军形第四
孙子曰:
昔之(zhi)善(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)者(zhe)(zhe),先(xian)为(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),以待敌(di)之(zhi)可(ke)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在己,可(ke)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在敌(di)。故(gu)善(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)者(zhe)(zhe),能(neng)为(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)使(shi)敌(di)之(zhi)必可(ke)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。故(gu)曰(yue):胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)可(ke)知(zhi)(zhi),而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)为(wei)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe),守也(ye)(ye);可(ke)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe),攻也(ye)(ye)。守则不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足,攻则有余。善(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)守者(zhe)(zhe)藏于(yu)九(jiu)地之(zhi)下(xia),善(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)攻者(zhe)(zhe)动于(yu)九(jiu)天之(zhi)上,故(gu)能(neng)自保(bao)而(er)(er)(er)全胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)。见胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)过(guo)众人之(zhi)所(suo)知(zhi)(zhi),非善(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)之(zhi)善(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye);战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)而(er)(er)(er)天下(xia)曰(yue)善(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),非善(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)之(zhi)善(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)举秋毫(hao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)多力(li),见日月不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)明目,闻(wen)雷霆(ting)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)为(wei)聪耳。古之(zhi)所(suo)谓善(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)者(zhe)(zhe),胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)易胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)善(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye),无智名,无勇功,故(gu)其(qi)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忒。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忒者(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)所(suo)措(cuo)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)已败(bai)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)善(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)者(zhe)(zhe),立于(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)败(bai)之(zhi)地,而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)失敌(di)之(zhi)败(bai)也(ye)(ye)。先(xian)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)而(er)(er)(er)后求战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),败(bai)兵先(xian)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)而(er)(er)(er)后求胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。善(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)用兵者(zhe)(zhe),修道而(er)(er)(er)保(bao)法,故(gu)能(neng)为(wei)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)败(bai)之(zhi)政。
兵法(fa):一曰(yue)(yue)度,二曰(yue)(yue)量(liang),三曰(yue)(yue)数(shu),四(si)曰(yue)(yue)称(cheng),五曰(yue)(yue)胜。地生度,度生量(liang),量(liang)生数(shu),数(shu)生称(cheng),称(cheng)生胜。故胜兵若以镒称(cheng)铢,败兵若以铢称(cheng)镒。
称胜(sheng)者之战民也,若(ruo)决(jue)积水于(yu)千(qian)仞之溪者,形也。
【翻译】:
孙子说(shuo):以(yi)(yi)前(qian)善(shan)(shan)于(yu)用(yong)兵作战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),总(zong)是(shi)(shi)首先创造(zao)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)可(ke)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)条(tiao)件(jian),并等(deng)待可(ke)以(yi)(yi)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)敌(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)机(ji)会。使(shi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)被(bei)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),其主动权掌握在(zai)(zai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)手中;敌(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)能否(fou)被(bei)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),在(zai)(zai)于(yu)敌(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)给我(wo)(wo)们以(yi)(yi)可(ke)乘之(zhi)机(ji)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi),善(shan)(shan)于(yu)作战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)只能够(gou)使(shi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)被(bei)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)能使(shi)敌(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)一定会被(bei)我(wo)(wo)军战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)说(shuo),胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利可(ke)以(yi)(yi)预见(jian),却(que)不(bu)能强求(qiu)。.敌(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)无可(ke)乘之(zhi)机(ji),不(bu)能被(bei)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),且防守(shou)以(yi)(yi)待之(zhi);敌(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)有可(ke)乘之(zhi)机(ji),能够(gou)被(bei)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),则出(chu)奇攻而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)取之(zhi)。