为(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)九章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“天(tian)(tian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)地(di)二”为(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)十(shi)(shi)(shi)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“是(shi)故(gu)(gu)易(yi)有(you)太(tai)(tai)(tai)极(ji)”为(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),“子(zi)曰(yue)(yue)书(shu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)尽(jin)言”为(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。马季长、荀(xun)爽、姚信等又(you)(you)分“白(bai)(bai)茅(mao)”章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)后,取(qu)(qu)“负(fu)且乘”更为(wei)(wei)别章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),成十(shi)(shi)(shi)三章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。案(an)“白(bai)(bai)茅(mao)”以(yi)下(xia)(xia),历序诸(zhu)卦(gua)(gua)(gua),独分“负(fu)且乘”以(yi)为(wei)(wei)别章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),义(yi)(yi)无(wu)(wu)所取(qu)(qu)也。虞翻分为(wei)(wei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),合“大(da)(da)衍(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数”并“知(zhi)变化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)”,共为(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),案(an)“大(da)(da)衍(yan)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),总明(ming)揲蓍策数,及(ji)(ji)十(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)八(ba)变之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,首尾相连。其(qi)(qi)“知(zhi)变化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)”己(ji)下(xia)(xia),别明(ming)“知(zhi)神(shen)”及(ji)(ji)“唯几”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,全与(yu)“大(da)(da)衍(yan)”章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)义(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)类,何(he)得合为(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)?今从先(xian)儒(ru)以(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)为(wei)(wei)定(ding)。
[疏]正义曰:“天(tian)尊(zun)地卑”至“其(qi)中矣(yi)”,此第一章(zhang),明天(tian)尊(zun)地卑,及贵贱之位,刚柔动(dong)静寒(han)暑(shu)往来,广明乾坤简易之德。圣(sheng)人法之,能见天(tian)下之理。
天尊地卑(bei),乾(qian)(qian)坤(kun)定(ding)矣。乾(qian)(qian)坤(kun)其易之门户,先(xian)明天尊地卑(bei),以定(ding)乾(qian)(qian)坤(kun)之体(ti)。
[疏]“天尊”至“定矣”。
○正义曰:天以刚阳而尊,地以柔阴而卑,则乾坤之体安定矣。乾健与天阳同,坤顺与地阴同,故得乾坤定矣。若天不刚阳,地不柔阴,是乾坤之体不得定也。此《经》明天地之德也。
○注“先明”至“之体”。
○正义曰:云(yun)(yun):“先明天尊地卑,以(yi)定(ding)乾(qian)坤(kun)(kun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)(ti)”者(zhe),易含(han)万象,天地最大。若天尊地卑,各得其所,则(ze)乾(qian)坤(kun)(kun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义得定(ding)矣。若天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不尊,降(jiang)在滞(zhi)溺;地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不卑,进在刚盛,则(ze)乾(qian)坤(kun)(kun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)(ti),何由定(ding)矣?案乾(qian)坤(kun)(kun)是(shi)天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用,非天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)(ti),今云(yun)(yun)乾(qian)坤(kun)(kun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)(ti)者(zhe),是(shi)所用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)(ti),乾(qian)以(yi)健为体(ti)(ti),坤(kun)(kun)以(yi)顺为体(ti)(ti),故(gu)云(yun)(yun)“乾(qian)坤(kun)(kun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)(ti)”。
卑(bei)高以陈(chen),贵贱(jian)位(wei)矣(yi)。天尊(zun)地卑(bei)之(zhi)义既列,则涉乎万物,贵贱(jian)之(zhi)位(wei)明(ming)矣(yi)。
[疏]“卑高”至“位矣”。
○正义曰:卑,谓地体卑下;高,谓天体高上。卑高既以陈列,则物之贵贱,得其位矣。若卑不处卑,谓地在上,高不处高,谓天在下。上下既乱,则万物贵贱则不得其位矣。此《经》明天地之体,此虽明天地之体,亦涉乎万物之形。此“贵贱”总兼万物,不唯天地而已,先云“卑”者,使文尔。案前《经》云“天尊地卑”,“天地”别陈。此“卑高以陈”,不更别陈。总云“卑高”者,上文详,於此略也。
○注“天尊”至“明矣”。
○正义曰:“天(tian)尊地卑(bei)之(zhi)义既列”,解《经(jing)(jing)》“卑(bei)高以陈”也(ye)。云“则涉乎万物贵(gui)(gui)贱之(zhi)位明矣”,解《经(jing)(jing)》“贵(gui)(gui)贱位矣”。上《经(jing)(jing)》既云“天(tian)尊地卑(bei)”,此《经(jing)(jing)》又云“贵(gui)(gui)贱”者,则贵(gui)(gui)非唯天(tian)地,是兼(jian)万物之(zhi)贵(gui)(gui)贱。
动(dong)(dong)静(jing)有常(chang),刚(gang)柔(rou)断矣。刚(gang)动(dong)(dong)而(er)柔(rou)止也。动(dong)(dong)止得其常(chang)体,则(ze)刚(gang)柔(rou)之分(fen)著(zhu)矣。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:天(tian)阳为(wei)动(dong),地(di)(di)阴(yin)为(wei)静(jing),各有常(chang)(chang)度,则(ze)刚(gang)柔断定矣。动(dong)而有常(chang)(chang)则(ze)成刚(gang),静(jing)而有常(chang)(chang)则(ze)成柔,所以刚(gang)柔可断定矣。若动(dong)而无(wu)常(chang)(chang),则(ze)刚(gang)道不成;静(jing)而无(wu)常(chang)(chang),则(ze)柔道不立。是刚(gang)柔杂乱(luan),动(dong)静(jing)无(wu)常(chang)(chang),则(ze)刚(gang)柔不可断定也(ye)。此(ci)(ci)《经》论(lun)天(tian)地(di)(di)之(zhi)性也(ye)。此(ci)(ci)虽(sui)天(tian)地(di)(di)动(dong)静(jing),亦裛兼万物(wu)也(ye)。万物(wu)禀於阳气多(duo)而为(wei)动(dong)也(ye),禀於阴(yin)气多(duo)而为(wei)静(jing)也(ye)。
方以类聚,物以群分,吉凶(xiong)生(sheng)矣。方有类,物有群,则有同有异,有聚有分也(ye)。顺其(qi)(qi)所(suo)同,则吉;乖其(qi)(qi)所(suo)趣,则凶(xiong),故吉凶(xiong)生(sheng)矣。
[疏]“方以类聚”至“生矣”。
○正义曰:方,谓法术性行,以类共聚,固方者则同聚也。物,谓物色群党,共在一处,而与他物相分别。若顺其所同,则吉也;若乖其所趣,则凶也,故曰“吉凶生矣”。此《经》虽因天地之性,亦广包万物之情也。
○注“方有类”。
○正(zheng)义曰:云(yun)“方(fang)(fang)有(you)类(lei)”者(zhe)(zhe),方(fang)(fang),谓法术情性(xing)(xing)趣舍,故《春秋》云(yun)“教子以义方(fang)(fang)”,《注》云(yun):“方(fang)(fang),道也(ye)。”是(shi)方(fang)(fang)谓性(xing)(xing)行法术也(ye)。言方(fang)(fang)虽以类(lei)而聚(ju),亦有(you)非(fei)(fei)类(lei)而聚(ju)者(zhe)(zhe)。若(ruo)阴之所(suo)求者(zhe)(zhe)阳,阳之所(suo)求者(zhe)(zhe)阴,是(shi)非(fei)(fei)类(lei)聚(ju)也(ye)。若(ruo)以人比禽兽,即是(shi)非(fei)(fei)类(lei),虽男女(nv)不同,俱(ju)是(shi)人例,亦是(shi)以类(lei)聚(ju)也(ye)。故云(yun)“顺所(suo)同则(ze)吉,乖所(suo)趣则(ze)凶(xiong)”。
在天成(cheng)象(xiang),在地成(cheng)形,变化见矣。象(xiang)况(kuang)日月星辰,形况(kuang)山川草木也(ye)。悬(xuan)象(xiang)运转以(yi)成(cheng)昏明,山泽通气而云(yun)行雨施,故变化见矣。
[疏]正义曰:“象(xiang)”谓悬象(xiang),日(ri)月星辰也(ye)(ye)。“形”谓山川草木(mu)也(ye)(ye)。悬象(xiang)运转而成昏明,山泽通气而云行雨施(shi),故变化是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。
是故刚柔(rou)相(xiang)摩,相(xiang)切(qie)摩也,言(yan)阴阳(yang)之(zhi)交(jiao)感也。
[疏(shu)]正(zheng)义曰:以变化形(xing)见,即阳(yang)(yang)极变为阴,阴极变为阳(yang)(yang),阳(yang)(yang)刚而阴柔,故刚柔共相切摩,更递变化也(ye)。
八卦相(xiang)荡。相(xiang)推(tui)荡也,言(yan)运化之推(tui)移。
[疏]正义曰(yue):刚则阳(yang)爻也。柔(rou)则阴爻也。刚柔(rou)两体(ti),是阴阳(yang)二爻,相(xiang)杂而成八卦,递相(xiang)推(tui)荡(dang)(dang)。若十一(yi)(yi)月一(yi)(yi)阳(yang)生(sheng)而推(tui)去(qu)(qu)一(yi)(yi)阴,五(wu)月一(yi)(yi)阴生(sheng)而推(tui)去(qu)(qu)一(yi)(yi)阳(yang)。虽诸卦递相(xiang)推(tui)移,本从八卦而来,故云“八卦相(xiang)荡(dang)(dang)也”。
鼓之以(yi)雷霆(ting),润之以(yi)风(feng)雨。日月运(yun)行(xing),一寒一暑(shu)。乾道(dao)成男,坤(kun)(kun)道(dao)成女(nv)。乾知大(da)始,坤(kun)(kun)作成物(wu)。乾以(yi)易知,坤(kun)(kun)以(yi)简能。天(tian)地之道(dao),不为而善始,不劳而善成,故曰(yue)易简。
[疏]“鼓之以雷霆”至“简能”。
○正义曰:“鼓之以雷霆,润之以风雨,日月运行,一寒一暑”者,重明上《经》“变化见矣”及“刚柔相摩,八卦相荡”之事。八卦既相推荡,各有功之所用也。又鼓动之以震雷离电,滋润之以巽风坎雨,或离日坎月,运动而行,一节为寒,一节为暑,直云震、巽、离、坎,不云乾、坤、艮、兑者,乾、坤上下备言,艮、兑非鼓动运行之物,故不言之,其实亦一焉。雷电风雨,亦出山泽也。“乾道成男,坤道成女”者,道谓自然而生,故乾得自然而为男,坤得自然而成女。必云成者有故,以乾因阴而得成男,坤因阳而得成女,故云成也。“乾知太始”者,以乾是天阳之气,万物皆始在於气,故云知其大始也。“坤作成物”者,坤是地阴之形,坤能造作以成物也。初始无形,未有营作,故但云知也。巳成之物,事可营为,故云作也。“乾以易知”者,易谓易略,无所造为,以此为知,故曰“乾以易知”也。“坤以简能”者,简谓简省凝静,不须繁劳,以此为能,故曰“坤以简能”也。若於物艰难,则不可以知,故以易而得知也。若於事繁劳,则不可能也。必简省而后可能也。
○注“天地之道”至“易简”。
○正义(yi)曰:云(yun)(yun):“天地之(zhi)道(dao),不(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)而善始(shi)”者,释《经》之(zhi)“乾(qian)(qian)以易(yi)知(zhi)”。“不(bu)(bu)劳而善成”者,释《经》“坤(kun)(kun)以简能”也(ye)。案《经》乾(qian)(qian)易(yi)坤(kun)(kun)简,各(ge)自(zi)(zi)别(bie)言(yan),而《注(zhu)》合(he)云(yun)(yun)天地者,若(ruo)以坤(kun)(kun)对乾(qian)(qian),乾(qian)(qian)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)易(yi)也(ye),坤(kun)(kun)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)简也(ye)。《经》之(zhi)所云(yun)(yun)者是(shi)(shi)也(ye)。若(ruo)据(ju)乾(qian)(qian)坤(kun)(kun)相合(he)皆无为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),自(zi)(zi)然(ran)养物之(zhi)始(shi)也(ye),是(shi)(shi)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)成物之(zhi)终也(ye)。是(shi)(shi)乾(qian)(qian)亦有简,坤(kun)(kun)亦有易(yi),故《注(zhu)》合(he)而言(yan)之(zhi)也(ye)。用使圣人俱行(xing)易(yi)简,法无为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)化。
易则易知,简则易从。易知则有(you)(you)亲(qin),易从则有(you)(you)功。顺(shun)万(wan)物之情,故(gu)曰有(you)(you)亲(qin)。通天下之志,故(gu)曰有(you)(you)功。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:“易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)则(ze)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)知(zhi)”者,此(ci)覆说上(shang)“乾(qian)(qian)(qian)以(yi)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)知(zhi)”也。乾(qian)(qian)(qian)德既能说易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),若(ruo)求而行(xing)之,则(ze)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)可(ke)知(zhi)也。“简(jian)(jian)则(ze)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)从(cong)(cong)”者,覆说上(shang)“坤(kun)(kun)以(yi)简(jian)(jian)能”也。於事简(jian)(jian)省,若(ruo)求而行(xing)之,则(ze)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)可(ke)从(cong)(cong)也。上(shang)“乾(qian)(qian)(qian)以(yi)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)知(zhi),坤(kun)(kun)以(yi)简(jian)(jian)能”,论(lun)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)(kun)之体(ti)性(xing)也。“易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)则(ze)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)知(zhi),简(jian)(jian)则(ze)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)从(cong)(cong)”者,此(ci)论(lun)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)(kun)既有(you)此(ci)性(xing),人则(ze)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)可(ke)仿(fang)效也。“易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)知(zhi)则(ze)有(you)亲(qin)”者,性(xing)意易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)知(zhi),心无险难(nan),则(ze)相和亲(qin),故云“易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)知(zhi)则(ze)有(you)亲(qin)”也。“易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)从(cong)(cong)则(ze)有(you)功”者,於事易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)从(cong)(cong),不有(you)繁劳,其功易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)就(jiu),故曰“易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)从(cong)(cong)则(ze)有(you)功”。此(ci)二句,论(lun)圣人法此(ci)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)(kun)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)简(jian)(jian),则(ze)有(you)所益也。
有(you)亲则可久,有(you)功则可大。有(you)易简之德(de),则能成可久可大之功。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:“有(you)亲则(ze)可(ke)(ke)久(jiu)”者,物(wu)既和亲,无相(xiang)残害,故可(ke)(ke)久(jiu)也。“有(you)功则(ze)可(ke)(ke)大(da)”者,事业有(you)功,则(ze)积渐(jian)可(ke)(ke)大(da)。此二句,论人(ren)法乾坤,久(jiu)而益大(da)。
可久则贤(xian)人之(zhi)德,可大则贤(xian)人之(zhi)业(ye)。天地易简,万物各载(zai)其形(xing)。圣人不为,群(qun)方各遂其业(ye)。德业(ye)既成,则入於形(xing)器,故以贤(xian)人目其德业(ye)。
[疏]“可久”至“之业”。
○正义曰:“可久则贤人之德”者,使物长久,是贤人之德,能养万物,故云“可久则贤人之德”也。“可大则贤人之业”者,功劳既大,则是贤人事业。行天地之道,总天地之功,唯圣人能。然今云贤人者,圣人则隐迹藏用,事在无境。今云“可久”“可大”,则是离无入有,贤人则事在有境。故“可久”“可大”,以贤人目之也。
○注“圣人”至“其业”。
○正义曰:云:“圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)为(wei)(wei),群方各遂其(qi)(qi)业”者,圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)显仁藏用,唯见生养之(zhi)(zhi)功,不(bu)见其(qi)(qi)何以(yi)生养,犹若(ruo)日月见其(qi)(qi)照临之(zhi)(zhi)力,不(bu)知何以(yi)照临,是圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)用无为(wei)(wei)以(yi)及天下,是圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)为(wei)(wei)也(ye)。云“德(de)(de)业既成(cheng),则(ze)(ze)入於(wu)(wu)形器”者,初(chu)行德(de)(de)业未成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),不(bu)见其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)为(wei)(wei),是在於(wu)(wu)虚(xu)无。若(ruo)德(de)(de)业既成(cheng),复被於(wu)(wu)物,在於(wu)(wu)有境(jing),是入於(wu)(wu)形器也(ye)。贤(xian)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)分,则(ze)(ze)见其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)为(wei)(wei),见其(qi)(qi)成(cheng)功始末,皆(jie)有德(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)与业,是所(suo)(suo)有形器,故以(yi)贤(xian)人(ren)(ren)目其(qi)(qi)德(de)(de)业。然则(ze)(ze)本(ben)其(qi)(qi)虚(xu)无玄象谓之(zhi)(zhi)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),据其(qi)(qi)成(cheng)功事业谓之(zhi)(zhi)贤(xian)也(ye)。
易(yi)简而(er)天下(xia)之理得(de)矣。天下(xia)之理,莫(mo)不由(you)於易(yi)简而(er)各(ge)得(de)顺其分位也。
[疏]“易简”至“得矣”。
○正义曰:此则赞明圣人能行天地易简之化,则天下万事之理,并得其宜矣。
○注“易简”。
○正义曰:若(ruo)能行(xing)说易简静,任物(wu)自(zi)生(sheng),则(ze)物(wu)得(de)(de)其(qi)性矣。故(gu)《列子》云:“不生(sheng)而物(wu)自(zi)生(sheng),不化而物(wu)自(zi)化。”若(ruo)不行(xing)易简,法令(ling)兹章,则(ze)物(wu)失其(qi)性也。《老子》云:“水至清则(ze)无鱼,人至察(cha)则(ze)无徒(tu)”。又庄云:“马(ma)翦剔羁绊(ban),所伤多(duo)矣。”是(shi)天下之(zhi)理未(wei)得(de)(de)也。
天(tian)下(xia)之理(li)得,而成(cheng)(cheng)位乎其中矣(yi)。成(cheng)(cheng)位至立象也(ye)。极易简则能通天(tian)下(xia)之理(li),通天(tian)下(xia)之理(li),故能成(cheng)(cheng)象,并乎天(tian)地(di)言(yan)其中,则并明天(tian)地(di)也(ye)。
[疏]正义曰:成(cheng)位况立象,言圣人极易简之(zhi)善,则(ze)能通天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)理,故能成(cheng)立卦象於天(tian)地之(zhi)中,言并天(tian)地也(ye)。
[疏]正义曰:“圣人(ren)设卦(gua)”至“不利”,此(ci)(ci)第二(er)章(zhang)也(ye)。前章(zhang)言天地成象(xiang)成形(xing),简易(yi)之德,明(ming)乾坤(kun)之大旨(zhi)。此(ci)(ci)章(zhang)明(ming)圣人(ren)设卦(gua)观象(xiang),爻辞吉凶,悔吝(lin)之细别。
圣人设卦观象(xiang),此总言也(ye)。
[疏]“圣人”至“观象”。
○正义曰:谓圣人设画其卦之时,莫不瞻观物象,法其物象,然后设之,卦象则有吉有凶,故下文云“吉凶者,失得之象也。悔吝者,忧虞之象。变化者,进退之象。刚柔者,昼夜之象”。是施设其卦,有此诸象也。
○注“此总言也”。
○正义曰(yue):此(ci)设(she)卦(gua)观象(xiang),总(zong)为下而言,故云“此(ci)总(zong)言也”。
系辞(ci)焉而明(ming)吉凶(xiong),刚(gang)柔相推而生变(bian)化。系辞(ci)所(suo)以明(ming)吉凶(xiong),刚(gang)柔相推所(suo)以明(ming)变(bian)化也。吉凶(xiong)者,存乎人(ren)事也。变(bian)化者,存乎运行也。
[疏]正义曰:“系(xi)(xi)(xi)辞焉而(er)(er)明(ming)(ming)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)”者,卦(gua)象(xiang)爻(yao)(yao)象(xiang),有吉(ji)(ji)(ji)有凶(xiong)(xiong)。若(ruo)不系(xi)(xi)(xi)辞,其理未显(xian)。故系(xi)(xi)(xi)属吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)文辞於卦(gua)爻(yao)(yao)之(zhi)下,而(er)(er)显(xian)明(ming)(ming)此卦(gua)爻(yao)(yao)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)也(ye)。案吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)外,犹(you)有悔(hui)吝忧虞(yu),直云(yun)而(er)(er)明(ming)(ming)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)者,悔(hui)吝忧虞(yu),是凶(xiong)(xiong)中(zhong)之(zhi)小,别(bie)举吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong),则包(bao)之(zhi)可(ke)知也(ye)。“刚柔相(xiang)推(tui)而(er)(er)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)变(bian)化(hua)”者,八(ba)纯之(zhi)卦(gua),卦(gua)之(zhi)与爻(yao)(yao),其象(xiang)既(ji)定,变(bian)化(hua)犹(you)少;若(ruo)刚柔二气相(xiang)推(tui),阴爻(yao)(yao)阳爻(yao)(yao)交变(bian),分为(wei)六十四卦(gua),有三(san)百八(ba)十四爻(yao)(yao),委曲变(bian)化(hua),事非(fei)一体(ti),是“而(er)(er)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)变(bian)化(hua)”也(ye)。系(xi)(xi)(xi)辞而(er)(er)明(ming)(ming)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong),明(ming)(ming)系(xi)(xi)(xi)辞之(zhi)意;刚柔相(xiang)推(tui)而(er)(er)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)变(bian)化(hua),明(ming)(ming)其推(tui)引(yin)而(er)(er)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)杂卦(gua)之(zhi)意也(ye)。
是故(gu)吉(ji)凶者,失(shi)得(de)(de)之象也。由有失(shi)得(de)(de),故(gu)吉(ji)凶生。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:此(ci)下四(si)句(ju)《经(jing)》,总明(ming)诸象(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi),辞(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)者(zhe)是得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang);辞(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe)是失(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang),故曰“吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe),是失(shi)得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。初时(shi)於(wu)事(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)失(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)得,积渐(jian)成著(zhu),乃(nai)为吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然《易(yi)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)诸卦(gua)(gua)及爻(yao)不(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe),义(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)数等。或(huo)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)据文(wen)(wen)可(ke)(ke)(ke)知(zhi),不(bu)(bu)须明(ming)言(yan)(yan)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe)。若(ruo)《乾(qian)》“元亨利(li)(li)贞(zhen)(zhen)”及“九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)五(wu),飞龙在(zai)天,利(li)(li)见大(da)人”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属(shu),寻(xun)文(wen)(wen)考义(yi),是吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)知(zhi),故不(bu)(bu)须云吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)其(qi)《剥》“不(bu)(bu)利(li)(li)有(you)(you)(you)(you)攸往”,《离(li)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)四(si)“突如(ru)(ru)(ru)其(qi)来如(ru)(ru)(ru),焚如(ru)(ru)(ru),死如(ru)(ru)(ru),弃如(ru)(ru)(ru)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)属(shu),据其(qi)文(wen)(wen)辞(ci),其(qi)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)可(ke)(ke)(ke)见,故不(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。亦(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)爻(yao)处吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)际,吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)未定(ding),行善(shan)(shan)则吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),行恶则凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)。是吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)未定(ding),亦(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong),若(ruo)《乾(qian)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)三(san)(san)“君子终日乾(qian)乾(qian),夕惕(ti)若(ruo),厉无(wu)咎”,若(ruo)《屯(tun)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)六二(er)“屯(tun)如(ru)(ru)(ru)邅如(ru)(ru)(ru),乘(cheng)马班(ban)如(ru)(ru)(ru),匪寇,婚媾(gou),女子贞(zhen)(zhen)不(bu)(bu)字,十年乃(nai)字”,是吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)未定(ding),亦(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。又诸称无(wu)咎者(zhe),若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)善(shan)(shan)应(ying)则有(you)(you)(you)(you)咎,若(ruo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)善(shan)(shan)应(ying)则无(wu)咎,此(ci)亦(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)定(ding)言(yan)(yan)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。诸称吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe),皆嫌其(qi)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)不(bu)(bu)明(ming),故言(yan)(yan)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)以(yi)(yi)正之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),若(ruo)《坤(kun)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)六五(wu)“黄裳元吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)”,以(yi)(yi)阴居(ju)尊位,嫌其(qi)不(bu)(bu)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),故言(yan)(yan)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。推此(ci)馀可(ke)(ke)(ke)知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。亦(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)於(wu)事(shi)(shi)无(wu)嫌,吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)灼然可(ke)(ke)(ke)知(zhi),而更明(ming)言(yan)(yan)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe),若(ruo)《剥》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初六“剥床以(yi)(yi)足,蔑(mie)贞(zhen)(zhen)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”、六二(er)“剥床以(yi)(yi)辨,蔑(mie)贞(zhen)(zhen)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”者(zhe),此(ci)皆凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)状灼然,而言(yan)(yan)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。或(huo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)卦(gua)(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内,或(huo)一(yi)(yi)爻(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),得失(shi)相形(xing),须言(yan)(yan)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)。若(ruo)《大(da)过》九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)三(san)(san)“栋桡(rao)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”、九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)四(si)“栋隆吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)”,是一(yi)(yi)卦(gua)(gua)相形(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);《屯(tun)》卦(gua)(gua)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)五(wu)“屯(tun)其(qi)膏,小贞(zhen)(zhen)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),大(da)贞(zhen)(zhen)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”,是一(yi)(yi)爻(yao)相形(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。亦(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)事(shi)(shi)相形(xing),终始有(you)(you)(you)(you)异。若(ruo)《讼(song)》卦(gua)(gua)“有(you)(you)(you)(you)孚窒惕(ti),中(zhong)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),终凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类是也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。大(da)略如(ru)(ru)(ru)此(ci)。原夫《易(yi)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为书,曲明(ming)万象(xiang)(xiang),苟在(zai)释辞(ci),明(ming)其(qi)意,达(da)其(qi)理,不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)爻(yao)为例(li),义(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)变通(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
悔吝者(zhe),忧(you)虞(yu)之象(xiang)也。失得之微者(zhe),足以致(zhi)忧(you)虞(yu)而巳,故曰悔吝。
