火攻第十二
孙子曰:
凡火(huo)攻有五:一曰(yue)火(huo)人,二曰(yue)火(huo)积(ji),三曰(yue)火(huo)辎,四曰(yue)火(huo)库(ku),五曰(yue)火(huo)队。
行(xing)火(huo)(huo)(huo)必有(you)(you)因,因必素具(ju)。发火(huo)(huo)(huo)有(you)(you)时,起火(huo)(huo)(huo)有(you)(you)日。时者,天之(zhi)燥(zao)也(ye)。日者,月(yue)在箕、壁、翼、轸也(ye)。凡(fan)此四宿者,风(feng)(feng)起之(zhi)日也(ye)。凡(fan)火(huo)(huo)(huo)攻(gong),必因五(wu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)之(zhi)变(bian)(bian)而应(ying)之(zhi):火(huo)(huo)(huo)发于内,则早(zao)应(ying)之(zhi)于外(wai);火(huo)(huo)(huo)发而其兵静者,待而勿攻(gong),极(ji)其火(huo)(huo)(huo)力,可(ke)(ke)从(cong)而从(cong)之(zhi),不可(ke)(ke)从(cong)则上。火(huo)(huo)(huo)可(ke)(ke)发于外(wai),无(wu)待于内,以(yi)时发之(zhi),火(huo)(huo)(huo)发上风(feng)(feng),无(wu)攻(gong)下风(feng)(feng),昼风(feng)(feng)久(jiu),夜风(feng)(feng)止。凡(fan)军必知五(wu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)之(zhi)变(bian)(bian),以(yi)数守之(zhi)。
故以(yi)(yi)火佐(zuo)攻者(zhe)明,以(yi)(yi)水佐(zuo)攻者(zhe)强。水可以(yi)(yi)绝(jue),不可以(yi)(yi)夺(duo)。
夫(fu)战胜(sheng)攻(gong)取而(er)(er)不惰(duo)其功者凶,命曰(yue)"费(fei)留"。故曰(yue):明(ming)主(zhu)虑之,良将(jiang)惰(duo)之,非(fei)(fei)利不动,非(fei)(fei)得不用,非(fei)(fei)危不战。主(zhu)不可(ke)(ke)以怒而(er)(er)兴师,将(jiang)不可(ke)(ke)以愠而(er)(er)攻(gong)战。合(he)(he)于利而(er)(er)动,不合(he)(he)于利而(er)(er)上。怒可(ke)(ke)以复(fu)喜,愠可(ke)(ke)以复(fu)说,亡国不可(ke)(ke)以复(fu)存,死者不可(ke)(ke)以复(fu)生(sheng)。故明(ming)主(zhu)慎之,良将(jiang)警之。此(ci)安国全军(jun)之道也。
【翻译】:
孙(sun)子说:火(huo)攻形式(shi)共有五种,一是(shi)(shi)(shi)火(huo)烧(shao)(shao)敌(di)(di)军人(ren)马,二是(shi)(shi)(shi)焚(fen)烧(shao)(shao)敌(di)(di)军粮(liang)草(cao),三是(shi)(shi)(shi)焚(fen)烧(shao)(shao)敌(di)(di)军辎重,四是(shi)(shi)(shi)焚(fen)烧(shao)(shao)敌(di)(di)军仓库,五是(shi)(shi)(shi)火(huo)烧(shao)(shao)敌(di)(di)军运输设施。实施火(huo)攻必(bi)须具备条件,火(huo)攻器材必(bi)须随时准(zhun)备。放(fang)火(huo)要看准(zhun)天(tian)时,起火(huo)要选(xuan)好日(ri)子。天(tian)时是(shi)(shi)(shi)指气候干燥,日(ri)子是(shi)(shi)(shi)指月(yue)(yue)亮行经(jing)“箕”、“壁”、“翼”、“轸”四个星宿(su)位置(zhi)的时候。月(yue)(yue)亮经(jing)过这四个星宿(su)的时候,就是(shi)(shi)(shi)起风的日(ri)子。
凡用火攻(gong)(gong)(gong),必须根据五(wu)种(zhong)火攻(gong)(gong)(gong)所引(yin)起(qi)的不同变(bian)化,灵活部署兵(bing)(bing)力策(ce)应。在(zai)敌营内(nei)部放(fang)(fang)火,就(jiu)(jiu)要及时(shi)(shi)派兵(bing)(bing)从(cong)外面策(ce)应。火已烧起(qi)而敌军依然(ran)保持(chi)镇静,就(jiu)(jiu)应等待,不可(ke)(ke)立即发起(qi)进(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)。待火势旺盛后,再(zai)根据情况作出决定,可(ke)(ke)以进(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)就(jiu)(jiu)进(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong),不可(ke)(ke)进(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)就(jiu)(jiu)停(ting)止。火可(ke)(ke)从(cong)外面放(fang)(fang),这时(shi)(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)不必等待内(nei)应,只要适(shi)时(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)火就(jiu)(jiu)行。从(cong)上风(feng)(feng)放(fang)(fang)火时(shi)(shi),不可(ke)(ke)从(cong)下风(feng)(feng)进(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)。白天风(feng)(feng)刮久了,夜(ye)晚就(jiu)(jiu)容(rong)易停(ting)止。军队都必须掌握这五(wu)种(zhong)火攻(gong)(gong)(gong)形式,等待条件具备(bei)时(shi)(shi)进(jin)(jin)(jin)行火攻(gong)(gong)(gong)。用火来辅助(zhu)军队进(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong),效果显著(zhu);用水来辅助(zhu)军队进(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong),攻(gong)(gong)(gong)势必能(neng)加强。水可(ke)(ke)以把(ba)敌军分(fen)割隔绝,但(dan)却(que)不能(neng)焚毁(hui)敌人的军需物资(zi)。
凡打了(le)胜(sheng)仗,攻取了(le)土(tu)地城邑(yi),而(er)不(bu)能(neng)巩(gong)固战果的(de)(de)(de),会(hui)很危险,这种情(qing)况叫做“费(fei)留”。所以(yi)说,明(ming)智的(de)(de)(de)国君(jun)要慎重(zhong)地考虑这个问(wen)题,贤良的(de)(de)(de)将帅(shuai)要严肃(su)地对(dui)待这个问(wen)题。没(mei)有好处不(bu)要行动,没(mei)有取胜(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)把握不(bu)能(neng)用(yong)兵,不(bu)到(dao)危急关头不(bu)要开(kai)战。国君(jun)不(bu)可因(yin)(yin)一(yi)时愤怒(nu)而(er)发(fa)动战争(zheng),将帅(shuai)不(bu)可因(yin)(yin)一(yi)时的(de)(de)(de)气(qi)忿而(er)出阵求战。符合(he)(he)国家(jia)利(li)益才用(yong)兵,不(bu)符合(he)(he)国家(jia)利(li)益就停(ting)止。愤怒(nu)还(hai)可以(yi)重(zhong)新(xin)变为欢喜,气(qi)忿也可以(yi)重(zhong)新(xin)转为高兴,但是(shi)国家(jia)灭亡了(le)就不(bu)能(neng)复存,人死(si)了(le)也不(bu)能(neng)再生。所以(yi),对(dui)待战争(zheng),明(ming)智的(de)(de)(de)国君(jun)应该慎重(zhong),贤良的(de)(de)(de)将帅(shuai)应该警惕,这是(shi)安定国家(jia)和保(bao)全军(jun)队的(de)(de)(de)基本道理。