防守(shou)是(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)为我(wo)(wo)方(fang)兵力不(bu)足,进攻是(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)为兵力超(chao)过(guo)对方(fang)。善(shan)(shan)于(yu)防守(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),隐藏自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵力如(ru)同在(zai)(zai)深不(bu)可(ke)测的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)下(xia);善(shan)(shan)于(yu)进攻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部队就象(xiang)从天(tian)(tian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)降,敌(di)(di)(di)不(bu)及防。这样,才(cai)能保全(quan)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)获得(de)全(quan)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。预见(jian)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利不(bu)能超(chao)过(guo)平常(chang)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)见(jian)识(shi),算(suan)不(bu)上(shang)最(zui)高(gao)明:交战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)后取胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),即使(shi)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)都称赞,也不(bu)算(suan)上(shang)最(zui)高(gao)明。正如(ru)举起秋(qiu)毫称不(bu)上(shang)力大,能看见(jian)日月算(suan)不(bu)上(shang)视力好,听(ting)见(jian)雷鸣算(suan)不(bu)上(shang)耳聪。古代所(suo)谓善(shan)(shan)于(yu)用(yong)兵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),只是(shi)(shi)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了那些容易战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敌(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi),真(zhen)正善(shan)(shan)于(yu)用(yong)兵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),没有智慧过(guo)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名声,没有勇武盖世的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)功,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)他(ta)既能打胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)仗(zhang)又不(bu)出(chu)任(ren)何闪失,原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)其谋划、措施能够(gou)保证,他(ta)所(suo)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)已经(jing)注定失败(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敌(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)善(shan)(shan)于(yu)打战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),不(bu)但使(shi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)始终处于(yu)不(bu)被(bei)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)境地(di)(di),也决不(bu)会放过(guo)任(ren)何可(ke)以(yi)(yi)击败(bai)(bai)敌(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)机(ji)会。所(suo)以(yi)(yi),打胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)仗(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)军队总(zong)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)具备了必胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)条(tiao)件(jian)之(zhi)后才(cai)交战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)打败(bai)(bai)仗(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部队总(zong)是(shi)(shi)先交战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),在(zai)(zai)战(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)争中企图侥幸取胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。善(shan)(shan)于(yu)用(yong)兵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),潜心研究致(zhi)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)道,修(xiu)明政治(zhi),坚持(chi)致(zhi)胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法制,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)能主宰胜(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)败(bai)(bai)。
兵法:一(yi)是(shi)度(du),即(ji)(ji)估算土(tu)地的(de)(de)面积,二是(shi)量(liang)(liang),即(ji)(ji)推(tui)算物(wu)资资源(yuan)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang),三是(shi)数,即(ji)(ji)统计(ji)兵源(yuan)的(de)(de)数量(liang)(liang),四是(shi)称(cheng),即(ji)(ji)比(bi)较双方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)军(jun)事(shi)综合实(shi)力,五(wu)是(shi)胜(sheng)(sheng),即(ji)(ji)得(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)胜(sheng)(sheng)负的(de)(de)判断。土(tu)地面积的(de)(de)大小(xiao)决(jue)(jue)定物(wu)力、人力资源(yuan)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang),资源(yuan)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)决(jue)(jue)定可投入部队(dui)的(de)(de)数目,部队(dui)的(de)(de)数目决(jue)(jue)定双方(fang)(fang)兵力的(de)(de)强弱,双方(fang)(fang)兵力的(de)(de)强弱得(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)胜(sheng)(sheng)负的(de)(de)概(gai)率。获(huo)胜(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)军(jun)队(dui)对于失(shi)败的(de)(de)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)就(jiu)如(ru)同用“镒”来(lai)(lai)称(cheng)“铢”,具有绝对优势(shi)(shi)优势(shi)(shi),而(er)失(shi)败的(de)(de)军(jun)队(dui)对于获(huo)胜(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)就(jiu)如(ru)同用“铢”来(lai)(lai)称(cheng)“镒”。胜(sheng)(sheng)利者一(yi)方(fang)(fang)打(da)仗,就(jiu)象积水从千仞高的(de)(de)山涧冲决(jue)(jue)而(er)出(chu)(chu)(chu),势(shi)(shi)不可挡,这(zhei)就(jiu)是(shi)军(jun)事(shi)实(shi)力的(de)(de)表现。