[疏]正义曰:《经(jing)》称悔吝(lin)者(zhe),是(shi)得(de)失微小(xiao),初时忧念虞(yu)度之(zhi)形象(xiang)也。以(yi)忧虞(yu)不(bu)巳,未(wei)是(shi)大(da)凶(xiong),终致悔吝(lin)。悔者(zhe),其事巳过,意(yi)有(you)(you)追悔之(zhi)也。吝(lin)者(zhe),当事之(zhi)时,可(ke)轻鄙(bi)耻,故(gu)(gu)云吝(lin)也。吝(lin)既是(shi)小(xiao)凶(xiong),则(ze)《易》之(zhi)为(wei)书亦(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)小(xiao)吉,则(ze)无咎(jiu)之(zhi)属善补过是(shi)也。此(ci)亦(yi)(yi)小(xiao)吉,而不(bu)言(yan)者(zhe),下《经(jing)》备陈之(zhi)也,故(gu)(gu)於此(ci)不(bu)言(yan)。其馀元(yuan)亨利贞(zhen),则(ze)是(shi)吉象(xiang)之(zhi)境,有(you)(you)四德别言(yan),故(gu)(gu)於此(ci)不(bu)言(yan)也。其以(yi)祉(zhi)有(you)(you)庆有(you)(you)福之(zhi)属,各於爻(yao)卦别言(yan),故(gu)(gu)不(bu)在此(ci)而说。且《易》者(zhe)戒人为(wei)恶,故(gu)(gu)於恶事备言(yan)也。
变化者(zhe),进(jin)退(tui)之象也(ye)。往(wang)复(fu)相推,迭进(jin)退(tui)也(ye)。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:万物之象(xiang),皆有阴阳之爻,或(huo)从始(shi)而上(shang)进,或(huo)居终而倒(dao)退,以其往复相推,或(huo)渐变而顿化,故(gu)云(yun)“进退之象(xiang)也”。
刚(gang)柔者,昼(zhou)夜之象也。昼(zhou)则阳刚(gang),夜则阴柔,始总(zong)言吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)变(bian)化,而下(xia)(xia)别(bie)明悔(hui)吝、昼(zhou)夜者,悔(hui)吝则吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)之类,昼(zhou)夜亦(yi)变(bian)化之道(dao),吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)之类,则同因系辞(ci)而明;变(bian)化之道(dao),则俱由(you)刚(gang)柔而著,故(gu)始总(zong)言之,下(xia)(xia)则明失(shi)得(de)之轻重,辨变(bian)化之小大,故(gu)别(bie)序其义也。
[疏]“刚柔”至“象也”。
○正义曰:昼则阳日照临,万物生而坚刚,是昼之象也。夜则阴润浸被,万物而皆柔弱,是夜之象也。
○注“始总”至“变化”。
○正义(yi)(yi)曰:云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“始总(zong)(zong)言(yan)(yan)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓上(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“系(xi)(xi)辞(ci)(ci)(ci)焉而(er)(er)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong),刚(gang)(gang)(gang)柔相(xiang)推(tui)(tui)而(er)(er)生变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”,是(shi)(shi)始总(zong)(zong)言(yan)(yan)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“而(er)(er)下别(bie)(bie)(bie)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)悔(hui)(hui)(hui)吝(lin)(lin)(lin)昼(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓次文(wen)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“悔(hui)(hui)(hui)吝(lin)(lin)(lin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),忧(you)虞(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)”,“刚(gang)(gang)(gang)柔者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),昼(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)”,是(shi)(shi)别(bie)(bie)(bie)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)悔(hui)(hui)(hui)吝(lin)(lin)(lin)昼(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)“悔(hui)(hui)(hui)吝(lin)(lin)(lin)则(ze)(ze)(ze)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),案上(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)系(xi)(xi)辞(ci)(ci)(ci)而(er)(er)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong),次又(you)别(bie)(bie)(bie)序云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),失(shi)得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)。”“悔(hui)(hui)(hui)吝(lin)(lin)(lin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),忧(you)虞(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)。”是(shi)(shi)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,别(bie)(bie)(bie)生悔(hui)(hui)(hui)吝(lin)(lin)(lin),是(shi)(shi)悔(hui)(hui)(hui)吝(lin)(lin)(lin)亦(yi)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类。大略总(zong)(zong)言(yan)(yan)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong),是(shi)(shi)细别(bie)(bie)(bie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,别(bie)(bie)(bie)有悔(hui)(hui)(hui)吝(lin)(lin)(lin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“悔(hui)(hui)(hui)吝(lin)(lin)(lin)则(ze)(ze)(ze)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类”。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“昼(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)亦(yi)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),案上(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“刚(gang)(gang)(gang)柔相(xiang)推(tui)(tui)而(er)(er)生变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”,次文(wen)别(bie)(bie)(bie)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),进退(tui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)”,“刚(gang)(gang)(gang)柔者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),昼(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)”,变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,别(bie)(bie)(bie)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)昼(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye),总(zong)(zong)言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)昼(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)一,分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)昼(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)殊,故(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“昼(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)亦(yi)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类,则(ze)(ze)(ze)同(tong)(tong)因系(xi)(xi)辞(ci)(ci)(ci)而(er)(er)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),案上(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“系(xi)(xi)辞(ci)(ci)(ci)焉而(er)(er)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”,次文(wen)别(bie)(bie)(bie)序云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”“悔(hui)(hui)(hui)吝(lin)(lin)(lin)”,两(liang)事(shi)同(tong)(tong)因上(shang)(shang)(shang)系(xi)(xi)辞(ci)(ci)(ci)而(er)(er)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类,则(ze)(ze)(ze)同(tong)(tong)因《系(xi)(xi)辞(ci)(ci)(ci)》而(er)(er)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),则(ze)(ze)(ze)俱(ju)由刚(gang)(gang)(gang)柔而(er)(er)著(zhu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),上(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)“刚(gang)(gang)(gang)柔相(xiang)推(tui)(tui)而(er)(er)生变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”,次文(wen)别(bie)(bie)(bie)序云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),进退(tui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)。刚(gang)(gang)(gang)柔者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),昼(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)。”上(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)则(ze)(ze)(ze)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)刚(gang)(gang)(gang)柔合为一,次文(wen)则(ze)(ze)(ze)别(bie)(bie)(bie)序变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)刚(gang)(gang)(gang)柔分(fen)为二。合之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)同(tong)(tong),分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)则(ze)(ze)(ze)异,是(shi)(shi)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)从刚(gang)(gang)(gang)柔而(er)(er)生,故(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),俱(ju)由刚(gang)(gang)(gang)柔而(er)(er)著(zhu)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“故(gu)(gu)始总(zong)(zong)言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)“系(xi)(xi)辞(ci)(ci)(ci)焉而(er)(er)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”,不云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)悔(hui)(hui)(hui)吝(lin)(lin)(lin),是(shi)(shi)总(zong)(zong)言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。又(you)上(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)“刚(gang)(gang)(gang)柔相(xiang)推(tui)(tui)而(er)(er)生变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”,不云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)昼(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye),是(shi)(shi)总(zong)(zong)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)“下则(ze)(ze)(ze)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)失(shi)得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)轻(qing)(qing)(qing)重(zhong),辨变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)大,故(gu)(gu)别(bie)(bie)(bie)序其义(yi)(yi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),案次文(wen)别(bie)(bie)(bie)序云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),失(shi)得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)。”是(shi)(shi)失(shi)得重(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);“悔(hui)(hui)(hui)吝(lin)(lin)(lin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),忧(you)虞(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)”。是(shi)(shi)失(shi)得轻(qing)(qing)(qing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。又(you)次《经》云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun):“变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),进退(tui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)。”是(shi)(shi)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)大也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);“刚(gang)(gang)(gang)柔者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),昼(zhou)(zhou)夜(ye)(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)”。是(shi)(shi)变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)小(xiao)(xiao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。两(liang)事(shi)并言(yan)(yan),失(shi)得别(bie)(bie)(bie)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)轻(qing)(qing)(qing)重(zhong),变(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)别(bie)(bie)(bie)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)小(xiao)(xiao)大,是(shi)(shi)别(bie)(bie)(bie)序其义(yi)(yi)。
六爻之动,三极之道也(ye)(ye)。三极,三材也(ye)(ye)。兼三材之道,故能(neng)见吉凶(xiong),成(cheng)变化也(ye)(ye)。
[疏(shu)]正(zheng)义曰:此覆明变(bian)化进退之(zhi)义,言六爻递相推动而(er)生变(bian)化,是天地(di)人三(san)才至极之(zhi)道,以其事兼三(san)才,故(gu)能见吉凶而(er)成变(bian)化也。
是故君子所居(ju)而(er)安者,易(yi)之序也。序,易(yi)象(xiang)之次序。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:以其在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang),吉凶(xiong)显其得失,变化明其进退,以此之(zhi)(zhi)故(gu),君(jun)子观象知其所(suo)处(chu),故(gu)可居(ju)治之(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)(wei),而(er)(er)安(an)静(jing)居(ju)之(zhi)(zhi),是易位(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)次(ci)序也(ye)。若居(ju)在(zai)(zai)(zai)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)九(jiu),而(er)(er)安(an)在(zai)(zai)(zai)勿用,若居(ju)在(zai)(zai)(zai)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)九(jiu)三(san),而(er)(er)安(an)在(zai)(zai)(zai)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)乾(qian)(qian)(qian),是以所(suo)居(ju)而(er)(er)安(an)者,由观易之(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)(wei)次(ci)序也(ye)。
所乐(le)而(er)(er)玩(wan)者,爻之辞也(ye)。是故君子居则观(guan)其(qi)象(xiang)而(er)(er)玩(wan)其(qi)辞,动(dong)则观(guan)其(qi)变而(er)(er)玩(wan)其(qi)占。是以自天祐之,吉无不利(li)。
[疏]“所乐”至“无不利”。
○正义曰(yue):“所(suo)乐而(er)(er)玩(wan)(wan)者(zhe),爻(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)辞(ci)(ci)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe),言(yan)君(jun)子(zi)爱(ai)乐而(er)(er)习(xi)玩(wan)(wan)者(zhe),是(shi)(shi)六(liu)爻(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)辞(ci)(ci)也(ye)(ye)。辞(ci)(ci)有吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)悔吝,见(jian)善(shan)则(ze)思齐其(qi)事(shi),见(jian)恶则(ze)惧(ju)而(er)(er)自(zi)改,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)爱(ai)乐而(er)(er)耽玩(wan)(wan)也(ye)(ye)。卦之(zhi)(zhi)与爻(yao),皆有其(qi)辞(ci)(ci),但爻(yao)有变(bian)(bian)化,取象(xiang)既多(duo),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)知得失(shi)。故(gu)君(jun)子(zi)尢所(suo)爱(ai)乐,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特云(yun)“爻(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)辞(ci)(ci)”也(ye)(ye)。“是(shi)(shi)故(gu)君(jun)子(zi)居则(ze)观其(qi)象(xiang)而(er)(er)玩(wan)(wan)其(qi)辞(ci)(ci)”者(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)易(yi)象(xiang)则(ze)明其(qi)善(shan)恶,辞(ci)(ci)则(ze)示其(qi)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong),故(gu)君(jun)子(zi)自(zi)居处(chu)其(qi)身(shen),观看其(qi)象(xiang),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)知身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)善(shan)恶,而(er)(er)习(xi)玩(wan)(wan)其(qi)辞(ci)(ci),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)晓事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)。“动则(ze)观其(qi)变(bian)(bian)而(er)(er)玩(wan)(wan)其(qi)占(zhan)(zhan)”者(zhe),言(yan)君(jun)子(zi)出(chu)行兴动之(zhi)(zhi)时,则(ze)观其(qi)爻(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)(bian)化,而(er)(er)习(xi)玩(wan)(wan)其(qi)占(zhan)(zhan)之(zhi)(zhi)吉(ji)(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)。若《乾(qian)》之(zhi)(zhi)九四“或(huo)跃在(zai)渊(yuan)”,是(shi)(shi)动则(ze)观其(qi)变(bian)(bian)也(ye)(ye)。《春秋传》云(yun):“先王卜征五年。”又云(yun):“卜以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)决疑。”是(shi)(shi)动玩(wan)(wan)其(qi)占(zhan)(zhan)也(ye)(ye)。“是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)天(tian)祐(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi),吉(ji)(ji)(ji)无(wu)(wu)不利(li)”者(zhe),君(jun)子(zi)既能(neng)奉遵易(yi)象(xiang),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)居处(chu)其(qi)身(shen),无(wu)(wu)有凶(xiong)害,是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)从天(tian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下,悉皆祐(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi),吉(ji)(ji)(ji)无(wu)(wu)不利(li)。此《大有》上(shang)九爻(yao)辞(ci)(ci)。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰(yue):“彖者言乎”至(zhi)“生(sheng)之说”,此第(di)三章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)也。上章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)明吉凶悔吝(lin)系辞之义,而细意未尽,故此章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)更委曲说卦爻吉凶之事。是(shi)以义理(li)深奥,能弥纶(lun)天地之道,仰观俯察,知死(si)生(sheng)之说。
彖(tuan)者(zhe),言(yan)乎象(xiang)者(zhe)也。彖(tuan)总(zong)一(yi)卦之义也。
[疏]正义曰:《彖》谓(wei)卦(gua)下之(zhi)(zhi)辞,言(yan)说乎(hu)一卦(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)象也。
爻(yao)者,言(yan)乎变者也。爻(yao)各言(yan)其变也。
[疏]正义曰:谓(wei)爻下之(zhi)辞(ci),言说此爻之(zhi)象改变也。
吉凶者,言乎其失(shi)得也。悔吝者,言乎其小(xiao)疵也。无咎者,善(shan)补(bu)过也。是故列贵(gui)贱者存乎位(wei),爻(yao)之所处曰位(wei),六位(wei)有(you)贵(gui)贱也。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:“吉(ji)凶(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)乎(hu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)失(shi)得(de)(de)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓爻(yao)卦(gua)下辞(ci)也(ye)(ye)。著其(qi)(qi)(qi)吉(ji)凶(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)论其(qi)(qi)(qi)卦(gua)爻(yao)失(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)与得(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)义也(ye)(ye)。前章言(yan)(yan)(yan)据其(qi)(qi)(qi)卦(gua)爻(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang),故云(yun)“吉(ji)凶(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),失(shi)得(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)”。此(ci)章据其(qi)(qi)(qi)卦(gua)爻(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)辞(ci),故云(yun)“吉(ji)凶(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)乎(hu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)失(shi)得(de)(de)”也(ye)(ye)。“悔(hui)吝(lin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)乎(hu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)小(xiao)(xiao)疵(ci)(ci)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),辞(ci)著悔(hui)吝(lin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)说此(ci)卦(gua)爻(yao)有(you)小(xiao)(xiao)疵(ci)(ci)病也(ye)(ye)。有(you)小(xiao)(xiao)疵(ci)(ci)病,必(bi)预(yu)有(you)忧(you)虞(yu),故前章云(yun):“悔(hui)吝(lin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),忧(you)虞(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)。”但(dan)前章据其(qi)(qi)(qi)象(xiang)(xiang),此(ci)章论其(qi)(qi)(qi)辞(ci)也(ye)(ye)。“无咎(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),善(shan)补(bu)过(guo)也(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),辞(ci)称无咎(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),即(ji)此(ci)卦(gua)爻(yao)能(neng)补(bu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)过(guo)。若(ruo)不(bu)能(neng)补(bu)过(guo),则有(you)咎(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)也(ye)(ye)。案《略(lve)例》:无咎(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有(you)二(er),一者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)善(shan)能(neng)补(bu)过(guo),故无咎(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)。二(er)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)其(qi)(qi)(qi)祸自已招,无所怨咎(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),故《节》之(zhi)(zhi)六三:“不(bu)节之(zhi)(zhi)嗟(jie),又谁咎(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)也(ye)(ye)?”但(dan)如此(ci)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)少(shao),此(ci)据多者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi),故云(yun)“善(shan)补(bu)过(guo)也(ye)(ye)”。前章举其(qi)(qi)(qi)大略(lve),故不(bu)细言(yan)(yan)(yan)无咎(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),此(ci)章备论也(ye)(ye)。“是(shi)故列贵贱(jian)(jian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存乎(hu)位”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以爻(yao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)言(yan)(yan)(yan)乎(hu)变,以此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)故,陈列物之(zhi)(zhi)贵贱(jian)(jian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)在存乎(hu)六爻(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)位,皆上(shang)贵而下贱(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)。
齐小(xiao)大者存乎卦,卦有小(xiao)大也(ye),齐犹言(yan)辨(bian)也(ye),即(ji)彖者言(yan)乎象也(ye)。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:以彖者(zhe)言乎象,象有(you)小大,故齐辨(bian)物(wu)之小大者(zhe)存乎卦也。犹若《泰》则“小往大来,吉(ji)亨”,《否》则“大往小来”之类(lei)是也。
辩(bian)吉(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)者(zhe)存(cun)乎(hu)(hu)辞(ci),辞(ci),爻(yao)辞(ci)也(ye),即“爻(yao)者(zhe)言(yan)乎(hu)(hu)变”也(ye)。言(yan)象所(suo)(suo)以(yi)明(ming)小(xiao)大,言(yan)变所(suo)(suo)以(yi)明(ming)吉(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)。故小(xiao)大之义存(cun)乎(hu)(hu)卦,吉(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)之状(zhuang)见乎(hu)(hu)爻(yao)。至於悔吝(lin)无(wu)(wu)咎(jiu)(jiu),其(qi)例一(yi)也(ye)。吉(ji)(ji)凶(xiong)悔吝(lin)小(xiao)疵无(wu)(wu)咎(jiu)(jiu),皆主(zhu)乎(hu)(hu)变,事(shi)有小(xiao)大,故下历言(yan)五者(zhe)之差也(ye)。
[疏]“辩吉”至“乎辞”。
○正义曰:谓辩明卦之与爻之吉凶,存乎卦爻下之言辞是也。
○注“辞爻”至“差也”。
○正(zheng)义曰:云(yun)(yun):“辞(ci)(ci)(ci),爻(yao)(yao)(yao)辞(ci)(ci)(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)实卦(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)与(yu)爻(yao)(yao)(yao),皆有(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)辞(ci)(ci)(ci)。知是(shi)(shi)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)辞(ci)(ci)(ci)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),但卦(gua)辞(ci)(ci)(ci)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)少(shao),爻(yao)(yao)(yao)辞(ci)(ci)(ci)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)多(duo),此《经》“辩(bian)(bian)吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)辞(ci)(ci)(ci)”,与(yu)“齐小(xiao)(xiao)大(da)(da)(da)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)卦(gua)”,二文相对,上既(ji)云(yun)(yun)卦(gua),故此辞(ci)(ci)(ci)为(wei)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)辞(ci)(ci)(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“言(yan)象(xiang)所(suo)以(yi)明小(xiao)(xiao)大(da)(da)(da)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),即“齐小(xiao)(xiao)大(da)(da)(da)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)卦(gua)”是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“言(yan)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)所(suo)以(yi)明吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),则(ze)“辩(bian)(bian)吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)辞(ci)(ci)(ci)”是(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“故小(xiao)(xiao)大(da)(da)(da)之(zhi)(zhi)义存(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)卦(gua)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),覆说“言(yan)象(xiang)所(suo)以(yi)明小(xiao)(xiao)大(da)(da)(da)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)状见乎(hu)(hu)(hu)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),覆说“言(yan)变(bian)所(suo)以(yi)明吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“悔(hui)吝(lin)无(wu)(wu)咎,其(qi)(qi)(qi)例一也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓悔(hui)吝(lin)无(wu)(wu)咎,体(ti)例与(yu)吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)一也(ye)(ye)(ye),皆是(shi)(shi)存(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)辞(ci)(ci)(ci)。云(yun)(yun)“悔(hui)吝(lin)小(xiao)(xiao)疵无(wu)(wu)咎,皆生(sheng)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)变(bian)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓皆生(sheng)於(wu)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)变(bian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓皆从爻(yao)(yao)(yao)变(bian)而来。云(yun)(yun)“事有(you)小(xiao)(xiao)大(da)(da)(da)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),大(da)(da)(da)则(ze)为(wei)吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong),小(xiao)(xiao)则(ze)为(wei)悔(hui)吝(lin)无(wu)(wu)咎也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“故下历(li)(li)言(yan)五(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)差(cha)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓於(wu)吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)下历(li)(li)次言(yan)五(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)差(cha)别,数五(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓吉(ji)一,凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)二,悔(hui)三,吝(lin)四,无(wu)(wu)咎五(wu)。“然(ran)诸儒(ru)以(yi)为(wei)五(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),皆数列(lie)贵贱者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)位(wei),”是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)一也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“齐小(xiao)(xiao)大(da)(da)(da)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)卦(gua)”,是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)二也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“辩(bian)(bian)吉(ji)凶(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)辞(ci)(ci)(ci)”,是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)三也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“忧(you)悔(hui)吝(lin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)介”,是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)四也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“震无(wu)(wu)咎者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)(cun)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)无(wu)(wu)悔(hui)”,是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)五(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。於(wu)《经》数之(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)便(bian),但於(wu)《注(zhu)》理则(ze)乖,今(jin)并存(cun)(cun)(cun)焉,任后(hou)贤所(suo)释。
忧悔(hui)吝(lin)(lin)者(zhe)存(cun)乎(hu)介(jie),介(jie),纤介(jie)也。王(wang)弼曰:忧悔(hui)吝(lin)(lin)之时,其(qi)介(jie)不可(ke)慢也。即“悔(hui)吝(lin)(lin)者(zhe)言乎(hu)小疵也”。
[疏(shu)]正义(yi)曰(yue):介谓(wei)纤介,谓(wei)小(xiao)(xiao)小(xiao)(xiao)疵病(bing)。能预忧虞悔(hui)吝者,存於细小(xiao)(xiao)之疵病(bing)也。
震无(wu)咎(jiu)(jiu)者存(cun)乎无(wu)悔(hui)。无(wu)咎(jiu)(jiu)者,善(shan)补(bu)过也(ye)。震,动也(ye)。故(gu)动而无(wu)咎(jiu)(jiu),存(cun)乎无(wu)悔(hui)过也(ye)。
[疏]正义曰:震,动(dong)也。动(dong)而无(wu)咎者(zhe),存乎(hu)能自悔(hui)过也。
是(shi)故卦有(you)小(xiao)大,辞(ci)(ci)有(you)险易(yi)。其道光明曰大,君子(zi)道消曰小(xiao);之泰则其辞(ci)(ci)易(yi),之否则其辞(ci)(ci)险。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:其道(dao)光明(ming)谓之大,其道(dao)消散谓之小(xiao)。若之適通(tong)泰,其辞则(ze)说易,若之適否(fou)塞,其辞则(ze)难险也。
辞也(ye)者,各指其所(suo)之(zhi)。《易(yi)(yi)》与天地准(zhun),作《易(yi)(yi)》以(yi)准(zhun)天地。
[疏]正义曰(yue):“辞(ci)也(ye)者,各指其(qi)(qi)所之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者,谓爻卦(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辞(ci),各斥(chi)其(qi)(qi)爻卦(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)適(shi)也(ye)。若之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)適(shi)於善,则(ze)其(qi)(qi)辞(ci)善。若之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)適(shi)於恶,则(ze)其(qi)(qi)辞(ci)恶也(ye)。“《易》与(yu)天(tian)地(di)准(zhun)”者,自此(ci)已上(shang),论卦(gua)爻辞(ci)理之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义;自此(ci)已下,广明《易》道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美。言圣人作(zuo)《易》,与(yu)天(tian)地(di)相准(zhun)。谓准(zhun)拟(ni)天(tian)地(di),则(ze)乾健以(yi)法(fa)天(tian),坤(kun)顺以(yi)法(fa)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)类是(shi)也(ye)。
故能(neng)弥纶天地(di)之道,仰以观於天文,俯以察於地(di)理,是故知(zhi)(zhi)幽明之故。原(yuan)始反终,故知(zhi)(zhi)死生之说(shuo)。幽明者(zhe)(zhe),有(you)形无(wu)形之象。死生者(zhe)(zhe),终始之数也。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:“故(gu)能弥(mi)纶(lun)(lun)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)”者,以(yi)(yi)(yi)《易(yi)》与天(tian)(tian)(tian)地相准,为(wei)此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)圣(sheng)人用(yong)易(yi),能弥(mi)纶(lun)(lun)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),弥(mi)谓(wei)弥(mi)缝补(bu)合,纶(lun)(lun)谓(wei)经纶(lun)(lun)牵引(yin),能补(bu)合牵引(yin)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),用(yong)此(ci)易(yi)道(dao)也(ye)。““仰(yang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)观於天(tian)(tian)(tian)文,俯以(yi)(yi)(yi)察於地理(li)”者,天(tian)(tian)(tian)有(you)(you)悬象而(er)成文章,故(gu)称(cheng)文也(ye)。地有(you)(you)山川(chuan)原隰,各有(you)(you)条理(li),故(gu)称(cheng)理(li)也(ye)。“是故(gu)知(zhi)幽明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu)”者,故(gu)谓(wei)事也(ye)。故(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)用(yong)易(yi)道(dao),仰(yang)观俯察,知(zhi)无形之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)幽,有(you)(you)形之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)明,义理(li)事故(gu)也(ye)。“原始(shi)反终(zhong)(zhong),故(gu)知(zhi)生(sheng)死(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)说”者,言用(yong)易(yi)理(li),原穷事物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)始(shi),反复事物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)终(zhong)(zhong)末,始(shi)终(zhong)(zhong)吉凶(xiong),皆悉包(bao)罗(luo),以(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故(gu),知(zhi)死(si)生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数也(ye)。正(zheng)谓(wei)用(yong)易(yi)道(dao)参其(qi)逆顺,则祸福可知(zhi);用(yong)蓍策求(qiu)其(qi)吉凶(xiong),则死(si)生(sheng)可识也(ye)。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:“精气(qi)为物”至“鲜矣”,此(ci)第(di)四章(zhang)也。上章(zhang)明卦爻之义(yi),其事类稍尽,但卦爻未明鬼神情(qing)状(zhuang)。此(ci)章(zhang)说物之改变(bian)而为鬼神,易能通鬼神之变(bian)化,故於此(ci)章(zhang)明之。
精气(qi)为物(wu),游(you)魂(hun)为变,精气(qi)烟熅,聚而成物(wu)。聚极则散(san),而游(you)魂(hun)为变也(ye)。游(you)魂(hun),言其游(you)散(san)也(ye)。
[疏]正义曰:云(yun):“精气(qi)(qi)为物”者(zhe)(zhe),谓阴阳(yang)精灵之(zhi)气(qi)(qi),氤氲积(ji)聚而为万(wan)物也。“游魂为变”者(zhe)(zhe),物既积(ji)聚,极(ji)则分散,将散之(zhi)时,浮游精魂,去离物形,而为改变,则生变为死,成变为败,或未死之(zhi)间(jian),变为异类也。
是故(gu)知(zhi)(zhi)鬼(gui)神(shen)之情状。尽聚散(san)之理,则(ze)能知(zhi)(zhi)变化(hua)之道,无幽而不通也。
[疏]“是故”至“情状”。
○正义曰:能穷易理,尽生死变化,以此之故,能知鬼神之内外情状也。物既以聚而生,以散而死,皆是鬼神所为,但极聚散之理,则知鬼神之情状也。言圣人以易之理面能然也。
○注“知变化之道”。
○正义(yi)曰:案(an)下云“神(shen)无方(fang)”,韩氏云自此以上皆言(yan)神(shen)之所为。则此《经》“情(qing)状”是虚地之神(shen)。圣人极(ji)虚无之神(shen),如(ru)变化之道,幽冥悉通(tong),故能(neng)知(zhi)鬼神(shen)之情(qing)状。
与天(tian)(tian)地相似,故不违。德(de)合天(tian)(tian)地,故曰相似。
[疏]正义曰:天地能知(zhi)鬼神(shen),任其变化。圣人亦穷(qiong)神(shen)尽性,能知(zhi)鬼神(shen),是与天地相似,所为所作,故不违於天地,能与天地合(he)也。
知周(zhou)乎万物,而道济(ji)天下,故不过。知周(zhou)万物,则能以道济(ji)天下也。
[疏]正义曰:“知周乎万物(wu),而道济天(tian)下(xia)”者,圣人无物(wu)不知,是知周於万物(wu)。天(tian)下(xia)皆养,是道济天(tian)下(xia)也。“故(gu)不过”者,所为皆得其宜,不有愆过,使物(wu)失(shi)分也。
旁行(xing)而(er)不流,应变旁通,而(er)不流淫也。
[疏]正义曰:言圣人之德,应变旁行,无不被(bei)及,而不有流(liu)移淫(yin)(yin)过。若不应变化,非理而动,则为流(liu)淫(yin)(yin)也。
乐(le)天知命,故不忧。顺(shun)天之化,故曰乐(le)也(ye)。
[疏(shu)]正义(yi)曰:顺(shun)天施化,是欢(huan)乐於天;识物始终,是自知性命(ming)(ming)。顺(shun)天道之(zhi)(zhi)常数,知性命(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)始终,任自然之(zhi)(zhi)理(li),故不忧也。
安土敦乎仁,故能爱。安土敦仁者,万物之情也。物顺其情,则仁功赡矣。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:言(yan)万(wan)物之性,皆欲安静於土,敦(dun)厚於仁(ren)。圣(sheng)人能行(xing)此安土敦(dun)仁(ren)之化,故能爱养万(wan)物也。
范(fan)(fan)围天地之(zhi)化而(er)不过。范(fan)(fan)围者,拟范(fan)(fan)天地,而(er)周备其(qi)理也。
[疏]正义曰:范(fan)(fan)谓模范(fan)(fan),围谓周围,言圣人(ren)所为所作,模范(fan)(fan)周围天地(di)之化养,言法则天地(di)以(yi)施(shi)其(qi)化,而不有过失违天地(di)者也。
曲成(cheng)万(wan)物(wu)而不(bu)遗。曲成(cheng)者,乘变以(yi)应物(wu),不(bu)系一(yi)方(fang)者也,则物(wu)宜得(de)矣。
[疏]正义曰:言圣人随变而应(ying),屈曲(qu)委细,成就(jiu)万物,而不有遗弃(qi)细小而不成也(ye)。
通(tong)乎昼夜之道(dao)而知。通(tong)幽(you)明之故,则(ze)无不知也。
[疏]正(zheng)义(yi)曰:言圣人(ren)通晓於昼夜(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)道,昼则明也(ye),夜(ye)则幽也(ye),言通晓於幽明之(zhi)(zhi)道,而无事不知(zhi)也(ye)。自(zi)此(ci)以上,皆神之(zhi)(zhi)所为,圣人(ren)能极神之(zhi)(zhi)幽隐之(zhi)(zhi)德(de)也(ye)。
故神(shen)无(wu)方(fang),而易无(wu)体。自(zi)此以上,皆(jie)言神(shen)之所为也。方(fang)、体者,皆(jie)系於形器(qi)者也。神(shen)则阴阳不(bu)测,易则唯变所適(shi),不(bu)可(ke)以一方(fang)、一体明。
[疏]“故神”至“无体”。
○正义曰:神则寂然虚无,阴阳深远,不可求难,是无一方可明也。易则随物改变,应变而往,无一体可定也。
○注“自此以上”。
○正(zheng)义曰:自(zi)此(ci)以(yi)上,皆(jie)(jie)言神(shen)(shen)(shen)之(zhi)所为(wei)(wei)者(zhe),谓从“神(shen)(shen)(shen)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)”以(yi)上,至“精气为(wei)(wei)物”以(yi)下,《经》之(zhi)所云(yun)(yun),皆(jie)(jie)言神(shen)(shen)(shen)所施为(wei)(wei)。神(shen)(shen)(shen)者(zhe),微妙(miao)玄通(tong),不(bu)(bu)可(ke)测量,故能知鬼神(shen)(shen)(shen)之(zhi)情状,与天(tian)(tian)地相似。知周(zhou)万物,乐天(tian)(tian)知命,安土敦仁(ren),范(fan)围(wei)天(tian)(tian)地,曲(qu)成(cheng)万物,通(tong)乎昼夜(ye),此(ci)皆(jie)(jie)神(shen)(shen)(shen)之(zhi)功用(yong)也(ye)。作(zuo)《易(yi)》者(zhe)因自(zi)然之(zhi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)以(yi)垂教,欲使圣(sheng)(sheng)人用(yong)此(ci)神(shen)(shen)(shen)道以(yi)被天(tian)(tian)下,虽是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)之(zhi)所为(wei)(wei),亦(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)圣(sheng)(sheng)人所为(wei)(wei)。云(yun)(yun)“方(fang)(fang)(fang)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)者(zhe),皆(jie)(jie)系於形器”者(zhe),方(fang)(fang)(fang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)处所之(zhi)名,体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)形质(zhi)之(zhi)称(cheng)。凡处所形质(zhi),非是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)虚无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),皆(jie)(jie)系著於器物,故云(yun)(yun)“皆(jie)(jie)系於形器”也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“神(shen)(shen)(shen)则(ze)阴阳不(bu)(bu)测”者(zhe),既幽微不(bu)(bu)可(ke)测度,不(bu)(bu)可(ke)测,则(ze)何(he)有处所,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“神(shen)(shen)(shen)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)”也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“易(yi)则(ze)唯变(bian)所適”者(zhe),既是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)变(bian)易(yi),唯变(bian)之(zhi)適,不(bu)(bu)有定(ding)往,何(he)可(ke)有体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“易(yi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”也(ye)。云(yun)(yun)“不(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)一(yi)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)明(ming)”者(zhe),解“无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)”“无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”也(ye)。凡“无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)”“无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”,各(ge)有二义。一(yi)者(zhe)神(shen)(shen)(shen)则(ze)不(bu)(bu)见其处所云(yun)(yun)为(wei)(wei),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)也(ye);二则(ze)周(zhou)游运动,不(bu)(bu)常在一(yi)处,亦(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)也(ye)。无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)者(zhe),一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)然而变(bian),而不(bu)(bu)知变(bian)之(zhi)所由,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)形体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)也(ye);二则(ze)随变(bian)而往,无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)定(ding)在一(yi)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),亦(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)也(ye)。
一(yi)阴(yin)一(yi)阳(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)谓道(dao),道(dao)者何?无(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)称也(ye),无(wu)不通(tong)也(ye),无(wu)不由也(ye),况之(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)道(dao)。寂然天体(ti),不可为(wei)象。必有之(zhi)(zhi)用极(ji),而无(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)功显,故(gu)(gu)至乎“神无(wu)方,而易(yi)无(wu)体(ti)”,而道(dao)可见矣(yi)。故(gu)(gu)穷变以(yi)尽神,因神以(yi)明道(dao),阴(yin)阳(yang)虽殊,无(wu)一(yi)以(yi)待之(zhi)(zhi)。在(zai)(zai)阴(yin)为(wei)无(wu)阴(yin),阴(yin)以(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)生;在(zai)(zai)阳(yang)为(wei)无(wu)阳(yang),阳(yang)以(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng),故(gu)(gu)曰(yue)(yue)“一(yi)阴(yin)一(yi)阳(yang)”也(ye)。
[疏]“一阴”至“谓道”。
○正义曰:一谓无也,无阴无阳,乃谓之道。一得为无者,无是虚无,虚无是大虚,不可分别,唯一而已,故以一为无也。若其有境,则彼此相形,有二有不得为一。故在阴之时,而不见为阴之功;在阳之时,而不见为阳之力,自然而有阴阳,自然无所营为,此则道之谓也。故以言之为道,以数言之谓之一,以体言之谓之无,以物得开通谓之道,以微妙不测谓之神,以应机变化谓之易,总而言之,皆虚无之谓也。圣人以人事名之,随其义理,立其称号。
○注“道者”至“一阳也”。
○正(zheng)义曰(yue):云(yun)(yun)(yun):“道(dao)(dao)(dao)者(zhe)何(he)?无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)称(cheng)”者(zhe),此(ci)(ci)韩氏(shi)自(zi)问其(qi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)(er)释之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。道(dao)(dao)(dao)是(shi)(shi)虚(xu)(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)称(cheng),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)虚(xu)(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)能(neng)开通於(wu)物,故(gu)(gu)称(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)通,无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)由”者(zhe),若处於(wu)有(you)(you)(you),有(you)(you)(you)则为(wei)(wei)(wei)物碍(ai)难,不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)当通。道(dao)(dao)(dao)既虚(xu)(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)体(ti)(ti)(ti),则不(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)碍(ai)难,故(gu)(gu)曰(yue)“无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)通”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)由”者(zhe),言(yan)万(wan)物皆因之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)通,由之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“况之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)道(dao)(dao)(dao)”者(zhe),比况道(dao)(dao)(dao)路以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)称(cheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“寂(ji)然(ran)(ran)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)为(wei)(wei)(wei)象”者(zhe),谓(wei)寂(ji)然(ran)(ran)幽静而(er)(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)形(xing)象求,是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)为(wei)(wei)(wei)象。至如天覆地载,日照月临,冬(dong)寒夏暑,春生(sheng)(sheng)秋杀(sha),万(wan)物运(yun)动(dong),皆由道(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)(er)然(ran)(ran),岂见(jian)其(qi)所(suo)营(ying),知(zhi)其(qi)所(suo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)?是(shi)(shi)“寂(ji)然(ran)(ran)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)为(wei)(wei)(wei)象”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“必(bi)(bi)有(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong),极(ji)而(er)(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)显”者(zhe),犹若风(feng)雨(yu)是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),当用(yong)(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)心(xin),风(feng)雨(yu)既极(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),万(wan)物赖此(ci)(ci)风(feng)雨(yu)而(er)(er)(er)得生(sheng)(sheng)育(yu),是(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)育(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong),由风(feng)雨(yu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)心(xin)而(er)(er)(er)成(cheng)。是(shi)(shi)“有(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)极(ji),而(er)(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)显”,是(shi)(shi)神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)发作动(dong)用(yong)(yong)(yong),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)万(wan)物,其(qi)功(gong)成(cheng)就(jiu),乃在於(wu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)形(xing)。应(ying)机变(bian)(bian)化,虽有(you)(you)(you)功(gong)用(yong)(yong)(yong),本其(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),亦在於(wu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。故(gu)(gu)至乎“神无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)方,而(er)(er)(er)《易》无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti)”,自(zi)然(ran)(ran)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao),可(ke)(ke)(ke)显见(jian)矣。当其(qi)有(you)(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,道(dao)(dao)(dao)未见(jian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“故(gu)(gu)穷变(bian)(bian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)尽(jin)神”者(zhe),神则杳然(ran)(ran)不(bu)(bu)(bu)测,千变(bian)(bian)万(wan)化。圣(sheng)人则穷此(ci)(ci)千变(bian)(bian)万(wan)化,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)尽(jin)神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妙理,故(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)穷变(bian)(bian)化以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)尽(jin)神。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“因神以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)明(ming)道(dao)(dao)(dao)”者(zhe),谓(wei)尽(jin)神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,唯在虚(xu)(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),因此(ci)(ci)虚(xu)(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)明(ming)道(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)在,道(dao)(dao)(dao)亦虚(xu)(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),故(gu)(gu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)“因神以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)明(ming)道(dao)(dao)(dao)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)虽殊,无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)一(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)待之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe),言(yan)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)与阳(yang)(yang)(yang),虽有(you)(you)(you)两气,恒用(yong)(yong)(yong)虚(xu)(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)拟待之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。言(yan)在阳(yang)(yang)(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,亦以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)虚(xu)(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)此(ci)(ci)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。在阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,亦以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)虚(xu)(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)此(ci)(ci)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“在阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)为(wei)(wei)(wei)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin),阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)”者(zhe),谓(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)虽在於(wu)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin),而(er)(er)(er)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)於(wu)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin),言(yan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)所(suo)生(sheng)(sheng)皆无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。虽无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)于阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin),阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)终由道(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)(er)生(sheng)(sheng),故(gu)(gu)言(yan)“阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“在阳(yang)(yang)(yang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)阳(yang)(yang)(yang),阳(yang)(yang)(yang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)”者(zhe),谓(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)虽在阳(yang)(yang)(yang),阳(yang)(yang)(yang)中必(bi)(bi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。虽无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)於(wu)阳(yang)(yang)(yang),阳(yang)(yang)(yang)必(bi)(bi)由道(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)(er)成(cheng),故(gu)(gu)言(yan)“阳(yang)(yang)(yang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。道(dao)(dao)(dao)虽无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)於(wu)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)阳(yang)(yang)(yang),然(ran)(ran)亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)离於(wu)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)阳(yang)(yang)(yang),阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)虽由道(dao)(dao)(dao)成(cheng),即阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)亦非(fei)道(dao)(dao)(dao),故(gu)(gu)曰(yue)“一(yi)(yi)阴(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)一(yi)(yi)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
继之(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)善也,成之(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)性也。仁(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)见之(zhi)谓之(zhi)仁(ren)(ren),知者(zhe)(zhe)见之(zhi)谓之(zhi)知,仁(ren)(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)资道以见其仁(ren)(ren),知者(zhe)(zhe)资道以见其知,各尽(jin)其分。
[疏]正义曰(yue):“继之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)善也”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),道是生物开通,善是顺理(li)养物,故继道之(zhi)(zhi)功者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),唯善行(xing)也。“成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)性(xing)(xing)也”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),若能成(cheng)就此道者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),是人之(zhi)(zhi)本性(xing)(xing)。若性(xing)(xing)仁(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)成(cheng)就此道为仁(ren)性(xing)(xing),知(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)成(cheng)就此道为知(zhi)也。故云(yun)“仁(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)见(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)仁(ren),知(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)见(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi)”。是仁(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)与知(zhi),皆资道而得成(cheng)仁(ren)知(zhi)也。
百姓日用而不知,故君子之道(dao)鲜矣。君子体道(dao)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)用也。仁知则滞(zhi)於所(suo)见(jian),百姓则日用而不知。体斯道(dao)者,不亦鲜矣?故“常无欲,以(yi)(yi)观其(qi)妙(miao)”,始可以(yi)(yi)语(yu)至而言极也。
[疏]“百姓”至“鲜矣”。
○正义曰:“百姓日用而不知”者,言万方百姓,恒日日赖用此道而得生,而不知道之功力也。言道冥昧不以功为功,故百姓日用而不能知也。“故君子之道鲜矣”者,君子谓圣人也。仁知则各滞於所见,百姓则日用不知,明体道君子,不亦少乎?
○注“君子体道”至“极也”。
○正义曰:“君子体道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)用”者(zhe),谓圣人(ren)为(wei)君子,体履於(wu)至(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),法道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)施政,则《老(lao)子》云“为(wei)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)宰,功成(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)居”是也(ye)。云“仁(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)则滞於(wu)所见(jian)”者(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)仁(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)虽贤犹有偏(pian),见(jian)仁(ren)(ren)者(zhe)观(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)谓道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)为(wei)仁(ren)(ren),知(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)观(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)谓道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)为(wei)知(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)能遍晓,是滞於(wu)所见(jian)也(ye)。是道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)既以(yi)(yi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)用,若(ruo)以(yi)(yi)仁(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)知(zhi)(zhi),则滞所见(jian)也(ye)。至(zhi)於(wu)百(bai)姓,但日用通(tong)生之(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),又不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)生由(you)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)来,故(gu)云“百(bai)姓日用而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)”也(ye)。云“体斯(si)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)者(zhe),不(bu)(bu)(bu)亦鲜矣(yi)”者(zhe),是圣人(ren)君子独能悟道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),故(gu)云“不(bu)(bu)(bu)亦鲜矣(yi)”。云“故(gu)常无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)欲(yu)(yu)以(yi)(yi)观(guan)(guan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)妙(miao)(miao)”者(zhe),引《老(lao)子·道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)经》之(zhi)文,以(yi)(yi)结成(cheng)此(ci)义。“无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)欲(yu)(yu)”谓无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)心,若(ruo)能寂然(ran)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)心无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)欲(yu)(yu),观(guan)(guan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)妙(miao)(miao)趣,谓不(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)所为(wei),得道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)妙(miao)(miao)理(li)也(ye)。云“始(shi)可以(yi)(yi)语(yu)至(zhi)而(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan)极也(ye)”者(zhe),若(ruo)能无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)欲(yu)(yu)观(guan)(guan)此(ci)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)妙(miao)(miao)理(li),无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)事无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei),如(ru)(ru)此(ci),可以(yi)(yi)语(yu)说其(qi)(qi)(qi)至(zhi)理(li),而(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)极趣也(ye)。若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)此(ci),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可语(yu)至(zhi)而(er)(er)言(yan)(yan)(yan)极也(ye)。
[疏]正(zheng)义(yi)曰:“显(xian)诸仁”至“之门”,此(ci)第五章(zhang)也。上章(zhang)论(lun)神(shen)之所为,此(ci)章(zhang)广明易道之大(da),与神(shen)功不异(yi)也。
显诸仁,藏(zang)(zang)诸用(yong)(yong),衣被万物(wu),故(gu)曰“显诸仁”。日用(yong)(yong)而不知,故(gu)曰“藏(zang)(zang)诸用(yong)(yong)”。
[疏]正义曰:“显诸(zhu)(zhu)仁(ren)”者(zhe)(zhe),言道(dao)之为体,显见仁(ren)功(gong),衣被万物,是“显诸(zhu)(zhu)仁(ren)”也。“藏(zang)诸(zhu)(zhu)用”者(zhe)(zhe),谓潜藏(zang)功(gong)用,不(bu)使物知,是“藏(zang)诸(zhu)(zhu)用”也。
鼓(gu)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)而不与圣人同(tong)忧,万(wan)(wan)物(wu)由之以化,故(gu)曰“鼓(gu)万(wan)(wan)物(wu)”也。圣人虽(sui)体(ti)道以为用,未能全无以为体(ti),故(gu)顺通天下(xia),则有(you)经营(ying)之迹也。
[疏]“鼓万物”至“同忧”。
○正义曰:言道之功用,能鼓动万物,使之化育,故云“鼓万物”。圣人化物,不能全无以为体,犹有经营之忧;道则虚无为用,无事无为,不与圣人同用,有经营之忧也。
○注“圣人虽体以为用”。
○正义曰:云(yun)(yun)(yun)“圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)虽(sui)体(ti)道(dao)以为用(yong)(yong)”者(zhe),言(yan)圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)不能无(wu)(wu)忧(you)之(zhi)事。道(dao)则(ze)无(wu)(wu)心(xin)(xin)无(wu)(wu)迹(ji),圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)则(ze)亦无(wu)(wu)心(xin)(xin)有迹(ji),圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)能体(ti)附於(wu)道(dao),其(qi)迹(ji)以有为用(yong)(yong)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“未能全(quan)无(wu)(wu)以为体(ti)”者(zhe),道(dao)则(ze)心(xin)(xin)迹(ji)俱(ju)无(wu)(wu),是(shi)(shi)其(qi)全(quan)无(wu)(wu)以为体(ti);圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)则(ze)无(wu)(wu)心(xin)(xin)有迹(ji),是(shi)(shi)迹(ji)有而心(xin)(xin)无(wu)(wu),是(shi)(shi)不能全(quan)无(wu)(wu)以为体(ti)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)“故顺通天下,则(ze)有经(jing)营之(zhi)迹(ji)”者(zhe),言(yan)圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)顺通天下之(zhi)理,内则(ze)虽(sui)是(shi)(shi)无(wu)(wu)心(xin)(xin),外则(ze)有经(jing)营之(zhi)迹(ji),则(ze)有忧(you)也(ye)。道(dao)则(ze)心(xin)(xin)迹(ji)俱(ju)无(wu)(wu),无(wu)(wu)忧(you)无(wu)(wu)患(huan),故云(yun)(yun)(yun)“不与圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)同(tong)忧(you)”也(ye)。
盛(sheng)德大业,至矣哉(zai)!夫物之所(suo)以通,事(shi)之所(suo)以理,莫不由乎(hu)道也。圣人(ren)功(gong)用之母,体同乎(hu)道,盛(sheng)德大业,所(suo)以能至。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:圣人为功(gong)用之(zhi)母,体同於道,万物由(you)之(zhi)而(er)通(tong),众事(shi)以之(zhi)而(er)理,是圣人极盛(sheng)之(zhi)德,广大之(zhi)业,至极矣哉!於行谓(wei)之(zhi)德,於事(shi)谓(wei)之(zhi)业。
富有之谓大业,广大悉备,故(gu)曰“富有”。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:自此已下,覆说“大(da)(da)业(ye)”“盛德”,因广明易(yi)与乾坤,及其占之与事(shi),并明神之体,以(yi)广大(da)(da)悉备,万事(shi)富有(you),所以(yi)谓之“大(da)(da)业(ye)”。
日新之(zhi)谓盛德。体化合变,故曰“日新”。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰(yue):圣人以能变通体化,合(he)变其(qi)德(de),日(ri)日(ri)增新,是德(de)之盛(sheng)极,故谓之盛(sheng)德(de)也。
生生之谓易,阴阳转易,以(yi)成化生。
[疏]正义曰:生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),不绝(jue)之辞。阴(yin)阳变转,后生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)次於(wu)前生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),是万物恒生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),谓之易也(ye)。前后之生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),变化改易。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)必有死(si),易主劝戒,奖人为善,故云生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不云死(si)也(ye)。
成象(xiang)之谓乾,拟(ni)乾之象(xiang)。
[疏]正义曰(yue):谓(wei)(wei)画卦(gua)成乾(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)象,拟乾(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)健,故谓(wei)(wei)卦(gua)为(wei)乾(qian)也。
效法之(zhi)(zhi)谓坤,效坤之(zhi)(zhi)法。
[疏]正义曰:谓画卦(gua)效坤(kun)之(zhi)法,拟坤(kun)之(zhi)顺,故谓之(zhi)坤(kun)也。
极数知来(lai)之(zhi)谓(wei)占(zhan),通(tong)变(bian)(bian)(bian)之(zhi)谓(wei)事,物穷(qiong)则变(bian)(bian)(bian),变(bian)(bian)(bian)而通(tong)之(zhi),事之(zhi)所由(you)生也。
[疏]正义曰:“极(ji)数知(zhi)来(lai)之(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)占(zhan)”者,谓(wei)穷极(ji)蓍(shi)策之(zhi)(zhi)数,豫知(zhi)来(lai)事(shi)(shi)(shi),占(zhan)问(wen)吉凶,故云“谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)占(zhan)”也(ye)。“通(tong)变(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)事(shi)(shi)(shi)”者,物之(zhi)(zhi)穷极(ji),欲使开通(tong),须(xu)知(zhi)其变(bian)化,乃(nai)(nai)得(de)通(tong)也(ye)。凡天下之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)(shi),穷则须(xu)变(bian),万事(shi)(shi)(shi)乃(nai)(nai)生,故云“通(tong)变(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)事(shi)(shi)(shi)”。
阴阳不(bu)(bu)(bu)测(ce)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓神(shen)。神(shen)也(ye)者(zhe),变化(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极(ji),妙(miao)万(wan)物(wu)而(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)言(yan),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)形诘者(zhe)也(ye),故曰“阴阳不(bu)(bu)(bu)测(ce)”。尝试论之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰:原夫(fu)(fu)两仪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)运(yun),万(wan)物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)动(dong),岂(qi)有使(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)然哉!莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)独化(hua)(hua)於(wu)大虚,欻尔而(er)(er)自造矣。造之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非我,理(li)自玄(xuan)应;化(hua)(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)无主,数(shu)自冥(ming)运(yun),故不(bu)(bu)(bu)知所以(yi)(yi)然,而(er)(er)况(kuang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)。是以(yi)(yi)明两仪以(yi)(yi)太(tai)极(ji)为(wei)(wei)始,言(yan)变化(hua)(hua)而(er)(er)称极(ji)乎神(shen)也(ye)。夫(fu)(fu)唯知天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所为(wei)(wei)者(zhe),穷理(li)体化(hua)(hua),坐忘遗照。至虚而(er)(er)善应,则以(yi)(yi)道(dao)为(wei)(wei)称。不(bu)(bu)(bu)思而(er)(er)玄(xuan)览,则以(yi)(yi)神(shen)为(wei)(wei)名(ming)。盖资道(dao)而(er)(er)同乎道(dao),由神(shen)而(er)(er)冥(ming)於(wu)神(shen)也(ye)。
[疏]“阴阳”至“谓神”。
○正义曰:天下万物,皆由阴阳,或生或成,本其所由之理,不可测量之谓神也,故云“阴阳不测之谓神”。
○注“神也者”至“神也”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):云(yun)“神(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),变(bian)(bian)化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极(ji)(ji)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)施为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),自(zi)(zi)将变(bian)(bian)化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)名(ming)(ming)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“妙万物而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),妙谓(wei)(wei)微(wei)妙也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。万物之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)(ti)(ti),有变(bian)(bian)象可(ke)寻,神(shen)则微(wei)妙於(wu)(wu)万物而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),谓(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)寻求(qiu)(qiu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)形(xing)诘”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),杳寂(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)测(ce),无(wu)(wu)(wu)形(xing)无(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)物之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)容所(suo)(suo)(suo)求(qiu)(qiu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)穷(qiong)(qiong)语也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“造(zao)(zao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非我(wo),理自(zi)(zi)玄(xuan)(xuan)应(ying)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)神(shen)力(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。我(wo),谓(wei)(wei)宰主之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)物之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)作(zuo),非由(you)我(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宰主所(suo)(suo)(suo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),其(qi)(qi)造(zao)(zao)化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,自(zi)(zi)然(ran)玄(xuan)(xuan)空(kong)相(xiang)应(ying),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)造(zao)(zao)作(zuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“是(shi)以(yi)(yi)明(ming)两仪(yi)以(yi)(yi)太(tai)极(ji)(ji)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)始(shi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)欲明(ming)两仪(yi)天(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)体(ti)(ti)(ti),必(bi)以(yi)(yi)太(tai)极(ji)(ji)虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)初始(shi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)然(ran),将何为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)始(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)?云(yun)“言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)变(bian)(bian)化(hua)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)称极(ji)(ji)乎(hu)神(shen)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),欲言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)论变(bian)(bian)化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)涯际,唯(wei)“称极(ji)(ji)乎(hu)神(shen)”,神(shen)则不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)知(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“夫唯(wei)知(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),穷(qiong)(qiong)理体(ti)(ti)(ti)化(hua),坐(zuo)忘遗照(zhao)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)若(ruo)能知(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)造(zao)(zao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),会能穷(qiong)(qiong)其(qi)(qi)物理,体(ti)(ti)(ti)其(qi)(qi)变(bian)(bian)化(hua),静(jing)坐(zuo)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)忘其(qi)(qi)事(shi),及遗弃所(suo)(suo)(suo)照(zhao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物,任其(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,不(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)他(ta)事(shi)系心,端然(ran)玄(xuan)(xuan)寂(ji),如此(ci)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),乃能知(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)亦如此(ci)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“坐(zuo)忘遗照(zhao)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),事(shi)出《庄(zhuang)子·大宗师》篇也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“至(zhi)虚(xu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)善(shan)(shan)应(ying),则以(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)称”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)解(jie)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)目也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)至(zhi)极(ji)(ji)空(kong)虚(xu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)善(shan)(shan)应(ying)於(wu)(wu)物,则乃目之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),故云(yun)“则以(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)称”。云(yun)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)思(si)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)玄(xuan)(xuan)览(lan),则以(yi)(yi)神(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)名(ming)(ming)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)思(si)量而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)玄(xuan)(xuan)远,览(lan)见者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)乃目之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)神(shen),故云(yun)“则以(yi)(yi)神(shen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)名(ming)(ming)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“盖资(zi)(zi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)同乎(hu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)谓(wei)(wei)圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)设教,资(zi)(zi)取乎(hu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),行无(wu)(wu)(wu)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化(hua),积久而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)遂同於(wu)(wu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),内外皆(jie)无(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。云(yun)“由(you)神(shen)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)冥(ming)於(wu)(wu)神(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)设教,法(fa)此(ci)神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)测(ce),无(wu)(wu)(wu)体(ti)(ti)(ti)无(wu)(wu)(wu)方,以(yi)(yi)垂於(wu)(wu)教,久能积渐,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)冥(ming)合於(wu)(wu)神(shen),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)测(ce)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。此(ci)皆(jie)谓(wei)(wei)圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)初时虽法(fa)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)法(fa)神(shen)以(yi)(yi)为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)无(wu)(wu)(wu),体(ti)(ti)(ti)未(wei)能全(quan)无(wu)(wu)(wu),但行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)已,遂至(zhi)全(quan)无(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)测(ce),故云(yun)“资(zi)(zi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)同於(wu)(wu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),由(you)神(shen)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)冥(ming)於(wu)(wu)神(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。
夫(fu)易,广矣大矣,以言乎远则不御;穷幽极深,无所止也。
[疏]正(zheng)义(yi)曰:“夫(fu)易广(guang)矣,大矣”者,此赞明易理之(zhi)(zhi)大,易之(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)化,极於(wu)四远,是广(guang)矣,穷於(wu)上天是大矣,故下云“广(guang)大配天地”也(ye)。“以(yi)言(yan)乎远则不(bu)御(yu)”者,御(yu),止(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。言(yan)乎易之(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)化,穷极幽深之(zhi)(zhi)远,则不(bu)有御(yu)止(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。谓无所止(zhi)(zhi)息也(ye)。
以(yi)言乎迩(er)则静而正;则近而当。
[疏(shu)]正(zheng)(zheng)义(yi)曰:迩(er),近(jin)(jin)也(ye)。言易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)化(hua),在(zai)於迩(er)近(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)处,则(ze)宁静(jing)而得正(zheng)(zheng)。谓变(bian)化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),於其近(jin)(jin)处,物(wu)各静(jing)而得正(zheng)(zheng),不(bu)烦乱邪僻(pi)也(ye)。远尚不(bu)御,近(jin)(jin)则(ze)不(bu)御可(ke)知;近(jin)(jin)既(ji)静(jing)正(zheng)(zheng),则(ze)远亦静(jing)正(zheng)(zheng),互文也(ye)。
以言(yan)乎天地之间,则备矣。夫乾,其静也专(zhuan),其动也直(zhi),是(shi)以大生焉(yan)。专(zhuan),专(zhuan)一也。直(zhi),刚(gang)正也。
[疏]正义曰:“以(yi)(yi)言乎天地之间(jian),则备(bei)矣”者(zhe),变(bian)通之道,遍(bian)满天地之内,是(shi)则备(bei)矣。“夫乾其(qi)(qi)静也(ye)专,其(qi)(qi)动也(ye)直(zhi),是(shi)以(yi)(yi)大生焉”者(zhe),上《经(jing)》既论易道资阴阳而(er)成,故此(ci)(ci)《经(jing)》明乾,复兼(jian)明坤(kun)也(ye)。乾是(shi)纯阳,德能普备(bei),无所偏(pian)主,唯专一(yi)而(er)已。若(ruo)气(qi)不发动,则静而(er)专一(yi),故云(yun)“其(qi)(qi)静也(ye)专”。若(ruo)其(qi)(qi)运转,则四时不忒,寒(han)暑无差,则而(er)得正,故云(yun)“其(qi)(qi)动也(ye)直(zhi)”。以(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)动静如此(ci)(ci),故能大生焉。
夫坤,其(qi)静也(ye)(ye)翕,其(qi)动也(ye)(ye)辟,是以(yi)(yi)广生焉。翕,敛(lian)也(ye)(ye)。止(zhi)则翕敛(lian)其(qi)气,动则关(guan)开以(yi)(yi)生物也(ye)(ye)。乾(qian)统天首物,为变化之(zhi)元,通乎(hu)形(xing)外者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。坤则顺以(yi)(yi)承(cheng)阳,功(gong)尽於已,用止(zhi)乎(hu)形(xing)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。故乾(qian)以(yi)(yi)专直言乎(hu)其(qi)材(cai),坤以(yi)(yi)翕辟言乎(hu)其(qi)形(xing)。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:此(ci)(ci)《经(jing)》明(ming)坤之德也(ye)(ye)(ye)。坤是阴柔,闭藏翕(xi)敛,故(gu)(gu)(gu)“其静也(ye)(ye)(ye)翕(xi)”;动(dong)则(ze)开生万物(wu)(wu),故(gu)(gu)(gu)“其动(dong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)辟”。以(yi)其如(ru)此(ci)(ci),故(gu)(gu)(gu)能(neng)广(guang)生於物(wu)(wu)焉(yan)。天体高(gao)远,故(gu)(gu)(gu)乾云(yun)(yun)“大生”;地(di)体广(guang)博,故(gu)(gu)(gu)坤云(yun)(yun)“广(guang)生”。对则(ze)乾为物(wu)(wu)始,坤为物(wu)(wu)生,散则(ze)始亦(yi)为生,故(gu)(gu)(gu)总云(yun)(yun)生也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
广大配(pei)(pei)天地(di),变通配(pei)(pei)四时,阴阳(yang)之(zhi)义配(pei)(pei)日(ri)月,易(yi)简之(zhi)善配(pei)(pei)至(zhi)德。《易(yi)》之(zhi)所载配(pei)(pei)此四义。
[疏]正义曰:“广大配(pei)(pei)天地”者,此《经》申明易(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)德(de)(de),以易(yi)(yi)道广大,配(pei)(pei)合天地,大以配(pei)(pei)天,广以配(pei)(pei)地。“变通配(pei)(pei)四(si)时”者,四(si)时变通,易(yi)(yi)理(li)亦能变通,故云“变通配(pei)(pei)四(si)时”也。“阴阳之(zhi)(zhi)义配(pei)(pei)日月,易(yi)(yi)简之(zhi)(zhi)善(shan)配(pei)(pei)至(zhi)德(de)(de)”者,案初(chu)章论(lun)乾坤易(yi)(yi)简,可久可大,配(pei)(pei)至(zhi)极微妙之(zhi)(zhi)德(de)(de)也。然《易(yi)(yi)》初(chu)章易(yi)(yi)为(wei)贤人之(zhi)(zhi)德(de)(de),简为(wei)贤人之(zhi)(zhi)业(ye),今总云“至(zhi)德(de)(de)”者,对(dui)则德(de)(de)业(ye)别(bie),散则业(ye)由德(de)(de)而(er)来,俱为(wei)德(de)(de)也。
子曰:“易(yi)其至矣乎?夫易(yi),圣人所以崇德而广业也。穷(qiong)理入神,其德崇也。兼济万物,其业广也。
[疏]正(zheng)义(yi)曰:“子曰易其至矣乎”者(zhe),更美易之至极,是(shi)语之别(bie)端,故(gu)言“子曰”。“夫(fu)易,圣(sheng)人所以(yi)崇(chong)(chong)德而(er)广业”者(zhe),言易道至极,圣(sheng)人用之,增崇(chong)(chong)其德,广大其业,故(gu)云“崇(chong)(chong)德而(er)广业也”。
知崇礼(li)卑,知以崇为贵,礼(li)以卑为用。
[疏]正义(yi)曰(yue):易兼知(zhi)之与(yu)礼(li)(li),故此明知(zhi)礼(li)(li)之用(yong)。知(zhi)者通利万物,象天阳(yang)无不覆,以崇为贵也。礼(li)(li)者卑敬於物象,地柔而在(zai)下,故以卑为用(yong)也。
崇(chong)效天,卑法(fa)地。极(ji)知之崇(chong),象天高而统物(wu);备礼之用,象地广而载物(wu)也。
[疏]正义曰:知既崇高,故(gu)(gu)效天;礼以卑退,故(gu)(gu)法地(di)也。
天(tian)地(di)设位,而易行(xing)乎其(qi)中矣(yi)。天(tian)地(di)者,易之(zhi)门户,而易之(zhi)为义,兼周(zhou)万物,故曰“行(xing)乎其(qi)中矣(yi)”。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:天(tian)地陈(chen)设於(wu)位,谓知(zhi)之(zhi)与礼,而效(xiao)法天(tian)地也(ye)。“而易行乎(hu)(hu)其中(zhong)矣(yi)”者,变易之(zhi)道,行乎(hu)(hu)知(zhi)礼之(zhi)中(zhong)。言知(zhi)礼与易而并行也(ye)。若以(yi)实象言之(zhi),天(tian)在(zai)上(shang),地在(zai)下,是(shi)天(tian)地设位;天(tian)地之(zhi)间(jian),万物变化,是(shi)易行乎(hu)(hu)天(tian)地之(zhi)中(zhong)也(ye)。
成性存(cun)存(cun),道义(yi)之(zhi)门。物(wu)之(zhi)存(cun)成,由乎(hu)道义(yi)也。
[疏]正(zheng)义(yi)曰:此明易道(dao)既在天地之(zhi)(zhi)中,能成(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing),使物(wu)(wu)生不(bu)失其(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing),存(cun)(cun)其(qi)(qi)(qi)万(wan)物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)存(cun)(cun),使物(wu)(wu)得(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)存(cun)(cun)成(cheng)(cheng)也(ye)(ye)。性(xing),谓(wei)(wei)禀(bing)其(qi)(qi)(qi)始也(ye)(ye)。存(cun)(cun),谓(wei)(wei)保其(qi)(qi)(qi)终也(ye)(ye)。道(dao),谓(wei)(wei)开(kai)通也(ye)(ye)。义(yi),谓(wei)(wei)得(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)宜(yi)也(ye)(ye)。既能成(cheng)(cheng)性(xing)存(cun)(cun)存(cun)(cun),则物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)开(kai)通,物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)得(de)宜(yi),从此易而(er)来,故云(yun)“道(dao)义(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)门(men)”,谓(wei)(wei)易与道(dao)义(yi)为门(men)户也(ye)(ye)。
[疏]正义曰(yue):“圣人(ren)有以”至“如(ru)兰”,此第(di)六章(zhang)也。上章(zhang)既明(ming)易道变化,神理不测,圣人(ren)法(fa)之(zhi),所以配於天地(di),道义从易而生;此章(zhang)又明(ming)圣人(ren)拟(ni)议(yi)易象,以赞成(cheng)(cheng)变化。又明(ming)人(ren)拟(ni)议(yi)之(zhi)事,先慎(shen)其身,在(zai)於慎(shen)言语,同心(xin)行(xing),动举措,守(shou)谦退,勿(wu)骄盈,保静(jing)密(mi),勿(wu)贪非位,凡有七事。是(shi)行(xing)之(zhi)於急者(zhe),故引七卦之(zhi)议(yi),以证(zheng)成(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)。
圣(sheng)人有以见天下之赜,而拟(ni)诸(zhu)其形(xing)(xing)容(rong),象其物宜(yi),乾刚(gang)坤(kun)柔,各(ge)有其体(ti),故曰“拟(ni)诸(zhu)形(xing)(xing)容(rong)”。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:“圣人(ren)有(you)以(yi)见(jian)天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赜”者,赜谓幽深(shen)难(nan)见(jian),圣人(ren)有(you)其(qi)神(shen)妙(miao),以(yi)能(neng)见(jian)天下深(shen)赜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)理也。“而拟(ni)诸(zhu)其(qi)形(xing)容(rong)(rong)”者,以(yi)此深(shen)赜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,拟(ni)度诸(zhu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)形(xing)容(rong)(rong)也。见(jian)此刚理,则拟(ni)诸(zhu)乾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)容(rong)(rong);见(jian)此柔理,则拟(ni)诸(zhu)坤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)容(rong)(rong)也。“象其(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)宜”者,圣人(ren)又法象其(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)宜。若(ruo)(ruo)象阳物(wu)(wu)(wu),宜於刚也;若(ruo)(ruo)象阴物(wu)(wu)(wu),宜於柔也,是各象其(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)宜。六(liu)十四卦(gua),皆拟(ni)诸(zhu)形(xing)容(rong)(rong),象其(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)宜也。若(ruo)(ruo)泰卦(gua)比拟(ni)泰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)容(rong)(rong),象其(qi)泰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)宜;若(ruo)(ruo)否(fou)(fou)卦(gua)则比拟(ni)否(fou)(fou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)容(rong)(rong),象其(qi)否(fou)(fou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)宜也。举此而言,诸(zhu)卦(gua)可(ke)知也。
是(shi)故谓之象。圣人有以见天下之动,而观其会通(tong),以行其典(dian)礼(li),典(dian)礼(li),適(shi)时之所用。
[疏]正义曰:“是(shi)故(gu)(gu)谓(wei)(wei)之象”者,以(yi)是(shi)之故(gu)(gu),谓(wei)(wei)之象也(ye),谓(wei)(wei)六十(shi)四卦(gua)是(shi)也(ye),故(gu)(gu)前章云卦(gua)者言乎象者也(ye)。此(ci)以(yi)上结(jie)成卦(gua)象之义也(ye)。“圣(sheng)人有以(yi)见(jian)天(tian)下之动”者,谓(wei)(wei)圣(sheng)人有其微妙(miao),以(yi)见(jian)天(tian)下万物之动也(ye)。“而(er)观其会(hui)通,以(yi)行(xing)其典礼(li)”者,既知万物以(yi)此(ci)变动,观看其物之会(hui)合变通,当此(ci)会(hui)通之时(shi),以(yi)施行(xing)其典法(fa)礼(li)仪也(ye)。
系辞焉以断其(qi)吉凶,是故谓之(zhi)(zhi)爻。言天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)至赜(ze)而(er)不(bu)(bu)可恶(e)也。言天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)至动(dong)而(er)不(bu)(bu)可乱(luan)也。《易》之(zhi)(zhi)为书(shu),不(bu)(bu)可远也。恶(e)之(zhi)(zhi)则逆(ni)於顺,错(cuo)之(zhi)(zhi)则乖於理(li)。
[疏(shu)]正义(yi)曰:“系辞焉以(yi)断其吉凶(xiong)”者,既观(guan)其会(hui)(hui)(hui)通(tong)而(er)(er)行(xing)其典(dian)礼,以(yi)定爻(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)变(bian)(bian),而(er)(er)有(you)三(san)百八十四爻(yao)。於此爻(yao)下系属文辞,以(yi)断定其吉凶(xiong)。若(ruo)会(hui)(hui)(hui)通(tong)典(dian)礼得(de)则为(wei)(wei)吉,若(ruo)会(hui)(hui)(hui)通(tong)典(dian)礼失则为(wei)(wei)凶(xiong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“是故谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)爻(yao)”者,以(yi)是之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故,议(yi)此会(hui)(hui)(hui)通(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)而(er)(er)为(wei)(wei)爻(yao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。夫爻(yao)者效也(ye)(ye)(ye),效诸物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)变(bian)(bian),故上章云“爻(yao)者,言(yan)乎变(bian)(bian)者也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。自此巳上,结爻(yao)义(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“言(yan)天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至赜(ze),而(er)(er)不可(ke)(ke)恶(e)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”者,此覆说(shuo)前文“见(jian)天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)赜(ze)”,卦象义(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。谓圣(sheng)人於天下至赜(ze)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,必重慎(shen)明(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不可(ke)(ke)鄙贱(jian)轻恶(e)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)鄙贱(jian)轻恶(e),不存意明(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),则逆於顺道也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“言(yan)天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至动,而(er)(er)不可(ke)(ke)乱”者,覆说(shuo)上圣(sheng)人“见(jian)天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至动”,爻(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。谓天下至赜(ze)变(bian)(bian)动之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,论说(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,明(ming)(ming)不可(ke)(ke)错(cuo)乱也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)错(cuo)乱,则乖(guai)违正理也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)以(yi)文势上下言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),宜云“至动而(er)(er)不可(ke)(ke)乱也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。
拟(ni)之(zhi)而后言,议(yi)之(zhi)而后动,拟(ni)议(yi)以成(cheng)其变化。拟(ni)议(yi)以动,则(ze)尽变化之(zhi)道。
[疏]正义曰:“拟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而后(hou)(hou)言(yan)”者,覆(fu)(fu)说上“天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)赜不可(ke)恶也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”,圣人(ren)欲言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,必拟度之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而后(hou)(hou)言(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“议(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而后(hou)(hou)动”者,覆(fu)(fu)说上“天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)动不可(ke)乱也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”,谓欲动之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时,必议(yi)(yi)论之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而后(hou)(hou)动也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“拟议(yi)(yi)以成其(qi)(qi)变化”者,言(yan)则先拟也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),动则先议(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),则能成尽(jin)其(qi)(qi)变化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
“鸣鹤在(zai)阴(yin)(yin),其子和(he)之;我(wo)有(you)好(hao)(hao)爵,吾与(yu)尔(er)靡之”。鹤鸣则(ze)(ze)子和(he),脩诚则(ze)(ze)物(wu)应,我(wo)有(you)好(hao)(hao)爵,与(yu)物(wu)散(san)之,物(wu)亦以(yi)(yi)善应也。明拟议(yi)之道(dao),继以(yi)(yi)斯(si)(si)义(yi)者(zhe),诚以(yi)(yi)吉凶失得(de)(de)存乎无所动(dong)。同(tong)(tong)乎道(dao)者(zhe),道(dao)亦得(de)(de)之;同(tong)(tong)乎失者(zhe),失亦违之。莫不以(yi)(yi)同(tong)(tong)相(xiang)顺(shun),以(yi)(yi)类相(xiang)应。动(dong)之斯(si)(si)来,缓(huan)之斯(si)(si)至。鹤鸣于(yu)阴(yin)(yin),气同(tong)(tong)则(ze)(ze)和(he)。出(chu)言户庭(ting),千里(li)或应。出(chu)言犹(you)然,况其大者(zhe)乎;千里(li)或应,况其迩者(zhe)乎。故夫忧悔吝者(zhe),存乎纤(xian)介;定失得(de)(de)者(zhe),慎於(wu)枢机。是以(yi)(yi)君子拟议(yi)以(yi)(yi)动(dong),慎其微也。
[疏(shu)]正(zheng)义曰(yue):“鸣鹤(he)在阴”者(zhe),上既明拟(ni)议而动(dong),若拟(ni)议於(wu)(wu)善(shan),则(ze)善(shan)来(lai)应之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);若拟(ni)於(wu)(wu)恶,则(ze)恶亦随之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。故引鸣鹤(he)在阴,取同(tong)类相(xiang)应以证之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。此引《中孚》九二爻(yao)辞也(ye)。鸣鹤(he)在幽(you)阴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)处,虽在幽(you)阴而鸣,其子则(ze)在远而和之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以其同(tong)类相(xiang)感召故也(ye)。“我(wo)有好(hao)(hao)爵(jue)”者(zhe),言我(wo)有美好(hao)(hao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)爵(jue),而在我(wo)身(shen)。“吾与(yu)尔靡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe),言我(wo)虽有好(hao)(hao)爵(jue),不自独有,吾与(yu)汝外物(wu)共靡散之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。谓我(wo)既有好(hao)(hao)爵(jue),能(neng)靡散以施於(wu)(wu)物(wu),物(wu)则(ze)有感我(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恩,亦来(lai)归(gui)从(cong)於(wu)(wu)我(wo)。是善(shan)往则(ze)善(shan)者(zhe)来(lai),皆证明拟(ni)议之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事。我(wo)拟(ni)议於(wu)(wu)善(shan)以及物(wu),物(wu)亦以善(shan)而应我(wo)也(ye)。
子(zi)曰:“君(jun)子(zi)居其室,出(chu)(chu)其言善,则(ze)千里(li)之(zhi)外(wai)应之(zhi),况其迩者乎(hu)(hu);居其室,出(chu)(chu)其言不善,则(ze)千里(li)之(zhi)外(wai)违之(zhi),况其迩者乎(hu)(hu)。言出(chu)(chu)乎(hu)(hu)身,加(jia)乎(hu)(hu)民;行发乎(hu)(hu)迩,见(jian)乎(hu)(hu)远。言行,君(jun)子(zi)之(zhi)枢(shu)机。枢(shu)机,制动之(zhi)主。
[疏]“子(zi)曰君子(zi)”至(zhi)“枢(shu)机(ji)”。正义曰:“子(zi)曰君子(zi)居(ju)其(qi)室(shi)”者(zhe)(zhe),既引《易》辞,前(qian)语巳绝,故言(yan)(yan)“子(zi)曰”。“况(kuang)其(qi)迩(er)者(zhe)(zhe)乎”者(zhe)(zhe),出其(qi)言(yan)(yan)善(shan)远尚应(ying)之(zhi)(zhi),则近应(ying)可知,故曰“况(kuang)其(qi)迩(er)者(zhe)(zhe)乎”。此证(zheng)明(ming)拟议而动之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)。言(yan)(yan)身(shen)有善(shan)恶,无(wu)问远近皆应(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)也。“言(yan)(yan)行,君子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)枢(shu)机(ji)”者(zhe)(zhe),枢(shu)谓(wei)户(hu)枢(shu),机(ji)谓(wei)弩牙。言(yan)(yan)户(hu)枢(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)转,或(huo)(huo)明(ming)或(huo)(huo)闇;弩牙之(zhi)(zhi)发,或(huo)(huo)中或(huo)(huo)否,犹言(yan)(yan)行之(zhi)(zhi)动,从身(shen)而发,以(yi)及(ji)於物,或(huo)(huo)是或(huo)(huo)非也。
枢机之发,荣辱之主(zhu)也。言行,君(jun)(jun)子之所以动天地也,可不(bu)慎乎?”“同(tong)(tong)人先(xian)号咷而后(hou)笑(xiao)”。子曰:“君(jun)(jun)子之道(dao),或(huo)出(chu)或(huo)处,或(huo)默(mo)或(huo)语(yu),二(er)人同(tong)(tong)心(xin)(xin),其(qi)(qi)利断金。”同(tong)(tong)人终获后(hou)笑(xiao)者,以有同(tong)(tong)心(xin)(xin)之应也。夫(fu)所况(kuang)同(tong)(tong)者,岂系乎一方哉!君(jun)(jun)子出(chu)处默(mo)语(yu),不(bu)违其(qi)(qi)中(zhong),则(ze)(ze)其(qi)(qi)迹虽异,道(dao)同(tong)(tong)则(ze)(ze)应。
[疏]正义曰(yue)(yue):“言(yan)(yan)(yan)行(xing)(xing),君子(zi)之(zhi)所(suo)以动天地(di)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)行(xing)(xing)虽初在於(wu)身,其(qi)善恶积(ji)而(er)(er)不(bu)已,所(suo)感动天地(di),岂可不(bu)慎乎?“同(tong)人(ren)先号(hao)咷(tao)而(er)(er)后笑(xiao)”者(zhe)(zhe),证拟议而(er)(er)动,则同(tong)类相应(ying)(ying)。以同(tong)人(ren)初未和同(tong),故(gu)(gu)先号(hao)咷(tao);后得同(tong)类,故(gu)(gu)后笑(xiao)也。“子(zi)曰(yue)(yue)君子(zi)之(zhi)道(dao)”者(zhe)(zhe),各引(yin)《易(yi)》之(zhi)后,其(qi)文(wen)势已绝,故(gu)(gu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)“子(zi)曰(yue)(yue)”。“或(huo)(huo)(huo)出或(huo)(huo)(huo)处,或(huo)(huo)(huo)默(mo)(mo)(mo)或(huo)(huo)(huo)语(yu)(yu)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)(yan)(yan)同(tong)类相应(ying)(ying),本在於(wu)心,不(bu)必共同(tong)一事。或(huo)(huo)(huo)此物(wu)而(er)(er)出,或(huo)(huo)(huo)彼(bi)物(wu)而(er)(er)处;或(huo)(huo)(huo)此物(wu)而(er)(er)默(mo)(mo)(mo),或(huo)(huo)(huo)彼(bi)物(wu)而(er)(er)语(yu)(yu),出处默(mo)(mo)(mo)语(yu)(yu),其(qi)时虽异,其(qi)感应(ying)(ying)之(zhi)事,其(qi)意(yi)则同(tong),或(huo)(huo)(huo)处应(ying)(ying)於(wu)出,或(huo)(huo)(huo)默(mo)(mo)(mo)应(ying)(ying)於(wu)语(yu)(yu)。“二人(ren)同(tong)心,其(qi)利(li)(li)(li)断(duan)金”者(zhe)(zhe),二人(ren)若同(tong)齐其(qi)心,其(qi)纤利(li)(li)(li)能断(duan)截(jie)於(wu)金。金是坚刚之(zhi)物(wu),能断(duan)而(er)(er)截(jie)之(zhi),盛(sheng)言(yan)(yan)(yan)利(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)甚也。此谓二人(ren)心行(xing)(xing)同(tong)也。
同(tong)心之言,其臭如兰。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:言二(er)人(ren)同齐(qi)其心,吐发言语,氤氲臭(chou)气,香馥如兰也。此谓二(er)人(ren)言同也。
[疏]正义曰:“初六(liu)藉用(yong)(yong)”至“盗之招也”,此第七章(zhang)也。此章(zhang)欲求外(wai)物(wu)来(lai)应,必(bi)须拟议谨(jin)慎(shen),则外(wai)物(wu)来(lai)应之。故引“藉用(yong)(yong)白茅无咎”之事,以证(zheng)谨(jin)慎(shen)之理。
“初六:藉用白茅,无咎(jiu)”。子曰:“苟错诸(zhu)地而(er)可矣,藉之用茅,何(he)咎(jiu)之有?慎之至(zhi)也(ye)。夫(fu)茅之为物薄,而(er)用可重也(ye)。慎斯术也(ye)以往,其无所失矣。”
[疏]正义(yi)曰:此“藉(jie)用(yong)白茅”,《大过》初六爻辞也(ye)。“子曰:苟错诸地而(er)可矣”者(zhe),苟,且也(ye);错,置也(ye)。凡(fan)荐献之(zhi)物(wu)(wu),且置於(wu)地,其理可矣。言今乃谨(jin)(jin)慎,荐藉(jie)此物(wu)(wu)而(er)用(yong)絜(xie)白之(zhi)茅,可置於(wu)地。“藉(jie)之(zhi)用(yong)茅,何咎之(zhi)有(you)”者(zhe),何愆咎之(zhi)有(you),是谨(jin)(jin)慎之(zhi)至也(ye)。
“劳(lao)谦,君子有终,吉。”子曰:“劳(lao)而不(bu)(bu)伐,有功而不(bu)(bu)德,厚之至也。语以其功下人者也。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:“劳谦(qian)(qian)君子有(you)(you)(you)终吉”者(zhe),欲求(qiu)外(wai)物来应,非唯谨慎,又须谦(qian)(qian)以(yi)下(xia)人(ren)(ren)。故引(yin)《谦(qian)(qian)》卦九三爻辞以(yi)证之也。“子曰劳而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)伐”者(zhe),以(yi)引(yin)卦之后,故言“子曰”。“劳而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)伐”者(zhe),虽谦(qian)(qian)退疲劳,而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)自(zi)伐其(qi)善也。“有(you)(you)(you)功而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)德,厚之至”者(zhe),虽有(you)(you)(you)其(qi)功,而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)自(zi)以(yi)为(wei)恩德,是笃厚之至极。“语以(yi)其(qi)功下(xia)人(ren)(ren)”者(zhe),言《易(yi)》之所言者(zhe),语说其(qi)《谦(qian)(qian)》卦九三,能以(yi)其(qi)有(you)(you)(you)功卑下(xia)於人(ren)(ren)者(zhe)也。
德(de)言(yan)盛,礼言(yan)恭(gong)。谦也(ye)者,致恭(gong)以存其位者也(ye)。”
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:“德言(yan)盛(sheng),礼言(yan)恭(gong)(gong)”者(zhe)(zhe),谓德以(yi)盛(sheng)为本,礼以(yi)恭(gong)(gong)为主:德贵盛(sheng)新,礼尚恭(gong)(gong)敬,故曰“德言(yan)盛(sheng),礼言(yan)恭(gong)(gong)”。“谦也(ye)者(zhe)(zhe),致恭(gong)(gong)以(yi)存其位(wei)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)谦退致其恭(gong)(gong)敬,以(yi)存其位(wei)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。言(yan)由恭(gong)(gong)德,保其禄(lu)位(wei)也(ye)。
“亢龙有(you)悔。”子曰:“贵而无位,高而无民,贤人在下,位而无辅,是(shi)以动而有(you)悔也。”
[疏]正(zheng)义曰(yue):“亢龙有悔(hui)”者,上既以谦(qian)德保位,此(ci)明无谦(qian)则有悔(hui)。故引《乾》之上九“亢龙有悔(hui)”,证骄亢不谦(qian)也。
“不出(chu)户庭,无咎”子曰:“乱之所生也,则(ze)言语(yu)以(yi)为(wei)阶。”
[疏]正义(yi)曰:“不出户庭,无咎”者(zhe),又明拟议(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),非但谦而(er)不骄,又当谨(jin)慎周密,故引《节》之(zhi)(zhi)初九周密之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)以明之(zhi)(zhi)。“子曰:乱(luan)(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)所生,则(ze)言(yan)(yan)语以为阶(jie)”者(zhe),阶(jie)谓(wei)梯也(ye)(ye)。言(yan)(yan)乱(luan)(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)所生,则(ze)由(you)言(yan)(yan)语以为乱(luan)(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)阶(jie)梯也(ye)(ye)。
君不密(mi)(mi)(mi)则失臣,臣不密(mi)(mi)(mi)则失身,几事不密(mi)(mi)(mi)则害成。是以君子(zi)慎密(mi)(mi)(mi)而不出(chu)也。
[疏]正义曰:“君不(bu)密(mi)(mi)(mi)则(ze)失(shi)(shi)(shi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)”者,臣(chen)(chen)(chen)既(ji)尽忠,不(bu)避危(wei)难(nan),为君谋(mou)事,君不(bu)慎(shen)密(mi)(mi)(mi)乃(nai)彰(zhang)露(lu)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)所(suo)为,使在下闻之(zhi),众(zhong)共嫉怒,害此臣(chen)(chen)(chen)而(er)杀(sha)之(zhi),是(shi)失(shi)(shi)(shi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)也。“臣(chen)(chen)(chen)不(bu)密(mi)(mi)(mi)则(ze)失(shi)(shi)(shi)身”者,言臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)言行,既(ji)有亏(kui)失(shi)(shi)(shi),则(ze)失(shi)(shi)(shi)身也。“几事不(bu)密(mi)(mi)(mi)则(ze)害成(cheng)”者,几谓(wei)(wei)几微之(zhi)事,当(dang)须密(mi)(mi)(mi)慎(shen),预防祸(huo)害。若(ruo)其不(bu)密(mi)(mi)(mi)而(er)漏泄,祸(huo)害交(jiao)起,是(shi)害成(cheng)也。“是(shi)以君子慎(shen)密(mi)(mi)(mi)而(er)不(bu)出(chu)”者,於易言之(zhi),是(shi)身慎(shen)密(mi)(mi)(mi)不(bu)出(chu)户(hu)庭,於此义言之(zhi),亦(yi)谓(wei)(wei)不(bu)妄出(chu)言语也。
子(zi)曰:“作《易(yi)》者,其知(zhi)盗(dao)乎(hu)?言盗(dao)亦(yi)乘(cheng)衅(xin)而至也。
[疏]正义曰:此结(jie)上(shang)不(bu)(bu)密(mi)失(shi)身之事,事若不(bu)(bu)密(mi),人(ren)则(ze)(ze)乘此机(ji)危而害之,犹若财之不(bu)(bu)密(mi),盗(dao)则(ze)(ze)乘此机(ji)危而窃之。易(yi)者,爱恶(e)相攻(gong),远(yuan)近相取,盛(sheng)衰相变(bian)(bian),若此爻有衅隙衰弱,则(ze)(ze)彼爻乘变(bian)(bian)而夺(duo)之。故云:“作《易(yi)》者,其知(zhi)盗(dao)乎?”
《易》曰:‘负且乘(cheng),致(zhi)寇至(zhi)。’负也(ye)(ye)者,小人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)也(ye)(ye)。乘(cheng)也(ye)(ye)者,君子之(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)也(ye)(ye)。小人(ren)而乘(cheng)君子之(zhi)(zhi)器(qi),盗(dao)思(si)夺之(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)。上慢(man)下暴(bao),盗(dao)思(si)伐之(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)。慢(man)藏诲(hui)盗(dao),冶容诲(hui)淫。
[疏]“《易》曰”至“诲淫”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):“《易》曰(yue):负且(qie)乘(cheng),致(zhi)寇至”者,此(ci)(ci)(ci)又明(ming)拟议之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,当量身而(er)行(xing),不(bu)可以(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)处大(da),以(yi)贱(jian)贪贵(gui),故(gu)引《解(jie)》卦六(liu)三以(yi)明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。“负也(ye)(ye)者,小(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事也(ye)(ye)”,负者,担负於物,合是小(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所为(wei)也(ye)(ye)。“乘(cheng)也(ye)(ye)者,君(jun)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)”者,言乘(cheng)车(che)者,君(jun)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)物。言君(jun)子(zi)合乘(cheng)车(che)。今(jin)应负之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)而(er)乘(cheng)车(che),是小(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)乘(cheng)君(jun)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)也(ye)(ye),则(ze)盗(dao)(dao)(dao)窃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),思欲(yu)夺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣。“上(shang)(shang)慢(man)下(xia)暴,盗(dao)(dao)(dao)思伐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣”者,小(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)居上(shang)(shang)位必(bi)骄慢(man),而(er)在下(xia)必(bi)暴虐。为(wei)政(zheng)如此(ci)(ci)(ci),大(da)盗(dao)(dao)(dao)思欲(yu)伐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣。“慢(man)藏诲(hui)盗(dao)(dao)(dao),冶容诲(hui)淫”者,若慢(man)藏财物,守掌(zhang)不(bu)谨,则(ze)教(jiao)诲(hui)於盗(dao)(dao)(dao)者,使(shi)来取(qu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)物;女子(zi)妖(yao)冶其(qi)容,身不(bu)精悫,是教(jiao)诲(hui)淫者,使(shi)来淫巳(si)也(ye)(ye)。以(yi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)小(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)而(er)居贵(gui)位,骄矜而(er)不(bu)谨慎,而(er)致(zhi)寇至也(ye)(ye)。
《易》曰:‘负且乘(cheng),致寇至’,盗之招也。
[疏]正义曰(yue):又引《易(yi)(yi)》之所云,是盗之招来(lai)也(ye),言自招来(lai)於(wu)盗。以慎(shen)重其事,故(gu)首尾皆称“《易(yi)(yi)》曰(yue)”,而载《易(yi)(yi)》之爻(yao)辞也(ye)。
[疏]正义曰:“大衍之数”至(zhi)“祐(you)神矣”,此(ci)第八(ba)章,明占筮之法、揲蓍(shi)之体,显天地之数,定乾坤之策(ce),以为六(liu)十四(si)卦,而生三百八(ba)十四(si)爻(yao)。
大衍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)五十(shi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)用(yong)四十(shi)有(you)九(jiu)。王弼曰:演天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu),所赖者五十(shi)也(ye)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)用(yong)四十(shi)有(you)九(jiu),则其(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)也(ye)。不(bu)(bu)用(yong)而用(yong)以之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通,非(fei)数(shu)而数(shu)以之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng),斯易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)太极也(ye)。四十(shi)有(you)九(jiu),数(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极也(ye)。夫无不(bu)(bu)可以无明,必因(yin)於(wu)有(you),故常於(wu)有(you)物之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极,而必明其(qi)(qi)(qi)所由之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宗也(ye)。
[疏]“大衍”至“有九”。
○正义曰:京房云:“五十者,谓十日、十二辰、二十八宿也,凡五十。其一不用者,天之生气,将欲以虚来实,故用四十九焉。”马季长云:“易有太极,谓北辰也。太极生两仪,两仪生日月,日月生四时,四时生五行,五行生十二月,十二月生二十四气。北辰居位不动,其馀四十九转运而用也。”荀爽云:“卦各有六爻,六八四十八,加乾、坤二用,凡有五十。《乾》初九‘潜龙勿用’,故用四十九也。”郑康成云:“天地之数五十有五,以五行气通。凡五行减五,大衍又减一,故四十九也。”姚信、董遇云:“天地之数五十有五者,其六以象六画之数,故减之而用四十九。”但五十之数,义有多家,各有其说,未知孰是。今案王弼云“演天地之数,所赖者五十”,据王弼此说,其意皆与诸儒不同。万物之策,凡有万一千五百二十。其用此策推演天地之数,唯用五十策也。一谓自然所须策者唯用五十,就五十策中,其所用揲蓍者,唯用四十有九。其一不用,以其虚无,非所用也,故不数之。顾欢同王弼此说。故顾欢云:“立此五十数,以数神,神虽非数,因数而显。故虚其一数,以明不可言之义。”只如此意,则别无所以,自然而有此五十也。今依用之。
○注“王弼”至“宗也”。
○正义曰:“王弼云:演(yan)天地之(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),所(suo)(suo)赖(lai)(lai)(lai)者(zhe)(zhe)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)”者(zhe)(zhe),韩氏亲受业於(wu)王弼,承王弼之(zhi)(zhi)旨,故(gu)(gu)(gu)引王弼云以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)证(zheng)成(cheng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)义。“演(yan)天地之(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),所(suo)(suo)赖(lai)(lai)(lai)者(zhe)(zhe)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi),”谓万物筹,策虽万有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)千五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)百二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi),若(ruo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)推(tui)演(yan)天地之(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),所(suo)(suo)赖(lai)(lai)(lai)者(zhe)(zhe)唯赖(lai)(lai)(lai)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)馀不(bu)(bu)赖(lai)(lai)(lai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。但赖(lai)(lai)(lai)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),自(zi)然(ran)如此,不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)然(ran)。云“则(ze)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)”者(zhe)(zhe),《经(jing)》既云“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)”,又云“其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)九”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。既称其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)“用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)”,明(ming)知(zhi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)内,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)而(er)(er)(er)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)者(zhe)(zhe),若(ruo)全不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),理应不(bu)(bu)赖(lai)(lai)(lai)。此既当论用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)并言(yan)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)为(wei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe),虽是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)从(cong)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)而(er)(er)(er)来,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)而(er)(er)(er)得(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)云“不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)而(er)(er)(er)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)”。所(suo)(suo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)者(zhe)(zhe)则(ze)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)九蓍(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。蓍(shi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)堪(kan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)者(zhe)(zhe),从(cong)造化虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)生(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)造化之(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng),此蓍(shi)何由(you)得(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)?言(yan)“非数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)而(er)(er)(er)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)”者(zhe)(zhe),太(tai)一(yi)(yi)虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)形(xing)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)非可(ke)(ke)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。然(ran)有(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),由(you)非数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)而(er)(er)(er)得(de)成(cheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。即(ji)(ji)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)九是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),原从(cong)非数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)而(er)(er)(er)来,故(gu)(gu)(gu)将非数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi),总为(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)云“非数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)而(er)(er)(er)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)”。言(yan)“斯(si)易之(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)极(ji)”者(zhe)(zhe),斯(si),此也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)此其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)者(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)(shi)(shi)易之(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)极(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)形(xing),即(ji)(ji)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)数(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。凡有(you)(you)(you)(you)皆从(cong)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)来,故(gu)(gu)(gu)易从(cong)太(tai)一(yi)(yi)为(wei)始也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)“夫(fu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)明(ming),必因(yin)於(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)体,处处皆虚(xu),何可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)说之(zhi)(zhi),明(ming)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)欲明(ming)虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)理,必因(yin)於(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)物之(zhi)(zhi)境(jing),可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)本虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。犹若(ruo)春生(sheng)秋杀(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)事,於(wu)虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)时,不(bu)(bu)见生(sheng)杀(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)象,是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)明(ming)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。就有(you)(you)(you)(you)境(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)中,见其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)生(sheng)杀(sha),却(que)推(tui)於(wu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),始知(zhi)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中有(you)(you)(you)(you)生(sheng)杀(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)理,是(shi)(shi)(shi)明(ming)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)必因(yin)於(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)“故(gu)(gu)(gu)常於(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)物之(zhi)(zhi)极(ji),而(er)(er)(er)必明(ming)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)由(you)之(zhi)(zhi)宗(zong)”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)欲明(ming)於(wu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),常须因(yin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)物至极(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)处,而(er)(er)(er)明(ming)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)由(you)宗(zong)。若(ruo)易由(you)太(tai),有(you)(you)(you)(you)由(you)於(wu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),变化由(you)於(wu)神,皆是(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)由(you)之(zhi)(zhi)宗(zong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)且(qie)何因(yin)如此,皆由(you)於(wu)虚(xu)无(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)自(zi)然(ran)而(er)(er)(er)来也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
分(fen)而(er)(er)(er)为二以象(xiang)两,挂(gua)一以象(xiang)三,揲(she)之(zhi)(zhi)以四(si),以象(xiang)四(si)时,归奇(qi)於(wu)扐(le)以象(xiang)闰(run)。五岁(sui)再闰(run),故再扐(le)而(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)挂(gua)。奇(qi),况四(si)揲(she)之(zhi)(zhi)馀(yu)(yu),不(bu)足(zu)复揲(she)者(zhe)也。分(fen)而(er)(er)(er)为二,既(ji)揲(she)之(zhi)(zhi)馀(yu)(yu),合挂(gua)於(wu)一,故曰“再扐(le)而(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)挂(gua)”。凡闰(run),十九年七闰(run)为一章,五岁(sui)再闰(run)者(zhe)二,故略举(ju)其凡也。
[疏]正义曰:“分而(er)(er)(er)(er)为(wei)二(er)以(yi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)两(liang)”者(zhe)(zhe),五(wu)十(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)内,去其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi),馀有四(si)十(shi)九(jiu),合(he)(he)同未分,是象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)太一(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)。今以(yi)四(si)十(shi)九(jiu)分而(er)(er)(er)(er)为(wei)二(er),以(yi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)两(liang)仪(yi)也(ye)。“挂(gua)一(yi)(yi)(yi)以(yi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)三(san)(san)”者(zhe)(zhe),就两(liang)仪(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)间,於(wu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)数(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,分挂(gua)其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi),而(er)(er)(er)(er)配两(liang)仪(yi),以(yi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)三(san)(san)才也(ye)。“揲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)四(si),以(yi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)四(si)时”者(zhe)(zhe),分揲其(qi)(qi)蓍,皆以(yi)四(si)四(si)为(wei)数(shu),以(yi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)四(si)时。“归(gui)(gui)奇(qi)於(wu)扐(le)以(yi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)闰(run)(run)”者(zhe)(zhe),奇(qi)谓四(si)揲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馀,归(gui)(gui)此(ci)残奇(qi)於(wu)所(suo)扐(le)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策(ce)而(er)(er)(er)(er)成数(shu),以(yi)法象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)道。归(gui)(gui)残聚馀,分而(er)(er)(er)(er)成闰(run)(run)也(ye)。“五(wu)岁(sui)再(zai)闰(run)(run)”者(zhe)(zhe),凡前闰(run)(run)后闰(run)(run),相去大略三(san)(san)十(shi)二(er)月,在五(wu)岁(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,故五(wu)岁(sui)再(zai)闰(run)(run)。“再(zai)扐(le)而(er)(er)(er)(er)后挂(gua)”者(zhe)(zhe),既分天(tian)(tian)(tian)地,天(tian)(tian)(tian)於(wu)左(zuo)手(shou),地於(wu)右手(shou),乃四(si)四(si)揲天(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu),最(zui)(zui)末(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馀,归(gui)(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)合(he)(he)於(wu)扐(le)挂(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)处(chu),是一(yi)(yi)(yi)揲也(ye)。又以(yi)四(si)四(si)揲地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu),最(zui)(zui)末(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馀,又合(he)(he)於(wu)前所(suo)归(gui)(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)扐(le)而(er)(er)(er)(er)裛挂(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是再(zai)扐(le)而(er)(er)(er)(er)后挂(gua)也(ye)。
天数五。五,奇也(ye)。
[疏]正义曰:谓一(yi)、三、五(wu)、七、九也。
地数五。五,耦也。
[疏]正义曰(yue):谓二、四、六(liu)、八(ba)、十也(ye)。
五位相(xiang)得而各(ge)有合(he),天地之(zhi)数(shu)各(ge)五,五数(shu)相(xiang)配,以合(he)成金、木、水(shui)、火、土。
[疏]正义曰:若天(tian)一与地六相(xiang)得(de)(de)(de),合为(wei)水,地二与天(tian)七相(xiang)得(de)(de)(de),合为(wei)火,天(tian)三与地八相(xiang)得(de)(de)(de),合为(wei)木,地四与天(tian)九(jiu)相(xiang)得(de)(de)(de)合为(wei)金,天(tian)五与地十(shi)相(xiang)得(de)(de)(de),合为(wei)土(tu)也。
天数二(er)十(shi)有五(wu),五(wu)奇合为二(er)十(shi)五(wu)。
[疏]正义曰(yue):总(zong)合五奇之数。
地数三(san)十(shi)。五(wu)耦合(he)为三(san)十(shi)。
[疏(shu)]正义(yi)曰:总合(he)五(wu)耦之类也。
凡天地之(zhi)数五十有(you)五。此所以(yi)成(cheng)变化而行鬼(gui)神(shen)也。变化以(yi)此成(cheng),鬼(gui)神(shen)以(yi)此行。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰(yue):“凡天(tian)地之(zhi)数(shu)(shu)五(wu)(wu)十有(you)五(wu)(wu)”者(zhe),是天(tian)地二数(shu)(shu)相合为五(wu)(wu)十五(wu)(wu),此(ci)乃(nai)天(tian)地阴阳奇(qi)耦之(zhi)数(shu)(shu),非是上文演天(tian)地之(zhi)策(ce)也。“此(ci)所以(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)变化(hua)(hua)而(er)行鬼(gui)神”者(zhe),言此(ci)阳奇(qi)阴耦之(zhi)数(shu)(shu),成(cheng)(cheng)就其(qi)变化(hua)(hua)。言变化(hua)(hua)以(yi)(yi)此(ci)阴阳而(er)成(cheng)(cheng),故云(yun)“成(cheng)(cheng)变化(hua)(hua)”也。而(er)宣(xuan)行鬼(gui)神之(zhi)用(yong),言鬼(gui)神以(yi)(yi)此(ci)阴阳而(er)得宣(xuan)行,故云(yun)“而(er)行鬼(gui)神也”。
《乾》之策二百一(yi)(yi)十(shi)有六(liu)(liu),阳(yang)爻(yao)六(liu)(liu),一(yi)(yi)爻(yao)三十(shi)六(liu)(liu)策,六(liu)(liu)爻(yao)二百一(yi)(yi)十(shi)六(liu)(liu)策。
[疏]正义曰:以乾老阳(yang),一爻有(you)三十六策(ce),六爻凡有(you)二百一十六策(ce)也(ye)。乾之少阳(yang),一爻有(you)二十八策(ce),六爻则(ze)有(you)一百六十八策(ce),此(ci)《经》据(ju)老阳(yang)之策(ce)也(ye)。
坤之策(ce)(ce)百(bai)四(si)(si)十有(you)四(si)(si),阴爻六(liu),一爻二十四(si)(si)策(ce)(ce),六(liu)爻百(bai)四(si)(si)十四(si)(si)策(ce)(ce)。
[疏]正义曰:坤之老(lao)阴(yin)(yin),一爻有(you)(you)二十(shi)四(si)策,六(liu)(liu)爻故(gu)一百四(si)十(shi)有(you)(you)四(si)策也。若坤之少阴(yin)(yin),一爻有(you)(you)三(san)十(shi)二,六(liu)(liu)爻则有(you)(you)一百九十(shi)二。此《经》据坤之老(lao)阴(yin)(yin),故(gu)百四(si)十(shi)有(you)(you)四(si)也。
凡三百(bai)有六(liu)十,当期之日。二(er)(er)篇之策,万有一(yi)千(qian)五(wu)百(bai)二(er)(er)十,当万物之数也。二(er)(er)篇三百(bai)八十四爻,阴阳各半,合(he)万一(yi)千(qian)五(wu)百(bai)二(er)(er)十策。
[疏(shu)]正义(yi)曰:“凡三百有六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi),当期之日(ri)”者,举合乾、坤(kun)两策(ce),有三百有六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi),当期之数。三百六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)日(ri),举其大(da)略(lve),不数五日(ri)四(si)分(fen)日(ri)之一(yi)也(ye)(ye)。“二(er)篇之策(ce),万有一(yi)千五百二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi),当万物(wu)之数”者,二(er)篇之爻(yao)(yao)(yao),总(zong)有三百八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)爻(yao)(yao)(yao),阴阳(yang)各(ge)半,阳(yang)爻(yao)(yao)(yao)一(yi)百九十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)爻(yao)(yao)(yao),爻(yao)(yao)(yao)别三十(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu),总(zong)有六(liu)千九百一(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)也(ye)(ye)。阴爻(yao)(yao)(yao)亦一(yi)百九十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)爻(yao)(yao)(yao),爻(yao)(yao)(yao)别二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si),总(zong)有四(si)千六(liu)百八(ba)也(ye)(ye)。阴阳(yang)总(zong)合,万有一(yi)千五百二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi),当万物(wu)之数也(ye)(ye)。
是故四营(ying)而成易,分而为(wei)二,以(yi)象两,一(yi)营(ying)也(ye)。挂一(yi)以(yi)象三(san),二营(ying)也(ye)。揲之以(yi)四,三(san)营(ying)也(ye)。归奇於扐(le),四营(ying)也(ye)。
[疏]正义曰:营(ying)(ying)谓经(jing)营(ying)(ying),谓四度(du)经(jing)营(ying)(ying)蓍策,乃(nai)成易之一变也。
十(shi)有八(ba)变而(er)成(cheng)卦(gua),八(ba)卦(gua)而(er)小成(cheng)。引而(er)伸之(zhi)。伸之(zhi)六十(shi)四卦(gua)。
[疏]正义曰:“十(shi)有八(ba)变而(er)(er)成(cheng)卦(gua)”者(zhe)(zhe),每(mei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)爻有三(san)(san)变,谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)初(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)揲,不五则(ze)(ze)九(jiu)(jiu),是一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)变也(ye)。第(di)(di)二(er)(er)揲,不四则(ze)(ze)八(ba),是二(er)(er)变也(ye)。第(di)(di)三(san)(san)揲,亦(yi)不四则(ze)(ze)八(ba),是三(san)(san)变也(ye)。若(ruo)三(san)(san)者(zhe)(zhe)俱多(duo)为(wei)(wei)老阴(yin),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)初(chu)得(de)九(jiu)(jiu),第(di)(di)二(er)(er)、第(di)(di)三(san)(san)俱得(de)八(ba)也(ye)。若(ruo)三(san)(san)者(zhe)(zhe)俱少(shao)(shao)为(wei)(wei)老阳(yang),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)初(chu)得(de)五,第(di)(di)二(er)(er)第(di)(di)三(san)(san),俱得(de)四也(ye)。若(ruo)两(liang)少(shao)(shao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)多(duo)为(wei)(wei)少(shao)(shao)阴(yin),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)初(chu)与二(er)(er)、三(san)(san)之(zhi)间,或(huo)(huo)有四或(huo)(huo)有五而(er)(er)有八(ba)也(ye)。或(huo)(huo)有二(er)(er)个(ge)(ge)四而(er)(er)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)九(jiu)(jiu),此为(wei)(wei)两(liang)少(shao)(shao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)多(duo)也(ye)。其两(liang)多(duo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)少(shao)(shao)为(wei)(wei)少(shao)(shao)阳(yang)者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)揲之(zhi)间,或(huo)(huo)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)九(jiu)(jiu),有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)八(ba)而(er)(er)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)四,或(huo)(huo)有二(er)(er)个(ge)(ge)八(ba),而(er)(er)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)五,此为(wei)(wei)两(liang)多(duo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)少(shao)(shao)也(ye)。如(ru)此三(san)(san)变既毕,乃定(ding)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)爻。六爻则(ze)(ze)十(shi)有八(ba)变,乃始成(cheng)卦(gua)也(ye)。“八(ba)卦(gua)而(er)(er)小成(cheng)”者(zhe)(zhe),象天地(di)雷风日(ri)月山(shan)泽(ze),於大象略尽,是易道小成(cheng)。“引(yin)而(er)(er)伸(shen)之(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)引(yin)长八(ba)卦(gua)而(er)(er)伸(shen)尽之(zhi),谓(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)引(yin)之(zhi)为(wei)(wei)六十(shi)四卦(gua)也(ye)。
触类(lei)而长之(zhi),天下(xia)之(zhi)能事毕矣。
[疏]正(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue)(yue):“触(chu)(chu)类而长(zhang)(zhang)之”者(zhe),谓触(chu)(chu)逢(feng)事(shi)(shi)类而增(zeng)长(zhang)(zhang)之,若触(chu)(chu)刚之事(shi)(shi)类,以(yi)次增(zeng)长(zhang)(zhang)於(wu)刚。若触(chu)(chu)柔之事(shi)(shi)类,以(yi)次增(zeng)长(zhang)(zhang)於(wu)柔。“天(tian)下之能事(shi)(shi)毕矣”者(zhe),天(tian)下万(wan)事(shi)(shi),皆如(ru)此例,各(ge)以(yi)类增(zeng)长(zhang)(zhang),则天(tian)下所能之事(shi)(shi),法象皆尽,故曰(yue)(yue)“天(tian)下之能事(shi)(shi)毕矣”也。
显道,显,明也。神德行。由神以成(cheng)其用。
[疏]正义曰:言易(yi)理备尽天下之能事(shi)(shi),故可以(yi)显明无(wu)为(wei)之道,而神灵(ling)其(qi)德(de)行之事(shi)(shi)。言大(da)虚以(yi)养万物(wu)为(wei)德(de)行,今易(yi)道以(yi)其(qi)神灵(ling)助太虚而养物(wu),是神其(qi)德(de)行也(ye)。
是故(gu)可与酬酢(zuo),可与祐(you)神矣。可以应对(dui)(dui)万物(wu)之(zhi)求助,成神化之(zhi)功也。酬酢(zuo),犹(you)应对(dui)(dui)也。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:“是故可(ke)与酬(chou)酢”者,酬(chou)酢,谓应对报答(da),言易(yi)道(dao)如此(ci)。若万(wan)(wan)物有所求为,此(ci)易(yi)道(dao)可(ke)与应答(da),万(wan)(wan)物有求则(ze)报,故曰“可(ke)与酬(chou)酢也”。“可(ke)与祐(you)神矣”者,祐(you),助也。易(yi)道(dao)弘大,可(ke)与助成神化之功也。
[疏]正义曰:“子曰知(zhi)变化”至“此之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)也”。此第九(jiu)章也。上章既(ji)明(ming)大(da)衍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数,极尽(jin)蓍策(ce)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名数,可与助(zhu)成神化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功。此又(you)广明(ming)易道(dao)深(shen)远(yuan),圣人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)有四(si),又(you)明(ming)易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)远(yuan),穷(qiong)极几神也。
子曰:“知(zhi)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)之道者,其(qi)知(zhi)神(shen)之所为乎?夫变(bian)化(hua)(hua)之道,不为而自然。故知(zhi)变(bian)化(hua)(hua)者,则知(zhi)神(shen)之所为。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:言(yan)易(yi)既知变化(hua)之道理,不为而自然也(ye)。则能知神(shen)化(hua)之所为,言(yan)神(shen)化(hua)亦不为而自然也(ye)。
《易》有(you)圣人之道四(si)焉:以(yi)(yi)言者(zhe)(zhe)尚(shang)(shang)其(qi)辞,以(yi)(yi)动者(zhe)(zhe)尚(shang)(shang)其(qi)变(bian),以(yi)(yi)制(zhi)器者(zhe)(zhe)尚(shang)(shang)其(qi)象(xiang),以(yi)(yi)卜(bu)筮者(zhe)(zhe)尚(shang)(shang)其(qi)占。”此四(si)者(zhe)(zhe)存乎器象(xiang),可得(de)而用也。
[疏]“《易》有”至“其占”。
○正义曰:“《易》有圣人之道四焉”者,言《易》之为书,有圣人所用之道者凡有四事焉。“以言者尚其辞”者,谓圣人发言而施政教者,贵尚其爻卦之辞,发其言辞,出言而施政教也。“以动者尚其变”者,谓圣人有所兴动营为,故法其阴阳变化。变有吉凶,圣人之动,取吉不取凶也。“以制器者尚其象”者,谓造制形器,法其爻卦之象。若造弧矢,法睽之象,若造杵臼,法小过之象也。“以卜筮者尚其占”者,策是筮之所用,并言卜者,卜虽龟之见兆,亦有阴阳三行变动之状。故卜之与筮,尚其爻卦变动之占也。
○注“器象”。
○正(zheng)义(yi)曰:“辞”是(shi)爻(yao)辞,爻(yao)辞是(shi)器(qi)象也(ye)。“变(bian)”是(shi)变(bian)化,见其(qi)来去(qu),亦是(shi)器(qi)象也(ye)。“象”是(shi)形(xing)象,“占”是(shi)占其(qi)形(xing)状(zhuang),并是(shi)有体之物。有体则是(shi)物之可(ke)用(yong)(yong),故云“可(ke)得而用(yong)(yong)者也(ye)”。
是以君(jun)子将有为也(ye),将有行也(ye),问(wen)焉而以言(yan)。其受命也(ye)如响,无有远近(jin)幽深,遂知来物。非天下之至精,其孰能(neng)与於(wu)此(ci)?
[疏]正(zheng)义(yi)曰:“是以(yi)(yi)君子将(jiang)有(you)为也(ye),将(jiang)有(you)行(xing)也(ye),问(wen)焉而(er)以(yi)(yi)言(yan)”者(zhe),既(ji)易(yi)(yi)道(dao)有(you)四,是以(yi)(yi)君子将(jiang)欲(yu)(yu)有(you)所(suo)施为,将(jiang)欲(yu)(yu)有(you)所(suo)行(xing),往占问(wen)其吉(ji)(ji)凶(xiong),而(er)以(yi)(yi)言(yan)命蓍也(ye)。“其受(shou)命也(ye)如响”者(zhe),谓蓍受(shou)人(ren)命,报(bao)人(ren)吉(ji)(ji)凶(xiong),如响之(zhi)应声也(ye)。“无有(you)远(yuan)近幽深”者(zhe),言(yan)易(yi)(yi)之(zhi)告人(ren)吉(ji)(ji)凶(xiong),无问(wen)远(yuan)之(zhi)与近,及幽遂(sui)(sui)深远(yuan)之(zhi)处,悉皆告之(zhi)也(ye)。“遂(sui)(sui)知(zhi)来(lai)物”者(zhe),物,事(shi)也(ye)。然易(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)万(wan)事(shi)告人(ren),人(ren)因此(ci)遂(sui)(sui)知(zhi)将(jiang)来(lai)之(zhi)事(shi)也(ye)。“非天下之(zhi)至(zhi)精(jing),其孰能与於(wu)此(ci)”者(zhe),言(yan)易(yi)(yi)之(zhi)功深如此(ci),若非天下万(wan)事(shi)之(zhi)内,至(zhi)极精(jing)妙,谁能参与於(wu)此(ci),与易(yi)(yi)道(dao)同(tong)也(ye)。此(ci)已上论易(yi)(yi)道(dao)功深,告人(ren)吉(ji)(ji)凶(xiong),使豫知(zhi)来(lai)事(shi),故以(yi)(yi)此(ci)结之(zhi)也(ye)。
参伍以变,错综其(qi)数,通其(qi)变,遂成天下之文;极其(qi)数,遂定天下之象(xiang)。非天下之至变,其(qi)孰能(neng)与(yu)於此?
[疏]正义曰(yue):“参伍(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)变(bian)(bian)”者(zhe),参,三也。伍(wu),五也。或三或五,以(yi)(yi)(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)参合(he),以(yi)(yi)(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)改变(bian)(bian)。略举三五,诸数(shu)皆(jie)然也。“错(cuo)综(zong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)数(shu)”者(zhe),错(cuo)谓(wei)(wei)交错(cuo),综(zong)谓(wei)(wei)总聚,交错(cuo)裛(yi)聚其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)阴(yin)阳(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)也。“通(tong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)变(bian)(bian)”者(zhe),由交错(cuo)总聚,通(tong)极(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)阴(yin)阳(yang)相(xiang)(xiang)变(bian)(bian)也。“遂成(cheng)天(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)”者(zhe),以(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)变(bian)(bian),故(gu)能(neng)遂成(cheng)就天(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)。若(ruo)青(qing)赤相(xiang)(xiang)杂,故(gu)称(cheng)文(wen)也。“极(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)数(shu),遂定(ding)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)”者(zhe),谓(wei)(wei)穷极(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)阴(yin)阳(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)数(shu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)万物之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)。犹若(ruo)极(ji)二百一十六策,以(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)乾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老阳(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang),穷一百四(si)十四(si)策,以(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)坤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老阴(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang),举此(ci)(ci)馀可知也。“非(fei)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)变(bian)(bian),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孰能(neng)与(yu)(yu)於(wu)此(ci)(ci)”者(zhe),言此(ci)(ci)易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,若(ruo)非(fei)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)万事至(zhi)极(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)(bian)化,谁(shei)能(neng)与(yu)(yu)於(wu)此(ci)(ci)者(zhe),言皆(jie)不(bu)能(neng)也。此(ci)(ci)结成(cheng)易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)(bian)化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,故(gu)更言“与(yu)(yu)於(wu)此(ci)(ci)”也。前《经(jing)》论易(yi)理深,故(gu)云(yun)“非(fei)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)精”。此(ci)(ci)《经(jing)》论极(ji)数(shu)变(bian)(bian)通(tong),故(gu)云(yun)“非(fei)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)变(bian)(bian)”也。
易无(wu)思(si)也,无(wu)为也,寂(ji)然(ran)不(bu)动,感(gan)而遂通天下之故(gu),非天下之至(zhi)(zhi)神(shen),其孰能与於此?夫(fu)非忘象(xiang)者(zhe),则无(wu)以(yi)制(zhi)象(xiang)。非遗(yi)数者(zhe),无(wu)以(yi)极数。至(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)者(zhe),无(wu)筹(chou)策而不(bu)可乱。至(zhi)(zhi)变者(zhe),体一而无(wu)不(bu)周。至(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)者(zhe),寂(ji)然(ran)而无(wu)不(bu)应。斯盖功用之母,象(xiang)数所由立(li),故(gu)曰非至(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)至(zhi)(zhi)变至(zhi)(zhi)神(shen),则不(bu)得与於斯也。
[疏]“易无思”至“於此”。
○正义曰:“易无思也,无为也”者,任运自然,不关心虑,是无思也;任运自动,不须营造,是无为也。“寂然不动,感而遂通天下之故”者,既无思无为,故“寂然不动”。有感必应,万事皆通,是“感而遂通天下之故”也。故谓事故,言通天下万事也。“非天下之至神,其孰能与於此”者,言易理神功不测,非天下万事之中,至极神妙,其孰能与於此也。此《经》明易理神妙不测,故云“非天下之至神”,若非天下之至神,谁能与於此也。
○注“非忘象”。
○正义曰(yue):云“夫非(fei)忘象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),则(ze)无(wu)以(yi)(yi)制(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),凡自(zi)有形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)(bu)可以(yi)(yi)制(zhi)他物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),犹若(ruo)海(hai)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)制(zhi)山之(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),山不(bu)(bu)能(neng)制(zhi)海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。遗忘巳象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),乃能(neng)制(zhi)众物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“非(fei)遗数(shu)(shu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),无(wu)以(yi)(yi)极(ji)数(shu)(shu)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),若(ruo)以(yi)(yi)数(shu)(shu)数(shu)(shu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),则(ze)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)极(ji)其(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)数(shu)(shu)。犹若(ruo)以(yi)(yi)万而(er)数(shu)(shu),则(ze)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)苞(bao)亿,以(yi)(yi)一(yi)亿而(er)数(shu)(shu),则(ze)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)苞(bao)千(qian)亿万亿。遗去(qu)数(shu)(shu)名者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),则(ze)无(wu)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)苞(bao)。是非(fei)遗去(qu)其(qi)数(shu)(shu),无(wu)以(yi)(yi)极(ji)尽於(wu)数(shu)(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言“至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),无(wu)筹(chou)(chou)策而(er)不(bu)(bu)可乱”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),以(yi)(yi)其(qi)心之(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing),理在(zai)玄通(tong)(tong),无(wu)不(bu)(bu)记亿,虽无(wu)筹(chou)(chou)策,而(er)不(bu)(bu)可乱也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言“至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),体(ti)一(yi)而(er)无(wu)不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)极(ji)晓达变理者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),能(neng)体(ti)於(wu)淳一(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)理,其(qi)变通(tong)(tong)无(wu)不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)遍。言虽万类之(zhi)(zhi)变,同归於(wu)一(yi)变也(ye)(ye)(ye)。“斯(si)盖功用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)母(mu),象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)数(shu)(shu)所(suo)由立”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),言至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)、至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变、至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神,三者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)功用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)母(mu)。物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)功用(yong)(yong),象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)与(yu)数(shu)(shu),由此(ci)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)、至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变、至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神所(suo)由来,故云“象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)数(shu)(shu)所(suo)由立”也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)立有象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),岂由象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)而(er)来,由太(tai)虚自(zi)然而(er)有象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye);数(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)有数(shu)(shu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),岂由数(shu)(shu)而(er)来,由太(tai)虚自(zi)然而(er)有数(shu)(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye);是太(tai)虚之(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),太(tai)虚之(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu),是其(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变也(ye)(ye)(ye)。由其(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing),故能(neng)制(zhi)数(shu)(shu);由其(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变,故能(neng)制(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。若(ruo)非(fei)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)、至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变、至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神,则(ze)不(bu)(bu)得(de)参与(yu)妙极(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)玄理也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
夫(fu)易,圣人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所以极深而研几(ji)也。唯(wei)深也,故(gu)能通天(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)。唯(wei)几(ji)也,故(gu)能成天(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)务。极未(wei)形之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理则(ze)曰(yue)深,適动微之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)会则(ze)曰(yue)几(ji)。
[疏]正(zheng)义(yi)曰:“夫易圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)所以极深而(er)研(yan)(yan)(yan)几(ji)(ji)(ji)也”者(zhe)(zhe),言(yan)易道(dao)(dao)弘大,故(gu)(gu)圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)用之(zhi)(zhi),所以穷极幽深,而(er)研(yan)(yan)(yan)覈几(ji)(ji)(ji)微也。“极深”者(zhe)(zhe),则前(qian)《经(jing)》初(chu)一(yi)节云(yun):“君子将有(you)为,将有(you)行(xing),问焉(yan)而(er)以言(yan),其(qi)(qi)(qi)受(shou)命如响(xiang),无有(you)远近幽深”,是(shi)(shi)极深也。“研(yan)(yan)(yan)几(ji)(ji)(ji)”者(zhe)(zhe),上(shang)《经(jing)》次节云(yun)“参伍以变(bian),错综(zong)(zong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)数,通(tong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)变(bian),遂成(cheng)天(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)文;极其(qi)(qi)(qi)数,以定天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)象”,是(shi)(shi)研(yan)(yan)(yan)几(ji)(ji)(ji)也。“唯深也,故(gu)(gu)能(neng)通(tong)天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)务”者(zhe)(zhe),圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)用易道(dao)(dao)以极深,故(gu)(gu)圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)德深也,故(gu)(gu)能(neng)通(tong)天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)志意,即是(shi)(shi)前(qian)《经(jing)》上(shang)节“问焉(yan)而(er)以言(yan),其(qi)(qi)(qi)受(shou)命如响(xiang)”,“遂知来(lai)物”,是(shi)(shi)通(tong)天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)志也。“唯几(ji)(ji)(ji)也,故(gu)(gu)能(neng)成(cheng)天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)务”者(zhe)(zhe),圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)用易道(dao)(dao)以研(yan)(yan)(yan)几(ji)(ji)(ji),故(gu)(gu)圣(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)知事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)几(ji)(ji)(ji)微,是(shi)(shi)前(qian)《经(jing)》次节“参伍以变(bian),错综(zong)(zong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)数,通(tong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)变(bian),遂成(cheng)天(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)文”是(shi)(shi)也。几(ji)(ji)(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)离无入有(you),是(shi)(shi)有(you)初(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)微。以能(neng)知有(you)初(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)微。则能(neng)兴行(xing)其(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi),故(gu)(gu)能(neng)成(cheng)天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)务也。
唯神也(ye),故不(bu)疾(ji)而速,不(bu)行而至。子曰:“易有圣人(ren)之道(dao)四焉”者,此之谓也(ye)。四者由圣道(dao)以成,故曰“圣人(ren)之道(dao)”。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:“唯神(shen)(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)疾而(er)(er)(er)速(su),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行而(er)(er)(er)至(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)(ci)覆(fu)说上《经》下(xia)(xia)节易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)(shen)功也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。以无(wu)(wu)思无(wu)(wu)为(wei),寂然不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)动,感而(er)(er)(er)遂通,故(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)须(xu)急(ji)疾,而(er)(er)(er)事(shi)速(su)成;不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)须(xu)行动,而(er)(er)(er)理自至(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。案(an)下(xia)(xia)节云(yun)“唯深也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”言(yan)“通天(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志”,“唯几(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”言(yan)“成天(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)务”。今(jin)“唯神(shen)(shen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”直云(yun)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)疾而(er)(er)(er)速(su),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行而(er)(er)(er)至(zhi)”,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)“通天(tian)下(xia)(xia)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),神(shen)(shen)则(ze)至(zhi)理微(wei)妙,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可测知。无(wu)(wu)象无(wu)(wu)功,於天(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),理绝名言(yan),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可论(lun)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。故(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)云(yun)“成天(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。子曰:“易有圣(sheng)(sheng)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)四(si)(si)(si)焉者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),章(zhang)(zhang)首(shou)(shou)(shou)论(lun)圣(sheng)(sheng)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)四(si)(si)(si)焉,章(zhang)(zhang)中历陈(chen)其三(san)(san)事(shi),章(zhang)(zhang)末结而(er)(er)(er)成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)(gu)曰“圣(sheng)(sheng)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)四(si)(si)(si)焉”是(shi)此(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。章(zhang)(zhang)首(shou)(shou)(shou)“圣(sheng)(sheng)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)有四(si)(si)(si)”者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),韩氏注云(yun)“此(ci)(ci)四(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)乎器象,可得而(er)(er)(er)用者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)”,则(ze)辞也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),变(bian)(bian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),象也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),占也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。是(shi)有形(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu),形(xing)器可知也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若章(zhang)(zhang)中所陈(chen)则(ze)有三(san)(san)事(shi),一是(shi)至(zhi)精(jing)(jing),精(jing)(jing)则(ze)唯深也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。二是(shi)至(zhi)变(bian)(bian),变(bian)(bian)则(ze)唯几(ji)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。三(san)(san)是(shi)至(zhi)神(shen)(shen),神(shen)(shen)则(ze)微(wei)妙无(wu)(wu)形(xing),是(shi)其无(wu)(wu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。神(shen)(shen)既无(wu)(wu)形(xing),则(ze)章(zhang)(zhang)中三(san)(san)事(shi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得配章(zhang)(zhang)首(shou)(shou)(shou)四(si)(si)(si)事(shi)。韩氏云(yun)“四(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)乎器象”,故(gu)(gu)知章(zhang)(zhang)中三(san)(san)事(shi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得配章(zhang)(zhang)首(shou)(shou)(shou)四(si)(si)(si)事(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。但行此(ci)(ci)四(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),即能致章(zhang)(zhang)中三(san)(san)事(shi)。故(gu)(gu)章(zhang)(zhang)中历陈(chen)三(san)(san)事(shi),下(xia)(xia)总以“圣(sheng)(sheng)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)四(si)(si)(si)焉”结之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
[疏]正义曰:“天(tian)一地二”至“谓之神”,此第十章(zhang)也。前章(zhang)论《易》有圣人之道四焉,以卜筮(shi)尚其占。此章(zhang)明(ming)卜筮(shi)蓍龟(gui)所用,能通(tong)神知也。
天(tian)(tian)一,地(di)(di)(di)二;天(tian)(tian)三,地(di)(di)(di)四;天(tian)(tian)五,地(di)(di)(di)六(liu);天(tian)(tian)七(qi),地(di)(di)(di)八;天(tian)(tian)九(jiu),地(di)(di)(di)十(shi)。易以极数(shu)通神(shen)明(ming)之(zhi)德,故明(ming)易之(zhi)道(dao),先举(ju)天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)数(shu)也。
[疏]“天一”至“地十”。
○正义曰:此言天地阴阳自然奇偶之数也。
○注“易以极”至“数也”。
○正义曰:“易以(yi)极数(shu)(shu)(shu)通神(shen)明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)德”者(zhe),谓(wei)易之(zhi)(zhi)为道(dao),先(xian)(xian)由(you)穷极其数(shu)(shu)(shu),乃以(yi)通神(shen)明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)德也。“故(gu)明(ming)易之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),先(xian)(xian)举(ju)天地之(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)”者(zhe),此章欲(yu)明(ming)神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)德,先(xian)(xian)由(you)天地之(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)而(er)成,故(gu)云“故(gu)明(ming)易之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),先(xian)(xian)举(ju)天地之(zhi)(zhi)数(shu)(shu)(shu)”也。
子曰:“夫易,何为者也?夫易,开物成(cheng)务,冒天下(xia)之(zhi)道,如(ru)斯而已者也。”冒,覆也。言(yan)易通万物之(zhi)志(zhi),成(cheng)天下(xia)之(zhi)务,其道可以(yi)覆冒天下(xia)也。
[疏]正义曰:“子曰夫易何(he)为”者(zhe),言易之(zhi)功用(yong)(yong),其体何(he)为,是问其功用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)意。“夫易开物(wu)(wu)成(cheng)务(wu),冒(mao)天下之(zhi)道,如斯而(er)已(yi)(yi)”者(zhe),此夫子还自释易之(zhi)体,用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)状(zhuang)言易能开通万物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)志(zhi),成(cheng)就天下之(zhi)务(wu),有覆冒(mao)天下之(zhi)道。斯,此也,易之(zhi)体用(yong)(yong)如此而(er)已(yi)(yi)。
是故圣人以通(tong)天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)志,以定天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)业(ye),以断天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)疑。是故蓍之(zhi)(zhi)德(de)圆(yuan)而神,卦(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)德(de)方以知,圆(yuan)者运而不(bu)穷,方者止(zhi)而有分(fen)。言蓍以圆(yuan)象神,卦(gua)以方象知也。唯(wei)变(bian)所適,无数(shu)不(bu)周(zhou),故曰圆(yuan)。卦(gua)列爻分(fen),各有其体,故曰方也。
[疏]“是故圣人”至“以知”。正义曰:“是故圣人以通天下之志”者,言易道如此,是故圣人以其易道通达天下之志,极其幽深也。“以定天下之业”者,以此易道定天下之业,由能研几成务,故定天下之业也。“以断天下之疑”者,以此易道决断天下之疑,用其蓍龟占卜,定天下疑危也。“是故蓍之德圆而神,卦之德方以知”者,神以知来,是来无方也;知以藏往,是往有常也。物既有常,犹方之有止;数无恒体,犹圆之不穷。故蓍之变通则无穷,神之象也;卦列爻分有定体,知之象也。知可以识前言往行,神可以逆知将来之事,故蓍以圆象神,卦以方象知也。注“圆者”至“方也”。
○正义(yi)曰(yue):“圆者(zhe)运而(er)(er)不穷(qiong)(qiong)”者(zhe),谓(wei)团圆之物(wu)(wu),运转无穷(qiong)(qiong)已,犹阪(ban)上走丸也。蓍(shi)亦(yi)(yi)运动不已,故称圆也。言“方(fang)者(zhe)止而(er)(er)有(you)分”者(zhe),方(fang)谓(wei)处所,既(ji)有(you)处所,则是(shi)止而(er)(er)有(you)分。且物(wu)(wu)方(fang)者(zhe),著地则安,其(qi)卦既(ji)成,更(geng)不移动,亦(yi)(yi)是(shi)止而(er)(er)有(you)分,故卦称方(fang)也。
六爻(yao)之义易以贡。贡,告(gao)也。六爻(yao)变(bian)易,以告(gao)吉凶。
[疏]正义曰:贡,告也。六爻有吉凶之(zhi)义,变易以告人也。
圣人以此洗心,洗濯万物之心。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:圣人以此易之卜筮,洗(xi)荡万物(wu)(wu)之心。万物(wu)(wu)有疑则(ze)卜之,是荡其疑心;行善(shan)得吉,行恶遇凶,是荡其恶心也。
退藏(zang)於密(mi)。言(yan)其道深微(wei),万物日用而不能知其原,故曰(yue)“退藏(zang)於密(mi)”,犹藏(zang)诸(zhu)用也(ye)。
[疏(shu)]正(zheng)义(yi)曰:言易道进则(ze)荡(dang)除(chu)万(wan)物之心,退(tui)则(ze)不知其所以然,万(wan)物日用而不知,有功用藏於密也。
吉凶(xiong)与(yu)民同(tong)患。表吉凶(xiong)之(zhi)象,以同(tong)民所忧患之(zhi)事,故曰“吉凶(xiong)与(yu)民同(tong)患也”。
[疏]正义曰:易道以示人吉凶,民则亦忧患(huan)其(qi)(qi)吉凶,是与民同其(qi)(qi)所(suo)忧患(huan)也(ye)。凶者(zhe)民之所(suo)忧也(ye),上并言(yan)吉凶,此(ci)独言(yan)同患(huan)者(zhe),凶虽民之所(suo)患(huan),吉亦民之所(suo)患(huan)也(ye)。既得(de)其(qi)(qi)吉,又患(huan)其(qi)(qi)失(shi)。故(gu)《老子》云“宠辱若惊”也(ye)。
神(shen)以知来,知以藏(zang)往。明(ming)蓍卦之(zhi)用,同神(shen)知也。蓍定数於(wu)(wu)始,於(wu)(wu)卦为(wei)来。卦成象於(wu)(wu)终,於(wu)(wu)蓍为(wei)往。往来之(zhi)用相成,犹神(shen)知也。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:此明蓍卦(gua)(gua)德同神知(zhi),知(zhi)来(lai)藏往(wang)也。蓍定数於始(shi),於卦(gua)(gua)为来(lai)。卦(gua)(gua)成象於终,於蓍为往(wang)。以蓍望(wang)卦(gua)(gua),则(ze)是(shi)知(zhi)卦(gua)(gua)象将来(lai)之事(shi),故(gu)言“神以知(zhi)来(lai)”。以卦(gua)(gua)望(wang)蓍,则(ze)是(shi)聚於蓍象往(wang)去(qu)之事(shi),故(gu)言“知(zhi)以藏往(wang)”也。
其孰能(neng)与此哉!古(gu)之聪明叡知(zhi)神武而不杀者夫!服(fu)万物而不以威形(xing)也。
[疏]正义曰:“其孰能与(yu)此哉(zai)”者,言谁能同此也,盖(gai)是古之(zhi)(zhi)聪明叡(rui)知神武(wu)而不(bu)杀(sha)者夫(fu)。易道深远,以(yi)吉(ji)凶(xiong)祸福,威服万物。故(gu)古之(zhi)(zhi)聪明叡(rui)知神武(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)君,谓伏牺等,用(yong)此易道,能威服天下,而不(bu)用(yong)刑杀(sha)而畏服之(zhi)(zhi)也。
是(shi)以明於(wu)(wu)天之(zhi)道,而察(cha)於(wu)(wu)民之(zhi)故(gu),是(shi)兴神物以前民用。定吉凶於(wu)(wu)始也。
[疏]正义曰(yue):“是以明於(wu)天之道”者,言圣人能(neng)明天道也。“而察於(wu)民(min)之故(gu)”者,故(gu),事(shi)也。易穷变化而察知民(min)之事(shi)也。“是兴神(shen)物以前(qian)(qian)民(min)用”者,谓易道兴起神(shen)理(li)事(shi)物,豫为法象,以示於(wu)人,以前(qian)(qian)民(min)之所用。定(ding)吉凶於(wu)前(qian)(qian),民(min)乃法之所用,故(gu)云“以前(qian)(qian)民(min)用”也。
圣人以(yi)此齐(qi)戒,洗心曰(yue)齐(qi),防患曰(yue)戒。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:圣人以“易”道自(zi)齐自(zi)戒(jie),谓照了吉凶,齐戒(jie)其身。洗心曰齐,防患曰戒(jie)。
以神(shen)明(ming)其德夫。是(shi)故阖(he)户谓之坤。坤道包物。
[疏]正(zheng)义(yi)曰(yue):以(yi)“神明(ming)其德夫”者,言圣人(ren)既以(yi)易(yi)道自(zi)齐戒,又以(yi)易(yi)道神明(ming)其已之(zhi)(zhi)德化(hua)也(ye)。“是故(gu)阖户(hu)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)坤(kun)”者,圣人(ren)既用此(ci)(ci)易(yi)道以(yi)化(hua)天下(xia)(xia),此(ci)(ci)以(yi)下(xia)(xia)又广明(ming)易(yi)道之(zhi)(zhi)大。易(yi)从乾(qian)坤(kun)而来,故(gu)更明(ming)乾(qian)坤(kun)也(ye)。凡物先(xian)藏而后(hou)出,故(gu)先(xian)言坤(kun)而后(hou)言乾(qian)。阖户(hu),谓(wei)闭藏。万(wan)物若室之(zhi)(zhi)闭阖其户(hu),故(gu)云“阖户(hu)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)坤(kun)”也(ye)。
辟户谓之乾。乾道施生。
[疏]正义曰(yue):辟(pi)户,谓吐(tu)生万物也;若室(shi)之开辟(pi)其(qi)户,故云(yun)“辟(pi)户谓之乾”也。
一(yi)阖一(yi)辟谓之(zhi)变,往来不穷(qiong)谓之(zhi)通(tong)。见乃谓之(zhi)象。兆见曰象。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:“一阖(he)一辟谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)(bian)”者(zhe),开闭相循(xun),阴阳递至(zhi),或(huo)(huo)阳变(bian)(bian)为(wei)阴,或(huo)(huo)开而更闭,或(huo)(huo)阴变(bian)(bian)为(wei)阳,或(huo)(huo)闭而还开,是谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)变(bian)(bian)也。“往(wang)来不(bu)(bu)穷谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)(tong)”者(zhe),须(xu)(xu)往(wang)则(ze)变(bian)(bian)来为(wei)往(wang),须(xu)(xu)来则(ze)变(bian)(bian)往(wang)为(wei)来,随(sui)须(xu)(xu)改变(bian)(bian),不(bu)(bu)有穷已,恒得(de)通(tong)(tong)流,是“谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)(tong)”也。“见(jian)乃(nai)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)象”者(zhe),前往(wang)来不(bu)(bu)穷,据其气(qi)也。气(qi)渐积聚,露见(jian)萌兆,乃(nai)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)象,言物体(ti)尚微(wei)也。
形(xing)乃(nai)谓之器(qi)。成形(xing)曰器(qi)。
[疏]正义曰:体(ti)质(zhi)成器,是谓器物。故曰“形乃谓之器”,言(yan)其著(zhu)也(ye)。
制而用之谓之法。利用出入(ru),民咸用之谓之神。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:“制而用之(zhi)谓(wei)之(zhi)法(fa)”者,言圣(sheng)(sheng)人裁制其物而施用之(zhi),垂为(wei)模范,故云“谓(wei)之(zhi)法(fa)”。“利用出入(ru),民咸(xian)用之(zhi)谓(wei)之(zhi)神(shen)”者,言圣(sheng)(sheng)人以利而用,或(huo)出或(huo)入(ru),使(shi)民咸(xian)用之(zhi),是圣(sheng)(sheng)德微(wei)妙,故云“谓(wei)之(zhi)神(shen)”。
[疏]正义(yi)曰(yue):“是故(gu)易有”至“无不利也(ye)(ye)”。此(ci)(ci)第十一章也(ye)(ye)。前章既(ji)明蓍卦有神明之(zhi)(zhi)用,圣人则而象(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi),成其神化。此(ci)(ci)又(you)明易道之(zhi)(zhi)大,法(fa)於天(tian)地,明象(xiang)日月,能定天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)吉凶,成天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)亹亹也(ye)(ye)。
是故(gu)(gu)易有太(tai)极(ji),是生(sheng)(sheng)两(liang)仪。夫有必始於无,故(gu)(gu)太(tai)极(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)两(liang)仪也。太(tai)极(ji)者,无称之称,不可得而名(ming),取有之所极(ji),况之太(tai)极(ji)者也。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰(yue):太(tai)极谓(wei)天(tian)地未分(fen)之前(qian),元气混而为一(yi)(yi),即(ji)(ji)是太(tai)初(chu)、太(tai)一(yi)(yi)也(ye)。故《老子》云:“道生一(yi)(yi)。”即(ji)(ji)此太(tai)极是也(ye)。又谓(wei)混元既分(fen),即(ji)(ji)有(you)天(tian)地,故曰(yue)“太(tai)极生两(liang)仪(yi)”,即(ji)(ji)《老子》云:“一(yi)(yi)生二”也(ye)。不(bu)言天(tian)地而言两(liang)仪(yi)者,指其(qi)物体,下与四(si)象相对,故曰(yue)两(liang)仪(yi),谓(wei)两(liang)体容(rong)仪(yi)也(ye)。
两仪生四象,四象生八(ba)卦(gua)。卦(gua)以象之。
[疏(shu)]正义(yi)曰(yue):“两(liang)仪(yi)生(sheng)四象”者(zhe),谓(wei)金木水火,禀天(tian)地(di)而有,故云:“两(liang)仪(yi)生(sheng)四象”,土(tu)则分王(wang)四季,又地(di)中(zhong)之(zhi)别(bie),故唯云四象也。“四象生(sheng)八卦(gua)”者(zhe),若谓(wei)震木、离(li)火、兑金、坎(kan)水,各主一时,又巽同(tong)震木,乾(qian)同(tong)兑金,加以坤、艮之(zhi)土(tu)为八卦(gua)也。
八卦(gua)定(ding)吉凶。八卦(gua)既立,则(ze)吉凶可(ke)定(ding)。
[疏]正义曰:八卦既立,爻(yao)象(xiang)变而相推,有(you)吉(ji)(ji)有(you)凶,故(gu)八卦定吉(ji)(ji)凶也(ye)。
吉凶生大业。既定(ding)吉凶,则广大悉(xi)备(bei)。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:万事(shi)各有吉凶,广(guang)大(da)悉备,故(gu)能王天下大(da)事(shi)业也(ye)。
是故法象莫(mo)大(da)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)天(tian)地,变通莫(mo)大(da)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)四(si)时,县(xian)象著(zhu)明莫(mo)大(da)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)日月,崇高莫(mo)大(da)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)富贵。位所以(yi)一天(tian)下之动(dong),而济万物(wu)。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:“是(shi)故(gu)(gu)法象莫(mo)大(da)(da)乎(hu)天地”者(zhe),言(yan)天地最大(da)(da)也。“变(bian)通(tong)莫(mo)大(da)(da)乎(hu)四(si)时”者(zhe),谓四(si)时以变(bian)得通(tong),是(shi)变(bian)中最大(da)(da)也。“县象著(zhu)明(ming)莫(mo)大(da)(da)乎(hu)日(ri)月”者(zhe),谓日(ri)月中时,遍照天下,无(wu)幽(you)不烛,故(gu)(gu)云“著(zhu)明(ming)莫(mo)大(da)(da)乎(hu)日(ri)月”也。“崇(chong)高莫(mo)大(da)(da)乎(hu)富(fu)贵(gui)”者(zhe),以王(wang)者(zhe)居九五(wu)富(fu)贵(gui)之位,力能齐一天下之动,而道济(ji)万(wan)物(wu),是(shi)崇(chong)高之极(ji),故(gu)(gu)云“莫(mo)大(da)(da)乎(hu)富(fu)贵(gui)”。
备物致用,立(li)成(cheng)器(qi)以(yi)为天(tian)下利,莫大(da)乎(hu)圣人。
[疏]正义曰:谓备天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)之物(wu),招致天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)所用(yong),建立成(cheng)就天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)之器(qi),以(yi)为(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)之利,唯圣(sheng)人能然,故(gu)云“莫大(da)乎圣(sheng)人也”。
探(tan)赜(ze)索隐(yin),钩(gou)深致远,以定天下(xia)之吉凶,成天下(xia)之亹亹者(zhe),莫(mo)大乎蓍龟。
[疏(shu)]正义曰(yue):探(tan)(tan),谓闚探(tan)(tan)求(qiu)取。赜,谓幽(you)深(shen)难(nan)见。卜(bu)(bu)筮(shi)(shi)则能(neng)(neng)闚探(tan)(tan)幽(you)昧之(zhi)理,故(gu)云探(tan)(tan)赜也(ye)。索(suo),谓求(qiu)索(suo)。隐,谓隐藏。卜(bu)(bu)筮(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)求(qiu)索(suo)隐藏之(zhi)处,故(gu)云索(suo)隐也(ye)。物(wu)在深(shen)处,能(neng)(neng)钩取之(zhi);物(wu)在远(yuan)方(fang),能(neng)(neng)招致(zhi)之(zhi),卜(bu)(bu)筮(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)然,故(gu)云“钩深(shen)致(zhi)远(yuan)”也(ye)。以此诸(zhu)事,正定天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)吉凶(xiong),成就天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)亹(wei)亹(wei)者(zhe),唯卜(bu)(bu)筮(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)然,故(gu)云“莫大乎蓍(shi)龟”也(ye)。案《释(shi)诂(gu)》云:“亹(wei)亹(wei),勉也(ye)。”言天(tian)下(xia)万事,悉(xi)动而(er)好(hao)生,皆勉勉营为(wei),此蓍(shi)龟知(zhi)其(qi)(qi)好(hao)恶得失,人则弃其(qi)(qi)得而(er)取其(qi)(qi)好(hao),背其(qi)(qi)失而(er)求(qiu)其(qi)(qi)得,是成天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)亹(wei)亹(wei)也(ye)。
是故天生神物,圣(sheng)(sheng)人则(ze)之(zhi)。天地变化(hua),圣(sheng)(sheng)人效之(zhi)。天垂(chui)象,见吉凶,圣(sheng)(sheng)人象之(zhi)。河出图(tu),洛出书,圣(sheng)(sheng)人则(ze)之(zhi)。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:“是(shi)故天(tian)(tian)(tian)生(sheng)神物,圣(sheng)(sheng)人则之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),谓天(tian)(tian)(tian)生(sheng)蓍龟,圣(sheng)(sheng)人法则之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以为(wei)卜筮也(ye)(ye)。“天(tian)(tian)(tian)地变(bian)化,圣(sheng)(sheng)人效之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),行四时生(sheng)杀,赏以春夏,刑以秋(qiu)冬,是(shi)圣(sheng)(sheng)人效之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。“天(tian)(tian)(tian)垂象,见(jian)吉凶,圣(sheng)(sheng)人象之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),若璿(xuan)玑玉衡(heng),以齐七政,是(shi)圣(sheng)(sheng)人象之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。“河(he)(he)出图(tu),洛出书,圣(sheng)(sheng)人则之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”者(zhe)(zhe),如郑康成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi),则《春秋(qiu)纬》云:河(he)(he)以通(tong)乾(qian)出天(tian)(tian)(tian)苞,洛以流(liu)坤吐地符。河(he)(he)龙图(tu)发,洛龟书感。《河(he)(he)图(tu)》有(you)九篇,《洛书》有(you)六篇。孔安国以为(wei)《河(he)(he)图(tu)》则八卦是(shi)也(ye)(ye),《洛书》则九畴是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。辅嗣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)义(yi),未知何(he)从。
易有(you)四(si)象,所以示也(ye)。系辞焉,所以告(gao)也(ye)。定之(zhi)以吉凶,所以断(duan)也(ye)。
[疏]正义曰:“易有(you)(you)四(si)(si)象(xiang),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)示”者,庄氏云(yun):四(si)(si)象(xiang),谓六(liu)十(shi)四(si)(si)卦(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)中,有(you)(you)实(shi)象(xiang),有(you)(you)假象(xiang),有(you)(you)义象(xiang),有(you)(you)用象(xiang),为(wei)四(si)(si)象(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。今(jin)於(wu)释卦(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)处,已破之(zhi)(zhi)矣。何氏以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)四(si)(si)象(xiang),谓“天生神物(wu),圣(sheng)人(ren)则(ze)之(zhi)(zhi)”一(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“天地变化,圣(sheng)人(ren)效之(zhi)(zhi)”,二也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“天垂象(xiang),见吉凶(xiong),圣(sheng)人(ren)象(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)”,三也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“河出(chu)图,洛出(chu)书,圣(sheng)人(ren)则(ze)之(zhi)(zhi)”,四(si)(si)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。今(jin)谓此(ci)等四(si)(si)事(shi),乃(nai)是圣(sheng)人(ren)易外别(bie)有(you)(you)其功,非专易内之(zhi)(zhi)物(wu),何得(de)称“易有(you)(you)四(si)(si)象(xiang)”?且又云(yun)“易有(you)(you)四(si)(si)象(xiang),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)示也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。系(xi)辞(ci)焉(yan),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)告(gao)(gao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。然则(ze)象(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)与辞(ci),相对之(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)。辞(ci)既爻(yao)卦(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)下辞(ci),则(ze)象(xiang)为(wei)爻(yao)卦(gua)之(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。则(ze)上(shang)两仪生四(si)(si)象(xiang),七八九六(liu)之(zhi)(zhi)谓也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。故诸儒有(you)(you)为(wei)七八九六(liu),今(jin)则(ze)从(cong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)为(wei)义。“系(xi)辞(ci)焉(yan),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)告(gao)(gao)”者,系(xi)辞(ci)於(wu)象(xiang)卦(gua)下,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)告(gao)(gao)其得(de)失(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。“定(ding)之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)吉凶(xiong),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)断”者,谓於(wu)系(xi)辞(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)中,定(ding)其行事(shi)吉凶(xiong),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)断其行事(shi)得(de)失(shi)。
《易(yi)》曰(yue):“自(zi)天(tian)祐之,吉无不(bu)利(li)。”子曰(yue):“祐者,助(zhu)(zhu)也(ye)。天(tian)之所助(zhu)(zhu)者,顺也(ye);人之所助(zhu)(zhu)者,信(xin)也(ye)。履信(xin)思(si)乎顺,又以尚贤(xian)也(ye)。是以自(zi)天(tian)祐之,吉无不(bu)利(li)也(ye)。”
[疏]正义曰:“《易(yi)(yi)》曰:自(zi)天祐(you)之(zhi),吉无(wu)(wu)不利”者(zhe),言人(ren)(ren)於此易(yi)(yi)之(zhi)四象所(suo)以示,系辞(ci)所(suo)以告,吉凶告所(suo)断而行(xing)之(zhi),行(xing)则鬼神无(wu)(wu)不祐(you)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),无(wu)(wu)所(suo)不利,故(gu)引《易(yi)(yi)》之(zhi)《大有(you)》上(shang)(shang)九爻辞(ci)以证之(zhi)。“子曰:祐(you)者(zhe)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)也”者(zhe),上(shang)(shang)既引《易(yi)(yi)》文,下又(you)释其易(yi)(yi)理(li),故(gu)云“子曰:祐(you)者(zhe)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)也”。“天之(zhi)所(suo)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)者(zhe),顺(shun)(shun)也;人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)所(suo)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)者(zhe),信(xin)(xin)也。履信(xin)(xin)思乎顺(shun)(shun)”者(zhe),人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)所(suo)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),唯在於信(xin)(xin),此上(shang)(shang)九能(neng)履践於信(xin)(xin)也;天之(zhi)所(suo)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),唯在於顺(shun)(shun),此上(shang)(shang)九恒思於顺(shun)(shun);既有(you)信(xin)(xin)思顺(shun)(shun),又(you)能(neng)尊(zun)尚贤人(ren)(ren),是以从天已下,皆(jie)祐(you)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi),而得(de)其吉,无(wu)(wu)所(suo)不利也。
[疏]正义曰:子(zi)曰:“书不尽(jin)(jin)言(yan)”至“乎德行”,此(ci)第十二章(zhang)也(ye)。此(ci)章(zhang)言(yan)立象尽(jin)(jin)意(yi),系(xi)辞(ci)尽(jin)(jin)言(yan)。易之兴废,存乎其人事也(ye)。
子曰:“书不尽(jin)言,言不尽(jin)意。”然(ran)则圣人之意,其不可见乎(hu)?
[疏]正义曰:此一节夫子自发其问,谓圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)难(nan)见也(ye)。所以(yi)(yi)难(nan)见者(zhe),书所以(yi)(yi)记言(yan)(yan),言(yan)(yan)有烦碎,或(huo)楚夏不(bu)(bu)同,有言(yan)(yan)无字,虽(sui)欲书录,不(bu)(bu)可(ke)尽(jin)竭於其言(yan)(yan),故(gu)云“书不(bu)(bu)尽(jin)言(yan)(yan)”也(ye)。“言(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)尽(jin)意(yi)”者(zhe),意(yi)有深(shen)邃委曲,非言(yan)(yan)可(ke)写,是言(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)尽(jin)意(yi)也(ye)。圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi),意(yi)又深(shen)远。若言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)尽(jin)圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi),书之(zhi)(zhi)又不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)尽(jin)圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan),是圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi),其不(bu)(bu)可(ke)见也(ye)。故(gu)云:“然则圣(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi),其不(bu)(bu)可(ke)见乎(hu)?”疑(yi)而问之(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)称(cheng)“乎(hu)”也(ye)。
子(zi)曰:圣人立象以(yi)尽意,设卦以(yi)尽情伪,系(xi)辞焉以(yi)尽其言,变(bian)而(er)通之以(yi)尽利,极变(bian)通之数,则(ze)尽利也。故曰“易(yi)穷则(ze)变(bian),变(bian)则(ze)通,通则(ze)久。”
[疏]正义曰(yue):“子曰(yue)圣人立(li)象以(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)意(yi)(yi)”巳下,至“几乎息矣(yi)”,此一(yi)节是(shi)夫子还(hai)自(zi)释(shi)圣人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi),有(you)可(ke)见之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理也(ye)。“圣人立(li)象以(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)意(yi)(yi)”者,虽(sui)言不尽(jin)(jin)意(yi)(yi),立(li)象可(ke)以(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。“设卦(gua)以(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)情(qing)伪(wei)”者,非唯立(li)象以(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)圣人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi),又设卦(gua)以(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)百姓(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)伪(wei)也(ye)。“系辞焉以(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)其言”者,虽(sui)书不尽(jin)(jin)言,系辞可(ke)以(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)其言也(ye)。“变而通之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)尽(jin)(jin)利(li)”者,变,谓化而裁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),通,谓推(tui)而行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故能尽(jin)(jin)物之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li)也(ye)。
鼓(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)舞之(zhi)(zhi)以尽神。乾坤其易之(zhi)(zhi)缊邪?缊渊奥也(ye)。
[疏]正义曰:“鼓之(zhi)(zhi)舞(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)以尽(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)神(shen)”者(zhe),此一句(ju)总结(jie)立象尽(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)意,系辞(ci)尽(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)言之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)。圣人立象以尽(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)其(qi)意,《系辞(ci)》则(ze)尽(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)其(qi)言,可以说化百姓之(zhi)(zhi)心,百姓之(zhi)(zhi)心自然(ran)(ran)乐顺,若鼓舞(wu)(wu)然(ran)(ran),而(er)天下从之(zhi)(zhi),非(fei)尽(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)神(shen),其(qi)孰能与(yu)於此?故曰“鼓之(zhi)(zhi)舞(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)以尽(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)神(shen)也(ye)”。“乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)(kun)其(qi)易(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)缊(yun)邪”者(zhe),上明尽(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)言尽(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)意,皆由於易(yi)(yi)道,此明易(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)立,本乎乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)(kun)。若乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)(kun)不存,则(ze)易(yi)(yi)道无由兴起,故乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)(kun)是易(yi)(yi)道之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)缊(yun)积(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)根源也(ye)。是与(yu)易(yi)(yi)川府奥藏。故云(yun)“乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)(kun)其(qi)易(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)缊(yun)邪”。
乾(qian)坤成列,而易(yi)立(li)乎(hu)其中矣。乾(qian)坤毁,则元以见(jian)易(yi)。易(yi)不可(ke)见(jian),则乾(qian)坤或几乎(hu)息(xi)矣。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:“乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)成列(lie),而(er)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)乎其中矣”者,夫(fu)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)者,阴阳变化(hua)之(zhi)谓。阴阳变化(hua),立(li)爻(yao)以(yi)(yi)效之(zhi),皆(jie)从(cong)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)而(er)来(lai)。故(gu)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)生三男,坤(kun)生三女而(er)为八(ba)卦,变而(er)相重,而(er)有(you)六十四(si)卦,三百(bai)八(ba)十四(si)爻(yao),本之(zhi)根(gen)(gen)源,从(cong)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)而(er)来(lai)。故(gu)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)既成列(lie)位,而(er)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道变化(hua)建立(li)乎乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)之(zhi)中矣。“乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)毁,则无以(yi)(yi)见(jian)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)”者,易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)既从(cong)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)而(er)来(lai),乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)若缺毁,则易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道损(sun)坏(huai),故(gu)云“无以(yi)(yi)见(jian)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)”也。“易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)可见(jian),则乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)或几(ji)(ji)乎息矣”,若易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道毁坏(huai),不(bu)可见(jian)其变化(hua)之(zhi)理(li),则乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)亦坏(huai),或其近乎止息矣。几(ji)(ji),近也。犹若树之(zhi)枝幹(gan)(gan)生乎根(gen)(gen)株,根(gen)(gen)株毁,则枝条不(bu)茂。若枝幹(gan)(gan)已(yi)枯死,其根(gen)(gen)株虽未全死,仅有(you)微生,将死不(bu)久。根(gen)(gen)株譬(pi)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)也,易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)譬(pi)枝幹(gan)(gan)也。故(gu)云:“易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)可见(jian),则乾(qian)(qian)(qian)坤(kun)或几(ji)(ji)乎息矣”。
是(shi)故形而上者谓之道(dao),形而下者谓之器。化而裁之谓之变(bian),因而制其会通,適变(bian)之道(dao)也(ye)。
[疏]正义曰:“是(shi)(shi)(shi)故形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)而(er)(er)(er)上(shang)者(zhe)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao),形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)而(er)(er)(er)下者(zhe)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)”者(zhe),道(dao)(dao)(dao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)无体(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名,形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)有质之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)称。凡有从无而(er)(er)(er)生,形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)由道(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)(er)立,是(shi)(shi)(shi)先(xian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)(er)(er)后形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),是(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)在(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang),形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)道(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下。故自(zi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)外已上(shang)者(zhe)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)(ye),自(zi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)内而(er)(er)(er)下者(zhe)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)也(ye)(ye)。形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)虽处道(dao)(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)两(liang)畔(pan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)际(ji),形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)器(qi)(qi),不在(zai)道(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)(ye)。既有形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)质,可为器(qi)(qi)用,故云“形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)而(er)(er)(er)下者(zhe)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)”也(ye)(ye)。“化(hua)而(er)(er)(er)裁(cai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变”者(zhe),阴阳(yang)(yang)变化(hua)而(er)(er)(er)相裁(cai)节之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),谓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变也(ye)(ye)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)得以(yi)理之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变也(ye)(ye)。犹(you)若阳(yang)(yang)气之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)不可久(jiu)长,而(er)(er)(er)裁(cai)节之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)阴雨也(ye)(ye),是(shi)(shi)(shi)得理之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)变也(ye)(ye)。阴阳(yang)(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化(hua),自(zi)然相裁(cai),圣人亦(yi)法(fa)此而(er)(er)(er)裁(cai)节也(ye)(ye)。
推而行之谓之通。乘变(bian)而往者,无(wu)不通也。
[疏]正(zheng)义(yi)曰:因推此(ci)以(yi)可变而施(shi)行之,谓之通(tong)也。犹若(ruo)亢(kang)阳(yang)之后变为阴雨(yu),因阴雨(yu)而行之,物(wu)得(de)开通(tong),圣人亦当(dang)然也。
举而错之天下之民,谓之事(shi)业(ye)。事(shi)业(ye)所以济物,故举而错之於民。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:谓举此(ci)理以为(wei)变化(hua)(hua),而错(cuo)置於天下之(zhi)(zhi)民(min)。凡(fan)民(min)得以营为(wei)事(shi)业,故(gu)云“谓之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)业”也(ye)。此(ci)乃(nai)自然以变化(hua)(hua)错(cuo)置於民(min)也(ye),圣人(ren)(ren)亦当(dang)法此(ci)错(cuo)置变化(hua)(hua)於万民(min),使成其事(shi)业也(ye)。凡(fan)《系辞》之(zhi)(zhi)说(shuo)(shuo),皆说(shuo)(shuo)易(yi)(yi)道,以为(wei)圣人(ren)(ren)德(de)化(hua)(hua),欲使圣人(ren)(ren)法易(yi)(yi)道以化(hua)(hua)成天下,是(shi)故(gu)易(yi)(yi)与圣人(ren)(ren),恒相将(jiang)也(ye)。以作易(yi)(yi)者,本为(wei)立教故(gu)也(ye),非是(shi)空说(shuo)(shuo)易(yi)(yi)道,不关人(ren)(ren)事(shi)也(ye)。
是故夫象(xiang),圣人有以见天下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)赜(ze),而拟诸其(qi)形(xing)容,象(xiang)其(qi)物宜,是故谓之(zhi)象(xiang)。圣人有以见天下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)动(dong),而观其(qi)会通,以行其(qi)典礼,系(xi)辞焉(yan)以断其(qi)吉凶,是故谓之(zhi)爻。
[疏(shu)]正义曰:“是故夫象圣人有以见天下(xia)(xia)之赜”至“是故谓之爻”者,於(wu)第六章已具其文(wen)(wen),今於(wu)此(ci)更复言者何(he)也?为下(xia)(xia)云(yun)“极天下(xia)(xia)之赜存(cun)乎(hu)(hu)卦(gua),鼓天下(xia)(xia)之动存(cun)乎(hu)(hu)辞”,为此(ci)故更引其文(wen)(wen)也。且(qie)巳下(xia)(xia)又云(yun)“存(cun)乎(hu)(hu)变”“存(cun)乎(hu)(hu)通(tong)”“存(cun)乎(hu)(hu)其人”,广(guang)陈所(suo)存(cun)之事,所(suo)以须重论也。
极(ji)天(tian)下之(zhi)赜者(zhe)存(cun)乎(hu)卦(gua),鼓(gu)天(tian)下之(zhi)动者(zhe)存(cun)乎(hu)辞。辞,爻辞也。爻以鼓(gu)动,效(xiao)天(tian)下之(zhi)动也。
[疏]正义(yi)曰:“极(ji)天下(xia)之赜(ze)存乎卦”者,言穷(qiong)极(ji)天下(xia)深赜(ze)之处存乎卦,言观(guan)卦以知(zhi)(zhi)赜(ze)也(ye)。“鼓(gu)天下(xia)之动存乎辞”者,鼓(gu),谓(wei)发(fa)扬天下(xia)之动。动有得失,存乎爻卦之辞,谓(wei)观(guan)辞以知(zhi)(zhi)得失也(ye)。
化而裁之(zhi)存乎(hu)(hu)(hu)变,推(tui)而行之(zhi)存乎(hu)(hu)(hu)通(tong),神而明之(zhi)存乎(hu)(hu)(hu)其人(ren)。体神而明之(zhi),不假於象,故存乎(hu)(hu)(hu)其人(ren)。
[疏]正(zheng)义曰:“化(hua)而(er)裁之(zhi)(zhi)存(cun)乎(hu)变”者(zhe),谓(wei)覆(fu)说上文“化(hua)而(er)裁之(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)变”也(ye)。“推(tui)而(er)行之(zhi)(zhi)存(cun)乎(hu)通(tong)”者(zhe),覆(fu)说上文“推(tui)而(er)行之(zhi)(zhi)谓(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)”也(ye)。“神(shen)而(er)明之(zhi)(zhi)存(cun)乎(hu)其(qi)人”者(zhe),言人能(neng)神(shen)此易(yi)道而(er)显明之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe),存(cun)在於其(qi)人。若(ruo)其(qi)人圣,则能(neng)神(shen)而(er)明之(zhi)(zhi);若(ruo)其(qi)人愚,则不(bu)能(neng)神(shen)而(er)明之(zhi)(zhi);故存(cun)於其(qi)人,不(bu)在易(yi)象也(ye)。
默而成之,不言而信(xin),存乎德行。德行,贤人之德行也。顺足於内(nei),故默而成之也。体与理会,故不言而信(xin)也。
[疏]正义曰:若(ruo)能(neng)顺理足於内,默然而(er)(er)成就(jiu)之,闇与(yu)理会,不须言(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)自信也(ye)。“存乎(hu)德(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)”者,若(ruo)有(you)德(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing),则得默而(er)(er)成就(jiu)之,不言(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)信也(ye)。若(ruo)无德(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)则不能(neng)然。此言(yan)(yan)德(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing),据贤人之德(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)。前《经》“神而(er)(er)明之,存乎(hu)其人”,谓圣人也(ye)。